Question 1

The James-Lang theory proposes that:&#10;A) The state of the viscera follows our emotional state&#10;B) Emotions are reactions to the state of the viscera&#10;C) There is no link between emotional states and the viscera&#10;D) The brain is not involved in emotional states

Accepted Answer

The James-Lang theory proposes that emotions are reactions to the state of the viscera, meaning that bodily changes (such as an increased heart rate) lead to the experience of an emotion (such as feeling afraid).

Question 2

Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex leads to&#10;A) Changes in linguistic abilities but no change to personality&#10;B) Changes in emotional response but no change to personality&#10;C) Changes in emotional response and to personality&#10;D) Changes in emotional response and in linguistic abilities

Accepted Answer

Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex has been linked to changes in emotional response and personality. This area of the brain is involved in decision-making, self-control, and emotional regulation, and damage to it can result in impulsive behavior, difficulty regulating emotions, and changes in personality traits such as sociability and empathy. Changes in linguistic abilities are not typically associated with damage to this area of the brain.

Question 3

Two areas of the brain implicated in emotional processing are:&#10;A) Amygdala & striate cortex&#10;B) Amygdala & cerebellum&#10;C) Amygdala & auditory cortex&#10;D) Amygdala & orbitofrontal cortex

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is known to regulate emotions such as fear and aggression, and the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in decision-making, social behavior, and emotion regulation. Therefore, both of these areas play a role in emotional processing.

Question 4

The notion of a left-hemisphere superiority for positive expressions and a right-hemisphere superiority for negative ones is called the:&#10;A) Right hemisphere hypothesis&#10;B) Left hemisphere hypothesis&#10;C) Lateralisation hypothesis&#10;D) Valence hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The notion of a left-hemisphere superiority for positive expressions and a right-hemisphere superiority for negative ones is known as the valence hypothesis. Therefore, the correct choice is D. The other options (A, B, and C) are not the appropriate terms to describe this hypothesis.

Question 5

The notion of display rules means that:&#10;A) Genes determine the degree of emotional expression that we show in public&#10;B) Culture determines the degree of emotional expression that we show in public&#10;C) Genes determine the degree of emotional experience a person feels&#10;D) Culture determines the degree of emotional experience a person feels

Accepted Answer

Display rules refer to cultural norms or guidelines that dictate the types and degrees of emotions that are appropriate to display in public settings. These rules vary across cultures and can influence how individuals express and regulate their emotions in social situations. While genes may play a role in determining a person's emotional tendencies, display rules specifically refer to cultural influences. Similarly, while culture may shape an individual's emotional experiences to some extent, display rules are focused specifically on the outward display of emotions.

Question 6

Barbara Fredrickson considers that positive emotions:&#10;A) Narrow our mind-set&#10;B) Broaden our mind-set&#10;C) Have no adaptive significance&#10;D) Are culture-specific

Accepted Answer

According to Barbara Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory, positive emotions broaden our mind-set and build psychological resources that help us cope with challenging situations in the future.

Question 7

Humans with damage to the amygdala appear to be unable to recognise the facial emotion of:&#10;A) Fear&#10;B) Anger&#10;C) Sadness&#10;D) Joy

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that individuals with damage to the amygdala are unable to recognize fear emotions in faces, suggesting the amygdala plays a vital role in the recognition of fear. Damage to the amygdala does not affect the recognition of other emotions such as anger, sadness or joy.

Question 8

Who stated that 'emotions are specialized modes of operation shaped by natural selection'?&#10;A) Buck&#10;B) Ekman&#10;C) Freud&#10;D) Nesse

Accepted Answer

Randolph Nesse, an evolutionary psychologist, stated that emotions are specialized modes of operation shaped by natural selection. He argues that emotions have evolved as adaptive responses to recurrent problems faced by our ancestors, such as the need to avoid danger or to seek out food and mates.

Question 9

To Fredrickson, joy embodies the urge to be:&#10;A) Productive&#10;B) Relaxed&#10;C) A low arousal positive state&#10;D) Playful

Accepted Answer

Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory suggests that joy, among other positive emotions, broadens an individual's momentary thought-action repertoire, encouraging actions like play and exploration, which is why joy embodies the urge to be playful.

Question 10

Following his accident Phineas Gage was described as:&#10;A) Serious, industrious and thoughtful&#10;B) Irritable, childish and thoughtless&#10;C) Blind&#10;D) Full of envy

Accepted Answer

Phineas Gage was described as a completely different person after his accident, being irritable, childish, and thoughtless. This suggests that his personality and behavior were affected by the damage to his brain caused by the accident.

Question 11

Cortisol and other related hormones (the corticosteroids) are believed to:&#10;A) Strengthen memory formation&#10;B) Weaken memory formation&#10;C) Strengthen LTM but weaken STM formation&#10;D) Strengthen STM but weaken LTM formation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cortisol and other related hormones (the corticosteroids)...

Question 12

Who wrote 'The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals':&#10;A) Freud&#10;B) James&#10;C) Mead&#10;D) Darwin

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who wrote 'The Expression of the Emotions...

Question 13

The human cortex is how many millimetres thick?&#10;A) 6&#10;B) 4&#10;C) 2&#10;D) 8

Accepted Answer

The answer of The human cortex is how many millimetres...

Question 14

Emotions were seen as arising from adaptations by:&#10;A) Darwin, Mead & Bateson&#10;B) Darwin, Freud & James&#10;C) Darwin, Mead & Freud&#10;D) Darwin, Freud & Cannon

Accepted Answer

The answer of Emotions were seen as arising from adaptations...

Question 15

Robert Levy has suggested that Tahitians have neither the concept of, nor even a word for:&#10;A) Sadness&#10;B) Anxiety&#10;C) Jealousy&#10;D) Envy

Accepted Answer

The answer of Robert Levy has suggested that Tahitians have...

Question 16

Two ethologists who have studied the evolution of emotional expression in primates are:&#10;A) Andrew & Badcock&#10;B) Andrew & Van Nistelroy&#10;C) Andrew & Van Hooff&#10;D) Van Hooff & Nesse

Accepted Answer

The answer of Two ethologists who have studied the evolution...

Question 17

Two criticisms of the universality of emotions hypothesis may be called:&#10;A) False smiles & false anger&#10;B) False smiles & being a wild horse&#10;C) False smiles & being a wild pig&#10;D) False smiles & plasticity

Accepted Answer

The answer of Two criticisms of the universality of emotions...

Question 18

Nesse has highlighted that the state of anger often involves:&#10;A) Acts of cooperation&#10;B) Feelings of joy&#10;C) Acts which may incur a cost to the actor&#10;D) Acts which may incur no cost to the actor

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nesse has highlighted that the state of...

Question 19

Margaret Mead claimed that in Samoan society - there was no such emotion as:&#10;A) Sadness&#10;B) Status anxiety&#10;C) Sexual jealousy&#10;D) Envy of possessions

Accepted Answer

The answer of Margaret Mead claimed that in Samoan society...

Question 20

Following a fight between two mammals the following happens:&#10;A) Testosterone goes up for the victor and cortisol goes up for the loser&#10;B) Testosterone goes down for the victor and cortisol goes up for the loser&#10;C) Testosterone goes up both for the victor and for the loser&#10;D) Cortisol goes up both for the victor and for the loser

Accepted Answer

The answer of Following a fight between two mammals the...

Deck 11: The Evolution of Emotion