Deck 18: The Plants and Fungi

Question 1

While walking in the woods, you come across some low-growing plants clustered at the base of a tree. You collect one as a specimen for biology class. Upon examination in the lab, you find that the leaf-, stem-, and root-like structures contain no vascular tissue. The plant is

A) a lycophyte.
B) an angiosperm.
C) a gymnosperm.
D) a bryophyte.
E) not a plant but a charophyte.

Answer 1

D
Explanation: Bryophytes, such as mosses, are nonvascular plants. Charophytes also lack vascular tissue, but would be unable to survive in a land environment.

Question 2

Which of these is mismatched?

A) carpel - ovary
B) stamen - anther
C) calyx - stigma
D) corolla - petal
E) stamen - filament The calyx consists of the sepals. The stigma is part of the carpel.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which structures were required for the evolution of the ferns and gymnosperms?

A) seeds and flowers
B) megaphylls and seeds
C) microphylls and megaphylls
D) flowers and vascular tissue
E) megaphylls and vascular tissue

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of these is not a fungal disease mycosis)?

A) wheat rust
B) ringworm
C) athlete's foot
D) oral thrush
E) All of the choices are fungal diseases. Although not all fungi cause disease, many can and do infect both plants and animals including humans).

Question 5

Pollen grains are

A) female gametophytes.
B) embryonic sporophytes.
C) male gametophytes.
D) megaspores.
E) encapsulated ovules. Pollen grains are male gametophytes that are resistant to dry conditions.

Question 6

You discover a green, filamentous multicellular eukaryote growing at the edge of a pond. How could you determine if the organism is a green alga or a plant?

A) Test for the presence of chlorophylls a and b.
B) Examine the cell walls to see if they are composed of cellulose.
C) See if the organism stores its excess carbohydrates in the form of starch.
D) Determine if the organism protects its zygotes.
E) Determine if the organism protects and nourishes its embryos. Only plants protect and nourish the embryo.

Question 7

The gametophyte is the dominant generation in

A) angiosperms.
B) gymnosperms.
C) ferns.
D) mosses.
E) all land plants.

Question 8

Which of the following groups provides protection and nourishment to the embryo?

A) all plants
B) angiosperms only
C) gymnosperms only
D) bryophytes only
E) lycophytes only All plants protect and nourish their embryos to some degree.

Question 9

Which part of the figure represents the sporophyte?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E The sporophyte is the multicellular, diploid stage of the life cycle.

Question 10

The closest living relatives of land plants are

A) charophytes.
B) chytrids.
C) sporozoans.
D) cyanobacteria.
E) lichens. Charophytes, a group of green algae, are the nearest living relatives of today's land plants.

Question 11

Which structure is a characteristic found only in angiosperms?

A) vascular tissue
B) seed
C) leaf
D) flower
E) megaphyll

Question 12

If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is an)

A) angiosperm.
B) gymnosperm.
C) lycophyte.
D) fern.
E) bryophyte. Gymnosperms are seed-producing vascular plants with megaphylls, but they do not produce flowers.

Question 13

Which part of the figure represents the gametophyte?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E The gametophyte is the multicellular, haploid stage of the life cycle.

Question 14

Which structure is the anther?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E A and B are the anther and filament. C and D are the stigma and style. E is the ovary.

Question 15

Which feature is believed to have been the first step in the evolution of land plants from the green algae?

A) protection of the embryo
B) evolution of vascular tissue
C) evolution of microphylls
D) evolution of seeds
E) evolution of flowers in order to attract pollinators It is believed that the evolution of protection for the embryo was the first step required for the evolution of land-based plants. Without an embryo that could survive on land, the rest of the features would have been useless.

Question 16

Which of these was the first to have well-developed vascular tissue?

A) charophytes
B) bryophytes
C) lycophytes
D) ferns
E) gymnosperms Lycophytes were among the first group of land plants to have well-developed vascular tissue.

Question 17

Which structure is the ovary?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E A and B are the anther and filament. C and D are the stigma and style. E is the ovary.

Question 18

Which of these is mismatched?

A) bryophytes - flagellated sperm
B) lycophytes - microphylls
C) ferns - megaphylls
D) gymnosperms - fruits
E) angiosperms - seeds Gymnosperms produce "naked" seeds that are not enclosed in fruits.

Question 19

Part Z is

A) stored food.
B) the sporophyte embryo.
C) the seed coat.
D) the gametophyte embryo.
E) vascular tissue. X is the seed coat, Y is the sporophyte embryo, and Z is the stored food.

Question 20

Which fungal disease can lead to a major economic loss in wheat crops?

A) smut
B) rusts
C) leaf curl disease
D) blast disease
E) ergotism Rusts are specific to attacking wheat. They require an alternate host, usually barberry, in order to complete their life cycle.

Question 21

Apples, oranges, peanuts, and rice grains are produced by

A) gymnosperms.
B) bryophytes.
C) angiosperms.
D) charophytes.
E) lycophytes. Apples, oranges, peanuts, and rice grains are all fruits, which are characteristic of angiosperms.

Question 22

Conifers such as pine trees are classified as

A) angiosperms.
B) lycophytes.
C) bryophytes.
D) charophytes.
E) gymnosperms. Conifers are gymnosperms; they produce "naked" seeds on the surfaces of their cone scales.

Question 23

Which of these does not belong to the angiosperm life cycle?

A) double fertilization
B) pollen
C) megaspore
D) flagellated sperm
E) microspore Flagellated sperm are found in the life cycles of nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, and a very few gymnosperms, not in angiosperms.

Question 24

Beekeepers and scientists are very troubled by a recent decline in bee populations around the world. What would you predict as a likely consequence of the widespread disappearance of bees?

A) loss of crop productivity
B) decline in conifer numbers
C) disappearance of mosses and ferns
D) inability of plants to obtain enough nitrogen
E) increase in prevalence of seedless vascular plants Most of our crop plants are angiosperms, and many of their flowers are adapted to bees as pollinators.

Question 25

The body of a typical fungus is termed an)

A) antheridium.
B) mycorrhiza.
C) sporangium.
D) hypha.
E) mycelium. The body of a fungus is usually a network of hyphae known as a mycelium.

Question 26

Which statement about chytrids is incorrect?

A) They have flagellated spores and gametes.
B) They are obligate parasites.
C) Some are unicellular, while others form hyphae.
D) Some have an alternation-of-generations life cycle.
E) Some stages of their life cycle are motile. Most chytrids live freely in the soil and water, not as parasites.

Question 27

________ is the vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals from a plant's roots to its leaves.

A) Endosperm
B) Phloem
C) Hypha
D) Xylem
E) Corolla

Question 28

In black bread mold, spores are produced in structures called

A) clublike structures of the gills.
B) sporangia.
C) carpels.
D) sori.
E) mycorrhizae. Spores are produced in the sporangia of black bread molds by mitosis.

Question 29

Many garden supply stores sell root dips used to treat plants that are being transplanted. Such dips are advertised as containing spores. What kind of spores should these dips contain?

A) mycorrhizal fungi
B) chytrids
C) lycophytes
D) yeasts
E) lichens Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic associations with plant roots and help the plants to thrive.

Question 30

Endosperm is a ________ tissue.

A) haploid n)
B) vascular
C) diploid 2n)
D) cotyledon
E) triploid 3n) Endosperm results from double fertilization, and is thus a triploid 3n) tissue.

Question 31

Which of these is mismatched?

A) ovule - seed
B) ovary - fruit
C) microspore mother cell - pollen
D) embryo - male gametophyte
E) megaspore mother cell - female gametophyte The embryo is the immature sporophyte, which grows into the sporophyte plant.

Question 32

In a fungal life cycle, which of the following is/are diploid?

A) the zygote only
B) the spores only
C) the hyphae only
D) the hyphae and spores but not the zygote
E) the zygote, spores, and hyphae The zygote is the only diploid part of the fungal life cycle; the rest is haploid.

Question 33

Which statement about fungi is incorrect?

A) Fungi are chemoheterotrophic by absorption.
B) Fungi produce gametes that are motile.
C) Adult fungal cells are haploid.
D) Fungal cell walls are composed of chitin.
E) Fungi are thought to be descendants of a flagellated protist. Except for chytrids, fungi are nonmotile. Fungi do not produce gametes, but instead produce cells called hyphae that grow like filaments.

Question 34

When making bread, you first "proof" the yeast by mixing it with sugar in lukewarm water. Assuming that the yeast are alive, what happens next and why?

A) The water will become cloudy as the flagellated yeast cells swim around.
B) The yeast will germinate and start to form a mycelium.
C) Bubbles form as the yeast ferment the sugar and release carbon dioxide.
D) Bubbles form as the yeast produce sugar and release oxygen.
E) Nothing could happen, since yeast are not living organisms.

Question 35

Which of the following have microscopically small gametophytes?

A) mosses
B) ferns
C) angiosperms
D) gymnosperms
E) both angiosperms and gymnosperms

Question 36

A unicellular, eukaryotic organism has flagella and cell walls of chitin. What is it?

A) charophyte
B) lycophyte
C) mycorrhizal fungus
D) black bread mold
E) chytrid

Question 37

Some scientists estimate that over half of the world's rainforest has already been lost, mostly due to human activities. What would you predict as a consequence of the massive loss of plant life?

A) a decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide
B) reduced incidence of flooding
C) an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide
D) a decline in soil erosion
E) a drop in average temperatures worldwide Areas of rich vegetation, such as rainforests, help keep carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere relatively low. Thus, the loss of rainforest may contribute to global warming.

Question 38

Which structure is the style?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E A and B are the anther and filament. C and D are the stigma and style. E is the ovary.

Question 39

In ferns, the dominant generation is the

A) haploid gametophyte.
B) diploid gametophyte.
C) haploid sporophyte.
D) diploid sporophyte.
E) triploid endosperm. The dominant generation in ferns is the sporophyte, which is diploid.

Question 40

By definition, a fruit is derived from the

A) archegonium.
B) corolla.
C) calyx.
D) ovary.
E) stamen. Fruits are ovary-derived structures that enclose the seeds of angiosperms.

Question 41

In the fern life cycle, which of these is haploid?

A) frond only
B) zygote only
C) gametophyte only
D) gametes only
E) both gametophyte and gametes The gametophyte is haploid, and it produces haploid gametes.

Question 42

The fermentation capabilities of ________ are used to produce bread and alcoholic beverages.

A) yeasts
B) chytrids
C) lichens
D) mycorrhizal fungi
E) molds Yeasts can ferment sugar, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide. This process is used to make bread, wine, beer, and even distilled spirits.

Question 43

How is the mycelium a valuable adaptation for a fungus?

A) It provides a strong anchor for the fungus.
B) It provides a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients and moisture.
C) It discourages animals from feeding on the fungus.
D) It provides a vast surface area for the generation of spores.
E) It provides physical support for the fragile sporophyte generation. Having a large surface area is beneficial to fungi, which are chemoheterotrophs by absorption and largely nonmotile.

Question 44

Which group of organisms is attacked by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a parasitic chytrid that causes a cutaneous infection called chytridiomycosis?

A) amphibians
B) bats
C) humans
D) rice
E) corn Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a parasitic chytrid that causes a cutaneous infection called chytridiomycosis in frogs around the world. The disease is thought to have originated in South Africa. It began to spread in the 1930s after African clawed frogs were captured and sold as pets and for use in medicine and research. Chytridiomycosis has recently decimated frog populations in Australia and Central and South America.

Question 45

Which feature possessed by most land plants is missing in mosses, which grow low to the ground in damp, shaded areas?

A) vascular tissue, so they must grow along the ground in damp areas to supply water to the cells
B) cell walls, so they cannot stand upright
C) a protected zygote, so they must grow in damp areas to supply the zygote with moisture
D) chlorophyll b, so they can only use filtered light for photosynthesis
E) starch production, so they only produce small amounts of glucose since any beyond what they use immediately cannot be stored Mosses lack vascular tissue and therefore need to grow in places where they are constantly bathed in water. This limits mosses to damp, shaded areas and prevents the plant from growing upward away from the water used to bathe the cells of the plant.

Question 46

What would you predict as a likely consequence of eradicating all fungi from soil before sowing it with plant seeds?

A) Although the plants might grow, they would be unlikely to thrive due to the lack of mycorrhizal fungi.
B) The plants would grow much more vigorously because they would not have to compete with fungi for nutrients.
C) The plants would grow much more vigorously because they would not need to fight off fungal diseases.
D) No plants would be able to grow because mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the germination of seeds.
E) The plants would grow as normal because the presence or absence of fungi has no impact on plants. Mycorrhizal fungi exist in mutualistic relationships with most plants, enhancing their growth.

Question 47

Why are green algae placed in the kingdom Protista, while plants are given their own kingdom?

A) Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant, while green algae do not.
B) The green algae use chlorophyll a, while plants use chlorophyll b.
C) Green algae have a cell wall of chitin, while plants have cell walls of cellulose.
D) All plants are vascular, while all green algae are nonvascular.
E) Algae are sporophytes that reproduce only asexually, while plants are gametophytes and reproduce sexually.

Question 48

A plant has vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and leaves, but it does not produce seeds. The plant has microphylls and bears its sporangia in strobili. This plant is a

A) bryophyte.
B) fern.
C) lycophyte.
D) gymnosperm.
E) angiosperm. Lycophytes are seedless vascular plants with microphylls and strobili.

Question 49

Most fungi in the environment function as

A) parasites.
B) saprotrophs.
C) photoautotrophs.
D) producers.
E) predators. Fungi along with bacteria) are major saprotrophic decomposers.

Question 50

If you are studying a eukaryotic, multicellular, non-photosynthetic organism, what piece of information would be least useful in determining if it is a fungus or an animal?

A) It is motile.
B) It has cell walls.
C) It ingests or absorbs its food.
D) It has specialized tissues and organs.
E) All of the choices would be equally useful. Although most fungi are nonmotile, chytrids do have motile stages in their life cycle. Therefore, motility would be the least useful characteristic for evaluation.

Question 51

Which of these has a diploid stage in their life cycle?

A) mosses only
B) mosses and ferns, but not gymnosperms or angiosperms
C) gymnosperms and angiosperms, but not mosses or ferns
D) mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
E) angiosperms only All land plants have a diploid stage in their life cycle called the sporophyte.

Question 52

Which of these would be best able to reproduce during a period with little to no rainfall?

A) lycophytes
B) gymnosperms
C) bryophytes
D) ferns
E) No plants can reproduce except during rainy weather. Because gymnosperms do not have flagellated sperm which require a watery film for swimming, they can reproduce even in moderately dry conditions.

Question 53

Which statement about the plant alternation-of-generations life cycle is incorrect?

A) Spores are produced by meiosis.
B) The zygote is diploid.
C) The zygote undergoes mitosis to produce the sporophyte plant.
D) Gametes are only produced by meiosis.
E) Both gametes and spores are haploid. Because the gametophyte is haploid, it is able to produce gametes by mitosis, not meiosis.

Question 54

What is the function of the fungal fruiting body?

A) to produce spores
B) to produce fruits that attract predators
C) to help run photosynthesis
D) to decompose organic matter
E) to assist in fungal movement The fruiting body is the fungal structure that will produce the spores.

Question 55

Which of these would you expect to thrive in areas with abundant moisture?

A) ferns only
B) mosses only
C) lycophytes only
D) mosses and ferns but not lycophytes
E) mosses, ferns, and lycophytes Mosses, lycophytes, and ferns all depend on a moist environment in order to reproduce, due to their flagellated sperm.

Question 56

Which of these is mismatched?

A) mushroom - fruiting body
B) angiosperm - flower
C) lycophyte - microphyll
D) charophyte - hypha
E) gymnosperm - seed Hyphae make up the bodies of fungi, not charophytes.