Deck 22: Managing Interest Rate Risk and Insolvency Risk on the Balance Sheet

Question 1

The "runoff" of fixed-income contracts is itself rate-sensitive.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Convexity arises because a fixed-income's price is a nonlinear function of interest rates.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

For a one-year maturity bucket,the repricing model assumes that a nine-month loan is as equally rate-sensitive as a three-month loan.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A bank manager would want to set the duration gap greater than zero when interest rates are expected to rise.

Question 5

The duration gap model is a more complete measure of interest rate risk than the repricing model.

Question 6

If a bank has a negative repricing gap,falling interest rates increase profitability.

Question 7

A rate-sensitive asset is one that either matures within the maturity bucket or one that will have a payment change within the maturity bucket if interest rates change.

Question 8

Insolvency occurs when an institution's duration gap becomes negative.

Question 9

In a bank's three-month maturity bucket,a 30-year ARM with a rate reset in six months would be considered a fixed-rate asset,but in its one-year maturity bucket,this ARM would be considered a rate-sensitive asset.

Question 10

A bond's price changes 2 percent when interest rates drop. The duration model would predict a price increase of more than 2 percent.

Question 11

The loss in value caused by credit risk is borne first by the liability holders,and then by the equity holders.

Question 12

A bank manager would want to set the repricing gap greater than zero when interest rates are expected to rise.

Question 13

The cash flow from the interest a bank receives on a long-term loan that is normally reinvested is called the runoff from the loan.

Question 14

The repricing gap is the most comprehensive measure of interest rate risk used by financial intermediaries.

Question 15

If a bank wishes to have a positive balance sheet repricing gap and a negative balance sheet duration gap,then the bank should predominantly have short-term rate-sensitive assets funded by long-term fixed-rate liabilities.

Question 16

The repricing gap fails to consider how the value of fixed-income accounts will change when rates change.

Question 17

According to the CGAP effect,when CGAP is positive the change in NII is negatively related to the change in interest rates.

Question 18

The maturity bucket is the time window over which the dollar amounts of assets and liabilities are measured.

Question 19

Due to convexity problems,banks are actually better off using the simpler repricing model to manage interest rate risk rather than the duration model.

Question 20

If DA > kDL,then falling interest rates will cause the market value of equity to rise.

Question 21

A bank has three assets. It has $75 million invested in consumer loans with a three-year duration,$39 million invested in T-bonds with a 16-year duration,and $39 million in six-month maturity T-bills. What is the duration of the bank's asset portfolio in years?

A)3.95 years
B)4.83 years
C)6.50 years
D)7.38 years
E)11.51 years

Question 22

A bank has DA = 2.4 years and DL= 0.9 years. The bank has total equity of $82 million and total assets of $850 million. Interest rates are at 6 percent.
What is the bank's duration gap in years?

A)1.5325
B)1.5868
C)1.2685
D)1.4563
E)1.6222

Question 23

A bank has a negative repricing gap using a six-month maturity bucket. Which one of the following statements is most correct if MMDAs are rate-sensitive liabilities?

A)If all interest rates are projected to increase,to limit a profit decline when this occurs,the bank could encourage its retail deposit customers to switch from two-year CDs at current rates to three-month CDs.
B)If all interest rates are projected to decrease,to limit a profit decline when this occurs,the bank could encourage its retail deposit customers to switch from MMDAs to two-year CDs at current rates.
C)If all interest rates are projected to decrease,to limit a profit decline when this occurs,the bank could encourage its retail deposit customers to switch from three-month CDs to two-year CDs at current rates.
D)If all interest rates are projected to increase,to limit a profit decline when this occurs,the bank could encourage its retail deposit customers to switch from two-year CDs at current rates to MMDAs.
E)If all interest rates are projected to increase,to limit a profit decline when this occurs,the bank could encourage its retail deposit customers to switch from MMDAs to two-year CDs at current rates.

Question 24

A bank has the following balance sheet:

The bank's one-year repricing gap is (million $)

A)$425.
B)$285.
C)$74.
D)$140.
E)$66.

Question 25

A bank has DA = 2.4 years and DL= 0.9 years. The bank has total equity of $82 million and total assets of $850 million. Interest rates are at 6 percent.
If interest rates increase 100 basis points,the predicted dollar change in equity value will equal

A)$10,171,698.
B)−$10,171,698.
C)$12,724,528.
D)−$12,724,528.
E)$4,928,756.

Question 26

After interest rate and yield curve changes,a bank's market value of assets increased $4 million and the market value of its liabilities fell $6 million. The book value of equity ________ and the market value of equity ________.

A)increased $2 million; was unchanged
B)fell $2 million; was unchanged
C)was unchanged; fell $2 million
D)was unchanged; fell $10 million
E)was unchanged; increased $10 million

Question 27

A bank has a negative duration gap. Which one of the following statements is most correct?

A)If all interest rates are projected to increase,to limit a net value decline before rates rise,the bank should increase the amount of short-term loans on the balance sheet.
B)If all interest rates are projected to increase,to limit a net value decline before rates rise,the bank should increase the amount of short-term bonds issued by the bank.
C)If all interest rates are projected to decrease,to limit a net value decline before rates fall,the bank should increase the amount of long-term loans on the balance sheet.
D)If all interest rates are projected to decrease,to limit a net value decline before rates fall,the bank should increase the amount of long-term bonds issued by the bank.
E)None of the options are correct.

Question 28

A bank has a positive repricing gap and estimates that the spread between RSAs and RSLs will move directly with interest rates. If interest rates fall,the bank's overall NII will

A)rise.
B)fall.
C)be unchanged.
D)rise or fall depending on the size of the spread effect relative to the size of the CGAP effect.
E)None of the options are correct.

Question 29

The structure of a bank's balance sheet as evidenced by its repricing gap and its duration gap affects a bank's sensitivity to interest rate changes. Which one of the following statements about the two types of gaps is true?

A)The repricing gap immunizes the present value of all future cash flows,whereas managing the duration gap can stabilize future cash flows,but not their present value.
B)The duration gap considers all cash flows up to and including maturity,whereas the repricing gap really only considers how cash flows will change within the maturity bucket.
C)If a bank could only manage one type of gap,the bank would limit its interest rate risk the most by managing its repricing gap instead of its duration gap.
D)The repricing gap is superior to the duration gap since the repricing gap has a well-defined maturity bucket.
E)It is virtually impossible for an institution to have both a positive duration gap and a negative repricing gap at the same time.

Question 30

For a bank with a positive duration gap,an increase in interest rates will

A)increase the likelihood of insolvency.
B)decrease the likelihood of insolvency.
C)not affect the likelihood of insolvency.
D)result in increased loan trading.
E)None of the options are correct.

Question 31

A bank has a negative repricing gap and estimates that the spread between RSAs and RSLs will move inversely with interest rates. If interest rates increase,NII will

A)rise.
B)fall.
C)be unchanged.
D)rise or fall depending on the size of the spread effect relative to the size of the CGAP effect.
E)None of the options are correct.

Question 32

A bank has DA = 2.4 years and DL= 0.9 years. The bank has total equity of $82 million and total assets of $850 million. Interest rates are at 6 percent.
To get DE to equal zero to protect the equity value in the event of an interest rate change,the bank could

A)reduce DA to 1.21 years.
B)increase DL to 2.44 years.
C)increase DL to 3.10 years.
D)reduce DA to zero.
E)increase DL to 2.76 years.

Question 33

A bank has a positive repricing gap using a six-month maturity bucket. Which one of the following statements is most correct?

A)If all interest rates are projected to increase,to limit a profit decline when this occurs,the bank could encourage its retail loan customers to switch from one-year adjustable rate loans to Fed funds loans.
B)If all interest rates are projected to decrease,to limit a profit decline when this occurs,the bank could encourage its retail loan customers to switch from one-month reset floating rate loans to three-year fixed-rate loans at current rates.
C)If all interest rates are projected to decrease,to limit a profit decline when this occurs,the bank could encourage its retail loan customers to switch from fixed-rate mortgages to adjustable rate mortgages.
D)If all interest rates are projected to increase,to limit a profit decline when this occurs,the bank could encourage its retail loan customers to switch from three-year to five-year auto loans.
E)If all interest rates are projected to decrease,to limit a profit decline when this occurs,the bank could encourage its retail loan customers to switch from their bank to another bank.

Question 34

For large interest rate declines,duration ________ the increases in the bond's price,and for large interest rate decreases,it ________ the decline in the bond's price.

A)underpredicts; overpredicts
B)overpredicts; underpredicts
C)underpredicts; underpredicts
D)overpredicts; overpredicts
E)None of the options are correct.

Question 35

A bank has the following balance sheet:

For a nine-month maturity bucket,the bank has ________ in fixed-rate assets and ________ in fixed-rate liabilities.

A)$425; $285
B)$285; $425
C)$285; $359
D)$359; $285
E)$250; $66

Question 36

A bank is facing a forecast of rising interest rates. How should it set the repricing and duration gap?

A)Positive repricing gap and negative duration gap
B)Negative repricing gap and positive duration gap
C)Positive repricing gap and positive duration gap
D)Negative repricing gap and negative duration gap
E)None of the options are correct.

Question 37

A bank has a negative duration gap. Interest rates decline. Which one of the following best describes the effects of the interest rate change?

A)The bank's market value of equity is unchanged since the market value of its assets and liabilities moves in the same direction.
B)The bank's market value of equity goes up because the market value of its assets goes up by more than the market value of its liabilities goes down.
C)The bank's market value of equity goes down because the market value of its assets goes up by more than the market value of its liabilities goes down.
D)The bank's market value of equity goes down because the market value of its assets goes down by more than the market value of its liabilities goes down.
E)The bank's market value of equity goes down because the market value of its liabilities increases by more than the market value of its assets increases.

Question 38

Weaknesses of the repricing model include the fact that
I. it ignores changes in present values caused by changes in interest rates.
II. it ignores different cash flow sensitivities within a maturity bucket.
III. it fails to account for runoffs and prepayments.

A)I only
B)I and II only
C)I and III only
D)II and III only
E)I,II,and III

Question 39

A bank has the following balance sheet:

If the spread effect is zero and all interest rates decline 50 basis points,the bank's NII will change by ________ over the year.

A)$0
B)$400,000
C)−$400,000
D)$700,000
E)−$700,000

Question 40

With a six-month maturity bucket,a nine-month fixed-rate loan would be considered a ________ asset and a 30-year mortgage with a rate adjustment in three months would be classified as a ________ asset.

A)rate-sensitive; fixed-rate
B)rate-sensitive; rate-sensitive
C)fixed-rate; fixed-rate
D)fixed-rate; rate-sensitive
E)fixed-rate; nonearning

Question 41

What are four major weaknesses of the repricing model?

Question 42

Weaknesses of the duration gap immunization model include all but which of the following?

A)Continuously matching the duration of assets and liabilities can be time-consuming and costly.
B)Duration-based predictions are always incorrect due to convexity.
C)Duration measurement and management are more complex than the repricing model.
D)Duration-based immunization strategies require continuous rebalancing of asset and liability durations.
E)Duration measures only how cash flows change,not the present value of those changes.

Question 43

A bank has book value of assets equal to $800 million and market value of assets equal to $1,100 million. The bank has book value of liabilities of $700 million and market value of liabilities equal to $850 million. The bank's market-to-book ratio is

A)2.5.
B)2.0.
C)1.5.
D)1.0.
E)0.67.

Question 44

What factors can cause a bank's book value of equity to differ from its market value? What widely available ratio is typically used to measure the difference between the two?

Question 45

The effect of an interest rate change on the market value of an FI's equity is a function of three things. What are they and how do they affect the equity value change?

Question 46

A bank has a positive duration gap. Which one of the following statements is most correct?

A)If all interest rates are projected to increase,to limit a net value decline before rates rise,the bank should increase long-term loans and decrease short-term loans.
B)If all interest rates are projected to decrease,to limit a net value decline before rates fall,the bank should increase long-term loans and decrease short-term loans.
C)If all interest rates are projected to increase,to limit a net value decline before rates rise,the bank should increase short-term loans and decrease long-term loans.
D)If all interest rates are projected to decrease,to limit a net value decline before rates fall,the bank should increase long-term bonds issued by the bank and decrease short-term bonds.
E)None of the options are correct.

Question 47

A thrift has an annual CGAP of −$25 million. A credit union has an annual CGAP of +$5 million. The thrift has total assets of $500 million and net income of $7.5 million,and the credit union has total assets of $40 million and net income of $0.7 million.
Assuming a zero spread effect,if all interest rates decrease 50 basis points,what is the change in NII for the thrift? For the credit union?

Question 48

A bank has DA = 2.5 years,DL= 0.80 years,and k = 92%. Assets are equal to $1,200 million. According to the duration gap model,what size interest rate change would make the institution insolvent if rates are currently 5 percent?

Question 49

Explain how an FI's capital protects against credit risk and interest rate risk.

Question 50

Convexity in bond prices is caused by the

A)coupon changes on a bond.
B)change in default probability associated with a yield change.
C)CGAP effect.
D)curvature around the bond price yield relationship.
E)mismatch between the duration of the assets and liabilities.

Question 51

A thrift has an annual CGAP of −$25 million. A credit union has an annual CGAP of +$5 million. The thrift has total assets of $500 million and net income of $7.5 million,and the credit union has total assets of $40 million and net income of $0.7 million.
Calculate each institution's CGAP as a percent of assets. Based on the gap,which institution's NII is more sensitive to interest rates? Explain.

Question 52

A bank has an average asset duration of 2.25 years,the average duration of the liabilities is 1.25 years,and the bank has total assets of $2 billion and $200 million in equity. The bank has an ROE of 9.00 percent. If all interest rates decrease 50 basis points,the predicted change in the bank's market value of equity is ________.

A)−2.85 percent
B)−3.55 percent
C)3.55 percent
D)2.85 percent
E)5.16 percent

Question 53

A bank has a negative repricing gap. This implies that

A)some RSAs are financed by fixed-rate liabilities.
B)some RSLs are financing fixed-rate assets.
C)some RSAs are financing equity.
D)the bank has no fixed-rate assets.
E)None of the options are correct.

Question 54

What are arguments for and against requiring banks to mark all assets and liabilities to market continuously? Relate your arguments to managing credit risk and interest rate risk.

Question 55

A bank has a positive repricing gap. This implies that

A)some RSAs are financed by fixed-rate liabilities.
B)some RSLs are financing fixed-rate assets.
C)some RSAs are financing equity.
D)the bank has no fixed-rate assets.
E)None of the options are correct.

Question 56

An FI's balance sheet is characterized by long-term fixed-rate assets funded by short-term variable-rate securities. Most likely the bank has a

A)positive repricing gap and a positive duration gap.
B)positive repricing gap and a negative duration gap.
C)negative repricing gap and a positive duration gap.
D)negative repricing gap and a negative duration gap.
E)None of the options are correct.

Question 57

Explain how interest rate risk could change at banks,thrifts,and other institutions that originate and sell fixed-rate mortgages but are funded with deposits if these institutions lose the ability to securitize and sell mortgages. What could be the effect on the economy?

Question 58

A thrift has an annual CGAP of −$25 million. A credit union has an annual CGAP of +$5 million. The thrift has total assets of $500 million and net income of $7.5 million,and the credit union has total assets of $40 million and net income of $0.7 million.
In each of the following cases indicate whether the change in profits due to the spread effect was (i)greater than (ii)less than,or (iii)equal to the change in profitability due to the repricing GAP. In some cases you may not be able to tell; indicate which ones.