Deck 14: Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Question 1

The first milk made by the human breast is _______________. It is produced from a few days before birth to a week or so after birth.

Answer 1

colostrum

Question 2

The main proteins in breast milk are more easily _______________ than the major protein cows' milk.

Answer 2

digested

Question 3

Total weight gain during pregnancy, for an ideal-weight female, should average _______________ to _______________ pounds

Answer 3

25; 35 25, 35

Question 4

Vitamin needs generally increase during pregnancy. For example, the requirement for _______________ increases by 50%

Question 5

The hormone that stimulates milk synthesis is _______________.

Question 6

The increased energy costs of pregnancy are within the range of approximately _______________ kcal per day during the second and third trimesters

Question 7

A low-birth-weight infant weighs less than _______________ pounds.

Question 8

Concerning the infant, two major indicators of a successful pregnancy are: 1) gestation period longer than _______________ weeks and 2) birth weight greater than _______________ pounds

Question 9

Consumption of nonfood substances such as dirt, ice, starch, and clay, that commonly occurs during pregnancy is known as _______________.

Question 10

The energy cost for lactation is _______________ kcal per day

Question 11

The RDA for protein during pregnancy is an additional _______________ grams over the recommendation for the nonpregnant state

Question 12

A deficiency of the vitamin _______________ in pregnant women has been associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida

Question 13

The let-down reflex is triggered by _______________.

Question 14

Infants born after 37 weeks gestation and weighing less than expected at their gestational age are considered _______________

Question 15

During the first trimester, pregnant women should gain within the range of approximately _______________ pounds; they should gain approximately _______________ pound(s) per week thereafter

Question 16

Healthy People 2010 includes a goal of increasing to _______________ percent the number of pregnancies that begin with optimal folate status

Question 17

Toxicity of _______________ is linked with birth defects.

Question 18

The major problems with breastfeeding usually are due to a lack of _______________

Question 19

The most critical time for fetal development is during the _______________ trimester

Question 20

_______________ leads to an increased rate of high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and surgical complications during pregnancy.

Question 21

If a child is born prematurely during the third trimester

A) the child will have minimal nutritional problems.
B) the child may have problems sucking and swallowing.
C) the child will almost always die.
D) the infant will maintain adequate mineral and fat stores.

Question 22

The organ that nourishes the fetus in the mother's womb is called the

A) ovum.
B) umbilicus.
C) placenta.
D) embryo.

Question 23

Sue has a high prepregnancy body mass index, classifying her as overweight. Her weight gain goal should be how many pounds?

A) 10 to 15
B) 15 to 25
C) 25 to 35
D) 28 to 40

Question 24

Vitamin needs generally increase during pregnancy, especially for

A) folate.
B) iron.
C) vitamin D
D) pantothenic acid.

Question 25

Oxytocin triggers the ___________ reflex during breastfeeding.

Question 26

The duration of pregnancy normally is ______ weeks.

A) 30-34
B) 32-36
C) 35-39
D) 38-42

Question 27

The first trimester of pregnancy

A) involves a rapid increase in cell size rather than cell number.
B) is the least critical time during fetal development.
C) is a time of particular importance to avoid nutritional deficiencies and insults to prevent harm to the fetus.
D) is a time when nutritional deficiencies have little effect on the developing fetus.

Question 28

Millie has a low pre-pregnancy body mass index, classifying her as underweight. Her weight gain goal should be how many pounds?

A) 10 to 15
B) 15 to 25
C) 25 to 35
D) 28 to 40

Question 29

During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, an average of ______ extra kcalories per day are needed.

A) 150 - 250
B) 250 - 350
C) 350 - 450
D) 450 - 550

Question 30

Barb wants to make sure she gets adequate folate during her pregnancy. She should do which of the following?

A) Drink more milk.
B) Eat more ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.
C) Eat more meat.
D) Eat more legumes.

Question 31

All of the following are poor pregnancy practices except

A) restricting weight gain to 15 to 18 pounds.
B) smoking.
C) gaining 25 to 35 pounds.
D) completely avoiding exercise.

Question 32

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends all breastfed infants be given ________ IU of vitamin D per day until they are consuming that much from food

Question 33

During the first trimester, a woman should gain ______ pounds.

A) 1 to 3
B) 2 to 4
C) 5 to 9
D) 10 to 14

Question 34

During pregnancy, it is particularly important to make sure to consume adequate

A) saturated fatty acids.
B) trans fatty acids.
C) cholesterol.
D) essential fatty acids-linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3).

Question 35

The total weight gain goal of a desirable-weight pregnant woman is how many pounds?

A) 10 to 15
B) 15 to 25
C) 25 to 35
D) 28 to 40

Question 36

Which of the following is true about protein intake during pregnancy?

A) The RDA for protein increases by about 25 grams per day over that for the nonpregnant state.
B) Women probably do not get enough protein in typical diets to meet their total needs for pregnancy.
C) The RDA for protein increases by about 10 to 15 grams per day.
D) The RDA for protein increases by about 5 to 10 grams per day.

Question 37

Extra kcalories for pregnancy are needed mostly during which trimester(s)?

A) First
B) Second and third
C) Second
D) First and third

Question 38

Which trimester is an especially critical period when poor nutrition or drug use can result in birth defects?

A) First
B) Second
C) Third
D) Final

Question 39

Which of the following is a suggested practice as far as exercise and pregnancy are concerned?

A) Play basketball regularly in a hot, humid gym
B) Drink plenty of fluids
C) Strengthen the legs by performing deep knee bends
D) Discontinue exercise during the third trimester

Question 40

A low-birth-weight infant weighs ______ pounds.

A) 6.5 to 7.5
B) 5.5 to 6.5
C) less than 5.5
D) less than 3.5

Question 41

The need for extra iron during pregnancy is greatest during which trimester(s)?

A) First
B) First and second
C) Second
D) Second and third

Question 42

The hormone that triggers "let down" or milk release is

A) oxytocin.
B) prolactin.
C) estrogen.
D) progesterone.

Question 43

Low iodide status during the first trimester of pregnancy may lead to

A) hypertension.
B) gestational diabetes.
C) edema.
D) cretinism.

Question 44

Consumption of non-food items such as laundry starch, ice, and dirt is known as

A) hyperemesis.
B) pica.
C) pregnancy-induced hypertension.
D) eclampsia.

Question 45

All of the following are true about prenatal supplements for pregnancy except

A) there is significant evidence that they are harmful.
B) supplements of vitamin A can be dangerous.
C) supplements commonly contain iron and folate.
D) physicians routinely prescribe them.

Question 46

The best way for a calcium-deficient pregnant woman to get the calcium she needs is to consume

A) fruits.
B) vegetables.
C) legumes.
D) low-fat milk and cheese.

Question 47

During pregnancy, symptoms such as high blood pressure, excess protein in the urine, edema, changes in blood clotting, and nervous system disorders are associated with a condition called

A) essential hypertension.
B) pregnancy-induced hypertension.
C) primary hypertension.
D) secondary hypertension.

Question 48

Rachel is pregnant and has morning sickness. She should do all the following except

A) eat dry soda crackers upon waking.
B) cook with windows open to dissipate nauseating smells.
C) eat large, less frequent meals.
D) avoid fatty and fried foods.

Question 49

Obesity during pregnancy is associated with all the following except

A) high blood pressure.
B) diabetes during pregnancy.
C) a low-birth-weight infant.
D) surgical complications.

Question 50

For most pregnancies, women need to consume supplemental

A) calcium.
B) vitamin D
C) zinc.
D) iron.

Question 51

Which of the following is true about lifestyle habits and pregnancy?

A) Repeated intake of four or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting harm(s) the fetus.
B) It is vital that mothers abstain from NutraSweet because the phenylalanine present can cause mental retardation in most babies.
C) Cigarette smoking should be limited to one pack per day.
D) The only risk to the baby when a mother uses cocaine is cocaine addiction.

Question 52

All of the following are true about folate and pregnancy except

A) folate deficiency in pregnancy is associated with birth defects such as spina bifida.
B) the RDA for folate increases by 50 percent.
C) most breakfast cereals can be used by pregnant women to get folate because these cereals are fortified with folate.
D) if pregnant women eat folate-rich fruits and vegetables as suggested in the MyPyramid Food Plan they cannot meet their folate needs.

Question 53

Most of the extra calcium for pregnancy is needed during which trimester(s)?

A) First
B) Third
C) Second
D) Calcium needs do not increase

Question 54

Which of the following is true about lactation?

A) Only about 50 percent of all women can breastfeed.
B) The most significant reason why women do not breastfeed is that they cannot produce enough milk.
C) Some women cannot breastfeed because they do not have big enough breasts.
D) The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information.

Question 55

Patricia's physician tells her she needs more folate in her diet during pregnancy. She should do which of the following?

A) Drink orange juice.
B) Eat beef.
C) Eat more cheese.
D) Eat more fish.

Question 56

Constipation is a common problem during pregnancy. All the of following practices can be helpful except

A) avoiding too much fluid.
B) consuming more dietary fiber.
C) consuming dried fruits such as raisins.
D) engaging in aerobic exercise regularly.

Question 57

Carol has heartburn during her pregnancy. She should do all of the following except

A) eat less fat.
B) lie down after she eats.
C) avoid spicy food.
D) consume liquids between meals.

Question 58

Which of the following is a federal program for reducing infant mortality by providing nutritional support and counseling?

A) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
B) Nutrition Supplement Program (NSP)
C) Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
D) Regional Nutrition Counseling Program (RNCP)

Question 59

Mineral needs generally are increased during pregnancy. All of the following are needed in higher quantities except

A) iron.
B) iodine.
C) sodium.
D) zinc.

Question 60

During pregnancy, a woman should use MyPyramid and consume

A) 1-2 cups of calcium-rich foods from the milk and cheese group.
B) 2 ounce equivalents from the meat group.
C) 3 cups of calcium-rich foods from the milk and cheese group.
D) 4 ounce equivalents from the grain group.

Question 61

Match the following with the descriptions below

Question 62

Breast milk production requires approximately ____ kcalories per day?

A) 200
B) 400
C) 800
D) 1,000

Question 63

The U.S. Public Health Service and the March of Dimes recommend that all women of childbearing age should take a daily multivitamin and mineral supplement that contains

A) 400 micrograms of folic acid.
B) 15 milligrams of iron.
C) 500 milligrams of calcium.
D) 40 micrograms of zinc.

Question 64

During each feeding, human milk changes composition in which of the following ways?

A) carbohydrate increases
B) fat increases
C) minerals decrease
D) protein decreases

Question 65

Advantages of breastfeeding include all of the following except

A) improves infant's vision.
B) reduces the risk of food allergies.
C) provides antibodies while infant's immune system is still immature.
D) decreases ear infections.

Question 66

All of the following are advantages to breastfeeding except

A) fewer gastrointestinal infections.
B) fewer respiratory infections.
C) increased risk of developing food allergies.
D) decreased financial costs.

Question 67

Which of the following statements is important for infant feeding?

A) The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of a child's life.
B) Breastfeeding has no advantage over formula-feeding, so the latter is the feeding practice of choice.
C) Working mothers should avoid breastfeeding.
D) Cows' milk can be introduced safely when the child is 3 months old.

Question 68

All of the following are barriers to breastfeeding except

A) lack of role models.
B) having to carry a lot of equipment when traveling.
C) misinformation.
D) fear of appearing immodest.

Question 69

Women suffering from chronic alcoholism produce children with a recognizable pattern of malformations called

A) chronic cirrhosis.
B) muscular dystrophy.
C) cystic fibrosis.
D) fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

Question 70

Which of the following is not true about the let-down reflex?

A) It is needed to make milk available to the infant.
B) It can be inhibited by anxiety or nervous tension.
C) It is triggered by the release of the hormone estrogen.
D) After a few weeks of lactation, it becomes automatic.