Deck 3: The Human Body: a Nutrition Perspective

Question 1

_______________ absorption requires a carrier and energy.

Answer 1

Active

Question 2

______________________________ are sometimes called the "power plants" or the "powerhouse" of the cell

Answer 2

Mitochondria Mitochondrion

Question 3

The wall of the small intestine is folded, and within the folds are fingerlike projections called _______________.

Answer 3

villi

Question 4

A muscular ring that prevents backflow of materials into the previous digestive compartment is called a _______________.

Question 5

The action of circular and longitudinal muscles that move digestive material along the GI tract is called _______________.

Question 6

When looking at the organization of the human body, smaller units lead to progressively larger units. For instance, groups of atoms are called molecules, groups of cells are called _______________, and various organs that work in coordination are called organ systems

Question 7

A(n) _______________ is a medication that inhibits the ability of gastric cells to secrete hydrogen ions

Question 8

The ___________________________ system is made up of several glands that act in the regulation of metabolism, reproduction, water balance, and many other functions.

A) cardiovascular
B) urinary
C) endocrine
D) lymphatic

Question 9

Which of the following act as a code book for synthesizing specific proteins required to perform specific body tasks?

A) RNA
B) Cells
C) Organs
D) DNA

Question 10

Most digestive and absorptive activities occur in the _______________

Question 11

The primary components of fecal material are water and _______________

Question 12

After absorption from the small intestine into the portal vein, amino acids are carried to the _______________.

Question 13

The _______________ system is responsible for transporting fat-soluble nutrients from the digestive system to the bloodstream

Question 14

Most nutrients from the digestive tract enter the liver through the _______________ vein.

Question 15

The _______________ prevents the entrance of food into the trachea.

Question 16

The large intestine's main role is to absorb water and _______________.

Question 17

When a nutrient moves from an area of higher concentration into an absorptive cell where the concentration is lower, this is called _______________

Question 18

Messages are transmitted from one neuron to another by the action of _______________________________

Question 19

Partially digested food in the stomach is also known as _______________.

Question 20

To which body part does blood travel to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide?

A) Heart
B) Lungs
C) Liver
D) Kidneys

Question 21

After digestion and absorption, which circulatory system carries fat and fat-soluble vitamins?

A) Portal
B) Enterohepatic
C) Lymphatic
D) Mesentery

Question 22

What sphincter separates the small intestine from the large intestine?

A) Pyloric
B) Esophageal
C) Rectal
D) Ileocecal

Question 23

Which of the following is not a sphincter?

A) Duodenal
B) Esophageal
C) Pyloric
D) Ileocecal

Question 24

Which of the following is a function of sphincter muscles?

A) Breaks apart food particles
B) Controls passage of food through the GI tract
C) Controls peristalsis
D) Releases enzymes and hormones into the GI tract

Question 25

Which of the following meals would leave the stomach last?

A) Bagel, orange juice, and banana
B) Non-fat yogurt, banana, and skim milk
C) Raisin Bran, skim milk, English muffin, and coffee
D) Sausage, egg, cheese, biscuit, and coffee

Question 26

What is the function of mucus in the stomach?

A) Emulsifies fats
B) Neutralizes stomach acid
C) Digests food
D) Protects stomach cells from gastric juices

Question 27

Which large blood vessel is the first to receive most recently eaten nutrients, transporting them to the liver?

A) Portal vein
B) Mesenteric vein
C) Subclavian vein
D) Hepatic vein

Question 28

Blood leaving the intestine goes by way of a vein to the

A) kidneys.
B) heart.
C) liver.
D) pancreas.

Question 29

Bone, cartilage, muscle, and nerves are considered

A) organs.
B) organ systems.
C) tissues.
D) organisms.

Question 30

Which of the following is a feature of the lymphatic system?

A) It is composed of a mucus-like substance.
B) It picks up and transports dietary lipid.
C) It serves to transport fat- and water-soluble vitamins to the heart.
D) It funnels nutrients to the liver via a one-way pump.

Question 31

What is one function of the pyloric sphincter?

A) Prevents esophageal contents from emptying too quickly into the stomach
B) Prevents stomach contents from backing up into the esophagus
C) Prevents intestinal contents from backing up into the stomach
D) Prevents intestinal contents from emptying too quickly into the colon

Question 32

Where does digestion begin?

A) Mouth
B) Stomach
C) Esophagus
D) Small intestine

Question 33

The ring-like muscles that retard or prevent backflow of partially digested food in the gastrointestinal tract are called

A) sphincters.
B) passages.
C) openings.
D) gates.

Question 34

The ________________________ system shelters humans from threats such as diseases and toxins.

A) cardiovascular
B) endocrine
C) immune
D) lymphatic

Question 35

Which of the following is a description of chyme?

A) A watery mixture of partially digested food released by the stomach into the intestines
B) The semisolid mass of undigested food that is swallowed
C) The mixture of pancreatic juices containing enzymes for digestion
D) A thick, viscous material synthesized by mucosal cells for protection against digestive juices

Question 36

All of the following are features of the epiglottis except which one?

A) It covers the opening of the trachea.
B) It prevents food from entering the windpipe during swallowing.
C) It guides food down the esophagus.
D) It is the first GI tract sphincter.

Question 37

Most digestion takes place in the

A) stomach.
B) small intestine.
C) pancreas.
D) large intestine.

Question 38

The stomach empties into the small intestine through the

A) pyloric sphincter.
B) esophageal sphincter.
C) Sphincter of Oddi.
D) ileocecal sphincter.

Question 39

Which of the following is true about the lymphatic system?

A) The specialized fluid carried by this system is blood.
B) This system never intersects with the bloodstream.
C) It is not involved in the transport of nutrients.
D) It is important for transporting fat-soluble nutrients.

Question 40

What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?

A) Epiglottis
B) Tongue
C) Tonsils
D) Esophagus
Figure: 3.12
Learning Outcome: 3.04 Outline the overall processes of digestion and absorption in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, as well as the roles played by the liver, galllbladder, and pancreas
Section: 3.08
Topic: Human Digestion and Absorption
Wardlaw - Chapter 03 #4

Question 41

Which of the following body organs produces bile?

A) Stomach
B) Salivary glands
C) Pancreas
D) Liver
Figure: 3.10
Figure: 3.20
Learning Outcome: 3.04 Outline the overall processes of digestion and absorption in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, as well as the roles played by the liver, galllbladder, and pancreas
Section: 3.08
Topic: Human Digestion and Absorption
Wardlaw - Chapter 03 #25

Question 42

The study of how food impacts health through its interaction with our genes and its subsequent effect on gene expression is called

A) epidemiology.
B) molecular biology.
C) nutrigenomics.
D) genetic engineering.

Question 43

All of the following can weaken esophageal sphincter tension and promote heartburn except

A) root beer.
B) coffee.
C) alcohol.
D) nicotine.

Question 44

Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells occurs by all the following mechanisms except

A) sustained absorption.
B) passive absorption.
C) active absorption.
D) facilitated absorption.

Question 45

Which of the following substances is primarily involved in the absorption of fat to facilitate its digestion?

A) Bicarbonate
B) Pancreatic juices
C) Hydrochloric acid
D) Bile

Question 46

Which of the following is true about digestive enzymes?

A) One enzyme can speed many types of chemical processes.
B) Enzymes are not sensitive to temperature.
C) Enzymes that work in the acidic environment of the stomach cannot work in the basic or alkaline environment of the small intestine and vice versa.
D) Enzymes typically work independently of vitamins or minerals.

Question 47

Which of the following is not considered part of the GI tract?

A) Anus
B) Lungs
C) Colon
D) Esophagus

Question 48

What percentage of a meal has been absorbed by the time it leaves the small intestine?

A) 25%
B) 55%
C) 80%
D) 95%

Question 49

A hormone responds to food entering the small intestine and stimulates the pancreas to release

A) bicarbonate.
B) acid.
C) bile.
D) mucus.

Question 50

Where are most digestive enzymes produced?

A) Pancreas and small intestine
B) Liver and large intestine
C) Pancreas and large intestine
D) Liver and pancreas

Question 51

These protein-based substances enhance digestion by making chemical reactions more likely to happen.

A) Bile
B) Emulsifiers
C) Enzymes
D) Hormones

Question 52

The study of how genes determine our nutritional requirements is called

A) nutrigenomics.
B) food biotechnology.
C) nutritional biochemistry.
D) genetic engineering.
Learning Outcome: 3.05 Understand the role of genetic background in development of nutrition-related diseases
Section: 3.11
Topic: Human Digestion and Absorption
Wardlaw - Chapter 03 #30

Question 53

The muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract are called

A) regurgitation.
B) peristalsis.
C) propulsion.
D) compression.

Question 54

Excessive acid production in the stomach or upper small intestine could result in

A) poor iron, calcium, and folate absorption.
B) excessive intestinal bacterial growth.
C) an ulcer.
D) decreased fiber digestion and absorption.

Question 55

What substance helps suspend fat in a watery digestive mixture, making fat more available to digestive enzymes?

A) Bicarbonate
B) Mucus
C) Bile
D) Pancreatic juices

Question 56

The function of thick mucus in the stomach is to

A) promote fat digestion.
B) activate stomach enzymes.
C) protect stomach cells from acid and enzymes.
D) keep the stomach bacteria-free.

Question 57

Partially digested food that enters the small intestine from the stomach is called

A) bolus.
B) mass.
C) chyme.
D) bile.

Question 58

Which of the following, upon digestion, is not normally released directly into the bloodstream?

A) Minerals
B) Fats
C) Carbohydrates
D) Proteins

Question 59

Which pH best describes the environment of the stomach when stimulated?

A) Neutral
B) Both acidic and basic
C) Acidic
D) Basic

Question 60

Peristalsis refers to

A) chewing and swallowing.
B) the opening and closing of sphincters.
C) the action of bile on dietary fat.
D) muscular movement of materials through the GI tract.

Question 61

A recurrent and more serious form of heartburn, also known as acid reflux, is called

A) gastroesophageal reflux disease.
B) cardiovascular reflux disease.
C) esophageal ulceritis.
D) gastric distress.

Question 62

A function of the large intestine is to absorb

A) fats and proteins.
B) vitamins and minerals.
C) water and minerals.
D) proteins and carbohydrates.
Figure: 3.19
Learning Outcome: 3.04 Outline the overall processes of digestion and absorption in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, as well as the roles played by the liver, galllbladder, and pancreas
Section: 3.08
Topic: Human Digestion and Absorption
Wardlaw - Chapter 03 #47

Question 63

In passive absorption, nutrients enter the cell

A) with a carrier.
B) with the expenditure of energy.
C) from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
D) from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration.
Figure: 3.17
Learning Outcome: 3.04 Outline the overall processes of digestion and absorption in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, as well as the roles played by the liver, galllbladder, and pancreas
Section: 3.08
Topic: Human Digestion and Absorption
Wardlaw - Chapter 03 #45

Question 64

Which of the following is an important dietary recommendation for avoiding heartburn?

A) Eat smaller meals that are lower in fat.
B) Eat large meals.
C) Eat meals low in carbohydrate.
D) Avoid fluids.

Question 65

Antibiotic treatment of infection with the bacteria ______________ heals some stomach ulcers and prevents their recurrence.

A) Salmonella
B) Helicobacter pylori
C)
D) Clostridium botulinum
E) coli

Question 66

Constipation can best be prevented by

A) eating dietary fiber.
B) restricting fluids.
C) restricting physical exercise.
D) using laxatives.

Question 67

The most active area for the absorption of nutrients into the body is the

A) stomach.
B) small intestine.
C) large intestine.
D) liver.

Question 68

Which of the following therapies is appropriate for ulcer treatment?

A) Aspirin
B) Antacids
C) Orange juice
D) Milk and cream

Question 69

Which of the following is true regarding bile?

A) It is secreted in response to the presence of carbohydrates in the small intestine.
B) It stimulates the release of pancreatic juices.
C) It is produced by the liver.
D) It is a hormone.

Question 70

The villi of the small intestine

A) provide an enormous surface area that facilitates absorption.
B) store fat-soluble vitamins.
C) continuously move food through the small intestine to the colon.
D) inactivate enzymes consumed with food.

Question 71

All of the following are characteristics of heartburn except which one?

A) It is a gnawing pain in the upper chest.
B) It is caused by a backflow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus.
C) It can damage the esophagus because it has no mucus lining to protect the esophagus.
D) It subsides when a person relaxes and lies down after a meal.