Deck 5: Gender and Gender Roles

Question 1

Alex dresses and behaves like a boy and he tells everyone he is a boy.This is an example of

A)gender-role attitude.
B)gender identity.
C)gender presentation.
D)gender-role stereotype.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In our culture,women's clothing is designed to

A)provide warmth and comfort,especially to the breast area.
B)demonstrate the basic humanity of the wearer by de-emphasizing sex-related characteristics.
C)accentuate women's suitability for female roles such as nurturing and emotional support.
D)emphasize secondary sex characteristics such as breasts,shapely legs,and hips.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Most clothing that emphasizes or exaggerates secondary sex characteristics is

A)female.
B)male.
C)marketed toward teens.
D)largely unavailable in stores today.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When a child is born,someone evaluates his _________ and says,"It's a boy!" thereby announcing his _________.

A)genetic sex;gender
B)gender identity;gender role
C)anatomical sex;genetic sex
D)anatomical sex;assigned gender

Question 5

Deviations in gender behavior are now being referred to as gender __________.

A)variations
B)anomalies
C)incongruences
D)discrepancies

Question 6

"Men won't ask for directions," is an example of

A)sexism.
B)a gender-role stereotype.
C)a gender role.
D)empirical evidence.

Question 7

A woman wears perfume,dresses with ruffles,a soft hair style,and makeup.These feminine characteristics are determined by

A)pheromones.
B)hormones.
C)culture.
D)chromosomes.

Question 8

Low-cut blouses,shoulder pads in business suits,lipstick,and crew cuts are all

A)designed to indicate competence at work and in family roles.
B)the natural result of physical and psychological differences between the sexes.
C)culturally prescribed clues to recognizing a person's gender.
D)ways of diminishing awareness of secondary sex characteristics.

Question 9

____________________ is a rigidly held,oversimplified,and overgeneralized belief about how each gender should behave.

A)A gender role
B)A gender-role stereotype
C)Cultural relativism
D)Assigned gender

Question 10

Beliefs such as "women are poor drivers," "men want to dominate others," or "women are more detail-oriented," are examples of

A)gender roles.
B)gender-role stereotypes.
C)gender identities.
D)gender-role behaviors.

Question 11

The behaviors and attitudes which one is supposed to demonstrate,based on being male or female in a culture,make up one's

A)gender identity.
B)gender.
C)gender role.
D)gender orientation.

Question 12

____________________ refers to what physical structures a person has,such as gonads,uterus,vulva,vagina,penis,etc.

A)Genetic sex
B)Gender
C)Anatomical sex
D)Assigned gender

Question 13

All of the following are aspects of our anatomical sex EXCEPT

A)the shape of our genitals.
B)our hormone balance.
C)our type of gonads.
D)our internal reproductive structures.

Question 14

In a delivery room,the pronouncement "It's a girl!" or "It's a boy!" refers to

A)genetic sex.
B)biological sex.
C)assigned gender.
D)gender role.

Question 15

A person's internal sense of being male or female is

A)gender identity.
B)biological sex.
C)assigned gender.
D)gender presentation.

Question 16

Madison has a feeling deep inside of her that she is female.This is an example of

A)assigned gender
B)gender identity
C)anatomical sex
D)genetic sex

Question 17

The assignment of gender usually occurs at birth and is usually based on

A)behavior.
B)appearance.
C)genetics.
D)hormones.

Question 18

____________________ is the gender given by others,usually at birth.

A)Genetic sex
B)Gender role
C)Anatomical sex
D)Assigned gender

Question 19

_________ refers to whether one is biologically female or male.

A)Sex
B)Gender
C)Sexual dimorphism
D)Assigned gender

Question 20

The social and cultural characteristics of femininity or masculinity make up one's

A)sex.
B)gender.
C)gender orientation.
D)gender-role stereotype.

Question 21

A major problem with gender-role stereotypes is that they

A)are false and misleading both for the individual and the whole group.
B)prevent statistically valid generalizations from being made.
C)interfere with the development of a solid gender identity.
D)fail to consider the effects of biological sex on behavior.

Question 22

In some East African societies,the instilling of a male gender identity doesn't occur until a ritual or ceremony is performed,often not until middle childhood.This is a reflection of the belief in

A)hysterical tendencies among males.
B)a latent female identity among males.
C)a bisexual orientation among males.
D)homosexual tendencies among males.

Question 23

In Western culture,men embody _______________ and women embody ________________.

A)task-orientation;nurturance
B)instrumentality;expressiveness
C)dominance;connectedness
D)independence;intradependence

Question 24

How are sexual orientation and gender identity related to each other?

A)Gender identity determines sexual orientation.
B)They are conceptually independent of each other.
C)Sexual orientation determines gender identity.
D)A person's sex determines both gender identity and sexual orientation.

Question 25

Han believes that all men are assertive and all women are submissive.He believes that only women can be sensitive to the needs of other people,whereas men should be,and are,insensitive to such needs.In other words,Han believes that

A)men are superior to women.
B)men and women complement each other.
C)men and women possess polar opposite traits.
D)these differences draw men and women together.

Question 26

In some East African societies a male child is referred to as a

A)he-she.
B)keiki.
C)woman-child.
D)man-child.

Question 27

In stereotypical thinking,men embody the trait of __________,whereas women embody __________.

A)irrationality;rationality
B)reason;sexuality
C)instrumentality;expressiveness
D)obsessiveness;compulsiveness

Question 28

The umbrella term for those who do not conform to traditional notions of gender expression is

A)homosexual.
B)sexual fluidity.
C)gender incongruence.
D)transgender.

Question 29

Buddy believes that women are nurturing and men are not.He also believes that men are dominant and women are submissive.This is an example of

A)a bias toward instrumentality.
B)androgyny.
C)a belief that women and men are polar opposites.
D)gender role rigidity.

Question 30

The Nguyens dress their infant daughter in pink.Her little coveralls have lace decorations and her thin wispy hair is always adorned with a bow.What is the function of this constant announcing of the infant's assigned gender?

A)It signals how others should treat and respond to the infant.
B)It determines how the infant will actually behave.
C)It firmly establishes the femininity of the infant.
D)It firmly establishes the infant's sexual orientation.

Question 31

The reason our culture associates male homosexuality with femininity is most likely

A)because homosexual men are less masculine than heterosexual men.
B)the belief that male heterosexuality is a critical component of masculinity.
C)our view that heterosexual men often have more female characteristics.
D)traditional gender roles that are inversely correlated with sexual behavior.

Question 32

"A good girl would never run in the house like that!" This is an example of a

A)gender role.
B)gender-role stereotype.
C)misogynistic attitude.
D)sexual expectation.

Question 33

For most people,anatomical sex,gender identity,and assigned gender

A)are discordant.
B)vary.
C)are congruent.
D)are unrelated.

Question 34

In some East African societies,at about the age of seven,boys

A)are circumcised,to "make him a man."
B)are expected to engage in exactly the same activities as the girls.
C)are encouraged to become sexually active.
D)must leave the family to go and live with other boys and men.

Question 35

By the age of two,children identify their gender and the gender of others based on

A)genitals.
B)hair styles and clothing.
C)facial features and musculature.
D)behavior.

Question 36

Biology creates males and females;culture creates

A)sexualorientation.
B)gender confusion.
C)gender congruence.
D)masculinity and femininity.

Question 37

The belief that a "real man" is not gay,therefore gay men are not "real men" is an example of

A)heteronormativity.
B)homophobia.
C)heterosexism.
D)socialization.

Question 38

Until the age of three,children identify boys and girls by

A)the activities they engage in.
B)hairstyles or clothing.
C)anatomical features,such as the genitals.
D)the sex of the children they play with.

Question 39

At the age of two,children think that gender is

A)permanent.
B)changeable.
C)different for children and adults.
D)chosen.

Question 40

By the age of ____,we internalize and identify with our gender.

A)18 months
B)2
C)3
D)5

Question 41

When the kids on the block play "airplane," Tran is ridiculed because he wants to be the flight attendant instead of the pilot.This example shows how peers influence gender-role learning through

A)verbal approval and disapproval.
B)overt physical punishment.
C)encouraging similarity to the group.
D)vocational imitation.

Question 42

African American women

A)tend to be more rigid in their thinking about gender roles.
B)have represented the symbol of strength in their communities.
C)are more likely to have double standards of behavior for their children.
D)are more dependent than women of other minority groups.

Question 43

Tyrell and Tenisha like to play house.Every time they play,Tenisha scolds Tyrell for the pretend messes he makes and ridicules him for not knowing how to set the table.He is not allowed to hold her doll except under her watchful eye.According to social learning theory,these roles are

A)learned through observation and imitation.
B)ultimately based on biological differences between the sexes.
C)instinctive,because similar behaviors appear in all cultures.
D)based on differences in levels of cognitive development.

Question 44

According to cognitive social learning theory,we learn attitudes and behaviors as a result of

A)social interactions with others.
B)a drive to conform to societal norms.
C)formal societal mechanisms for transmitting role behaviors.
D)whether we experience pleasure or pain from the behaviors and attitudes.

Question 45

As a child,Maria observed that even though both her parents were employed,her mother served all family members their dinner.She noticed that her mother did all sorts of "little things" to please family members.She saw that although her father took the children to doctors,dentists,etc. ,it was her mother who made and kept track of these appointments.As an adult,Maria incorporated all these behaviors into her own family life.This example supports the ideas of the

A)cognitive social learning theory.
B)gender modeling theory.
C)cognitive development theory.
D)psychoanalytic theory.

Question 46

Female characters on television typically are

A)under 40
B)thin
C)attractive
D)all of these

Question 47

Maria observes that wearing frilly dresses gets her older sister lots of attention.Yesterday,children in the neighborhood made fun of Maria's wish to play baseball.Maria soon develops an interest in ultra-feminine clothes and restricts herself to cheering on male baseball players.This example supports the ideas of

A)sociobiology.
B)cognitive gender theory.
C)developmental psychoanalysis.
D)cognitive social learning theory.

Question 48

Male characters on television typically are

A)aggressive
B)problem-solvers
C)rescuers
D)all of these

Question 49

The cornerstone of cognitive social learning theory is the belief that

A)children are born with free will.
B)most behavior is the result of biological mechanisms.
C)consequences control behavior.
D)children will develop "gender appropriate" behavior regardless of their environment.

Question 50

A cognitive development theorist and a cognitive social learning theorist agree on many things.However,they DISAGREE on

A)the influence of culture on gender roles.
B)whether age determines how learning takes place.
C)the role of parents in gender role socialization.
D)the role of modeling behavior.

Question 51

When Sydney insists on sitting on her mother's lap,her mother says she is being loving.When Damien insists on sitting on his mother's lap,he is told that he is being a baby.This demonstrates the concept of

A)manipulation.
B)channeling.
C)verbal appellation.
D)verbal abuse.

Question 52

Which item is out of place here?

A)channeling
B)manipulation
C)verbal appellation
D)indoctrination

Question 53

The phenomenon of modeling is usually associated with the

A)psychoanalytic theory.
B)cognitive development theory.
C)cognitive social learning theory.
D)developmental gender theory.

Question 54

Cognitive development theory asserts that children begin to understand that gender is permanent at approximately _______ years of age.

A)2-3
B)4-5
C)6-7
D)9-10

Question 55

Tressa is playing with her dolls.Her mother compliments her on how nicely she has dressed them.This makes Tressa more interested in her dolls and in hairstyling.Which theory does this exemplify?

A)psychodynamic
B)cognitive social learning
C)cognitive development theory
D)sociobiology

Question 56

The growing body of literature on gender uses a(n)_______________ perspective.

A)evolutionary
B)biological
C)psychodynamic
D)social constructionist

Question 57

Tami and Kevin are twins.They recently got a new swingset for their backyard.Kevin is allowed to climb the ladder to the top of the slide by himself,but Tami is only allowed to do it with her mother's assistance.This is an example of

A)sibling favoritism
B)a double standard
C)overprotection
D)sibling rivalry

Question 58

While walking through the toy store with her 1-year-old son,Brianna stops and points out the baseballs,shows her son guns and trucks,and walks quickly past the Barbie dolls.This aspect of parental gender socialization is called

A)activity exposure.
B)channeling.
C)manipulation.
D)verbal appellation.

Question 59

Children who watch television tend to be exposed to __________ gender-role views.

A)well-developed
B)stereotyped
C)positive
D)diverse

Question 60

During a play period at an elementary school,Ms.Yomogida sends the boys to the football field while she leads the girls in ballet.This is an example of how teachers

A)emphasize physical fitness for both sexes.
B)model nonstereotypic roles for both sexes.
C)use differential behavioral appellations in socializing children.
D)serve as agents of traditional gender-role socialization.

Question 61

Robyn has no ovaries,but her external genitals are those of a normal female.As she grows up,her body remains short,she does not develop a mature feminine physique,and she does not menstruate.Robyn most likely has

A)pseudohermaphrodism.
B)a hermaphrodism.
C)Klinefelter syndrome.
D)Turner syndrome.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of individuals diagnosed with Turner syndrome?

A)the absence of ovaries
B)small testes and penis
C)45,XO chromosomal makeup
D)a lack of female secondary sex characteristics

Question 63

According to Jessica Valenti,the idea of "saving oneself" is

A)becoming more popular,creating more stable relationships.
B)sending today's male a mixed message.
C)is paradoxically leading young people to have sex at earlier ages.
D)harmful to girls and women.

Question 64

Vanessa's parents are African American.Most likely,they will socialize her to be

A)more independent than girls raised in traditional White households.
B)a full-time homemaker focused on her children.
C)both a wage earner and a homemaker.
D)independent and assertive with girls of all ethnicities.

Question 65

A person who expresses emotions and is confident,aggressive,tender,and caring could be described as

A)borderline masculine.
B)feminine.
C)androgynous.
D)a latent homosexual.

Question 66

A chromosomal error affecting females who are born not XX and not XY is called

A)Klinefelter syndrome.
B)Turner syndrome.
C)transsexuality.
D)pseudohermaphroditism.

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT associated with the male sexual script?

A)All physical contact leads to sex.
B)A man initiates sex and gives a woman an orgasm.
C)Men do not express doubts.
D)Love and sex are inseparable.

Question 68

The traditional White female gender role centers on all of the following EXCEPT

A)the woman as a wife.
B)the woman as a mother.
C)the woman as physically attractive.
D)women as equal providers in the marriage.

Question 69

Abdul is a genetic male.Abdul has female genitals but no internal female structures.At puberty,Abdul developed female secondary sex characteristics but has testes internally.Most likely,Abdul would be diagnosed as having

A)Klinefelter syndrome.
B)Turner syndrome.
C)congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
D)androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Question 70

Those with Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD)are also referred to as

A)transsexuals
B)sexually fluid
C)bisexual
D)intersex

Question 71

All of the following are associated with the traditional masculine gender role EXCEPT

A)power orientation.
B)feelings of superiority.
C)communication.
D)competitiveness.

Question 72

A genetic male may have normal internal male organs but also have a clitoris-like penis,undescended testes,a labia-like scrotum,and a closed vaginal cavity.This condition is most likely caused by

A)a Klinefelter chromosome configuration.
B)5-alpha reductase deficiency.
C)too much estrogen.
D)too much progesterone.

Question 73

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and androgen insensitivity syndrome may

A)be undetected at birth.
B)affect genetic males and genetic females.
C)be a result of the body's inability to absorb testosterone.
D)be called pseudohermaphroditism.

Question 74

When we organize objects and behaviors as if they were masculine or feminine,the result is referred to as

A)a gender role.
B)sex typing.
C)a gender schema.
D)gender stereotyping.

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT an element of the traditional female sexual script?

A)Sex is good and bad.
B)Women shouldn't talk about sex.
C)Women should look like models.
D)Men have to be taught to love.

Question 76

According to Jessica Valenti,it isn't just girls and women who suffer from rigid gender norms.Men ________________________ from them.

A)also suffer
B)benefit
C)both suffer and benefit
D)None of these.Valenti only studied women's sexuality.

Question 77

A significant difference between the Black female gender role and the White female gender role is that African American

A)men are more supportive of egalitarian gender roles for men and women.
B)women see being a wife and a mother as exclusive of participation in the workforce.
C)women defer more to African American men.
D)women place less emphasis on the role of father.

Question 78

African American men are _______ supportive than White or Latino men of egalitarian gender roles for both women and men.

A)more
B)somewhat less
C)a lot less
D)None of these;no research has been done on non-Caucasian samples.

Question 79

The concept of androgyny has been criticized for

A)creating a new,potentially rigid prescription to be both masculine and feminine.
B)producing conflict between the sexes.
C)the demasculinization of young males.
D)favoring traits that have been traditionally regarded as feminine.

Question 80

Which of the following statements is NOT included in contemporary sexual scripts?

A)Sex is acceptable within a relationship context.
B)Sexual intercourse is not the only acceptable sexual activity.
C)Sexual activity may be initiated by either partner.
D)The male is primarily responsible for sexual fulfillment.