Deck 2: Studying Human Sexuality

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a stereotypical belief?

A)Elderly people have no interest in sex.
B)Unprotected sexual contact with a new partner can transmit STIs.
C)Gay men have a lot of sex.
D)African American women are more sexually liberated than White women.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to sociologists,sexual stereotyping

A)helps us determine fact from fiction.
B)can help us to understand the opposite sex.
C)is used to justify discrimination.
D)None of these

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The focus of the sexual information/advice genre is on

A)simplified how-to information or morality.
B)issues of interest to young women.
C)variant sexual behavior.
D)sexual behaviors within the context of celebrity marriages and extramarital affairs.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A bias in scientific inquiry causes us to

A)select information that supports our view or belief.
B)question the results of our research.
C)make value judgments about the research of others.
D)engage in unethical practices.

Question 5

In order to lend scientific credibility to their materials,the sexual information media

A)make up false research studies.
B)present actors who pose as experts in sexuality.
C)use the trappings of social science and psychiatry without the substance.
D)pay experts large sums of money to present information made up by the media.

Question 6

An opinion differs from a fact in that an opinion is

A)not true.
B)too simplistic.
C)always a value judgment.
D)not based on concrete evidence or accurate knowledge.

Question 7

The main difference between a value judgment and an objective statement is that objective statements

A)describe actual behavior.
B)recommend how individuals should act.
C)offer specific examples.
D)are based on the opinions of experts.

Question 8

Jed states that all men want sex all the time.Although several of his friends have tried to convince him otherwise,he maintains that "we're all that way." This is an example of a(n)

A)stereotype.
B)opinion.
C)judgment.
D)biases.

Question 9

One way to assess the credibility of a website with information about sexuality is

A)to ask a licensed sex therapist about it.
B)investigate its sponsor.
C)look for it on Google Scholar.
D)look for testimonials on the site.

Question 10

The media typically depict alcohol use as __________ leading to risky sexual behavior.

A)sometimes
B)never
C)always
D)occasionally

Question 11

Value judgments serve to

A)clarify views of human sexuality.
B)foster objectivity in the study of sexuality.
C)obscure the search for understanding about sexuality.
D)undermine sexual norms in society.

Question 12

Which of the following does NOT describe objective statements?

A)They describe how people actually behave.
B)They can be validated empirically.
C)They take into account the cultural relativity of most human behavior.
D)They suggest ideals or desirable ways of behaving.

Question 13

Many of the "sex experts" in the media are

A)entertainers.
B)authors.
C)lecturers.
D)all of these.

Question 14

One conclusion about Dr.Charles Roselli's research on the sexual orientation of rams concluded that

A)sexual orientation is genetic.
B)sexual orientation is the result of rejection from the mother.
C)a homosexual orientation could be cured with hormone treatments.
D)homosexuality was caused by a defective gene.

Question 15

A simplistic,rigidly held,overgeneralized belief about an individual or a group of people is a(n)

A)stereotype.
B)opinion.
C)judgment.
D)biases.

Question 16

Statistics about sexual behavior that are promoted the most in the media tend to

A)reflect current scholarly research.
B)support widely held media preconceptions.
C)show the persuasiveness of aberrant sexual behaviors.
D)reinforce sexual stereotypes.

Question 17

Why do sex books and interviews with sex experts on television tend to be repetitive?

A)They all went to the same school.
B)Sex research is a small discipline and the scope of the media is narrow.
C)None of the information presented is based on actual research.
D)The media has a liberal bias.

Question 18

The primary purpose of the sex information/advice genre is to

A)sell copies of the printed material or raise ratings.
B)inform the public about sexual behavior.
C)disseminate research-based findings.
D)enhance the reputations of experts in the field of sexuality.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is a value judgment?

A)Young men and women should masturbate regularly.
B)Young women tend to be sexually inexperienced.
C)Men tend to have more sex partners over a lifetime than do women.
D)A sizable percentage of college men believe that pornographic films offer factual information about sexual behavior.

Question 20

Stereotypical beliefs

A)are surprisingly flexible.
B)change as new research is described to the public.
C)are based on objective studies.
D)are resistant to change.

Question 21

___________________ is the method in which a hypothesis is formed from impartially gathered data and tested empirically.

A)The scientific method
B)The experiment
C)Deduction
D)Observational research

Question 22

An egocentric fallacy is the mistaken belief that

A)one's sexual behavior is superior to others.
B)one's intellectual ability is superior to others.
C)one's own values are held by others.
D)others disagree with most of our values.

Question 23

Portia and Ellen are firmly convinced that their Ivy League college culture is superior to others in every way.They view students at other institutions with disdain.Portia and Ellen may be demonstrating

A)ethnocentrism.
B)phallocentrism.
C)cultural exclusivity.
D)egocentric fallacy.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a common methodology used in social science research?

A)clinical research
B)unethical research
C)experimental research
D)observational research

Question 25

Ethical considerations for research in sexuality include

A)an attempt to get the most representative sample possible.
B)informed consent from the participants.
C)minimization of bias.
D)the careful selection of the appropriate research method.

Question 26

The drawing of a general conclusion from specific facts is

A)induction.
B)deduction.
C)logic.
D)reliability.

Question 27

A schema performs all of the following functions EXCEPT that it does not

A)organize knowledge.
B)filter the mass of information we receive.
C)determine what we will regard as important.
D)ensure that the information we receive is accurate.

Question 28

Janet and Joshua conclude that a particular tribe is bizarre because the men adorn themselves by making holes in their genitalia and filling the holes with little wire rings.They overlook the fact that in our culture,we pierce our ears,tongues,eyebrows,and other body parts.This is an example of

A)the egocentric fallacy.
B)ethnocentrism.
C)stereotyping.
D)observational research.

Question 29

What is a stereotype?

A)a simplistic overgeneralized belief about people or ideas
B)a statistically based general statement about a group of people
C)an exaggeration based on a personal experience
D)a statement of personal preference or inclination

Question 30

According to sociologists,sexual stereotyping is often used to

A)make sense of ambiguous research findings.
B)understand the motivation behind the behaviors of various groups of people.
C)create hypotheses for research.
D)justify discrimination.

Question 31

The notion that women need a reason for sex;men need a place is an example of

A)a cultural norm.
B)sexual bias.
C)ethnographic profiling.
D)a sexual stereotype.

Question 32

The notion that gay male relationships are doomed to fail is an example of

A)an urban myth.
B)conventional wisdom.
C)cultural insensitivity.
D)a sexual stereotype.

Question 33

A(n)______________ is group of people distinct from other groups because of cultural characteristics,such as language,religion,and customs that are transmitted from one generation to the next.

A)urban tribe
B)society
C)outgroup
D)ethnic group

Question 34

An in-depth examination of an individual or group is called

A)ethnocentric bias.
B)a biased sample.
C)survey research.
D)clinical research.

Question 35

Dr.Barnes is interested in the sexual behavior of middle-aged adults.She goes to a large corporation and collects data on all clerical workers who meet this criterion.Dr.Barnes calls her study "The Sexual Behavior of Middle-Aged American Workers." Dr.Barnes could be criticized on the grounds that

A)she has not followed standard ethical guidelines satisfactorily.
B)the findings are not based on a representative sample.
C)experimentation would have been a better methodology for this study.
D)her study suffers from ethnocentrism.

Question 36

In scientific research,an attempt to generalize the findings of a study with a smaller number of subjects to a larger population is known as a(n)

A)critical sample.
B)representative sample.
C)biased sample
D)inferential sample.

Question 37

Dr.Martinez wants to conduct research on university students' sexual behavior.After designing the study,he must

A)publish his results in the popular press so all subjects can read about themselves.
B)notify college administrators about which students are participating.
C)demonstrate to a research review board that ethical guidelines will be followed.
D)show that his ethnicity will not bias his results.

Question 38

A researcher is interested in studying the relationship between illegal drug use and certain high-risk sexual behaviors.She collects questionnaires from college students and faculty and has each subject identified by their Social Security number.This researcher may be most in jeopardy of violating the principle of

A)informed consent.
B)debriefing after deception.
C)right to withdraw.
D)confidentiality.

Question 39

How do the methods employed by sex researchers compare with those used by other social scientists?

A)Sex researchers cannot conduct experiments without risking STI transmission.
B)Sex researchers must conduct their observations and experiments covertly.
C)Because of subject matter,sex researchers must develop completely new methods.
D)Sex researchers use familiar methodologies but are constrained by taboos and additional ethical concerns.

Question 40

Ethnocentrism is reinforced by

A)government-sponsored research.
B)objective studies.
C)societal norms and the media.
D)opinions,biases,and stereotypes.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using questionnaires in sex research?

A)Relatively little time is required of the respondent.
B)It is easy to guarantee anonymity.
C)The researcher can obtain in-depth information.
D)They are inexpensive to administer.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of using survey research?

A)When asked about their sexual experiences,some people exaggerate or minimize them.
B)The interviewer's sex may influence the results.
C)Respondents may feel uncomfortable about revealing personal information in some settings.
D)All of the above are limitations of survey research.

Question 43

A major limitation of correlational studies is that they cannot

A)indicate which variable causes the other to change.
B)accommodate large numbers of subjects.
C)be ethically used in research on sexuality.
D)show relationships between variables.

Question 44

It is important to think critically when reading sex research studies because

A)sex research is fraught with violations of taboos and norms.
B)student volunteers frequently give misleading or inaccurate responses.
C)informed consent can create response bias.
D)most research samples have several potential limitations.

Question 45

An ad in the campus newspaper indicated that $20 will be paid to male volunteers who participate in a study of male sexual response.What might one assume about the volunteers?

A)They are likely not doing well in their college classes.
B)They are not a representative sample of college-age males.
C)They are exhibitionists.
D)They are engaging in a form of prostitution.

Question 46

A disadvantage of the survey method is that

A)it is difficult to maintain anonymity and confidentiality.
B)there are high costs involved in actually collecting this type of data.
C)self-reports of behavior can be inaccurate.
D)they require a considerable time commitment from subjects.

Question 47

Dr.Gupta compares the GPAs (grade point averages)of college students who are in monogamous romantic relationships with the GPAs of those who have multiple sexual partners.What research method is she using here?

A)observation
B)experimentation
C)correlation
D)clinical research

Question 48

The stage of psychosexual development in which little girls sexually desire their fathers is commonly known as the

A)Oedipus complex.
B)Electra complex.
C)incestuous stage.
D)latency stage.

Question 49

The sex researcher who wrote Psychopathia Sexualis was

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Havelock Ellis.
C)Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
D)Alfred Kinsey.

Question 50

Dr.Johnson would like to study sexual attitudes of the American male.To obtain subjects for his research,he stands outside a Hooters restaurant and asks for volunteers.This is an example of a(n)_________ sample.

A)biased
B)androgynous
C)ethnocentric
D)exclusionary

Question 51

Those factors which the experimenter varies to observe their effects are

A)dependent variables.
B)control variables.
C)confounding variables.
D)independent variables.

Question 52

According to Sigmund Freud,the fear that a phallic-stage boy feels because of his desires toward his mother leads to

A)neurosis.
B)penis envy.
C)repressed libido.
D)castration anxiety.

Question 53

A major problem with observational research in the natural environment is that

A)it always involves a very small sample size.
B)it raises the ethical issue of informed consent.
C)it is actually clinical research.
D)researchers prefer to manipulate independent variables.

Question 54

Those factors which are affected by the manipulation of other variables are

A)dependent variables.
B)response variables.
C)confounding variables.
D)independent variables.

Question 55

An interviewing research technique using computer and audio assistance is known as the

A)audio-CASI method.
B)CAT/PET method.
C)computer generated audio-response method (CGAR).
D)computer-aided audio-cassette method.

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a sampling-related problem that occurs in sex research?

A)African Americans and Latinos are overrepresented in most studies.
B)College students are the main population group studied.
C)Volunteers may not be truly representative of the whole population.
D)Gay men and lesbians who have come out may be distinct from those who have not.

Question 57

According to Sigmund Freud,the part of the body that is involved with the earliest form of erotic pleasure is the

A)penis or vagina.
B)penis or clitoris.
C)mouth.
D)anus.

Question 58

Clinical research

A)can make inferences about cause and effect.
B)is theoretical in nature.
C)emphasizes the study of normal individuals.
D)is usually descriptive in nature.

Question 59

The sample sex research questionnaire in your text is:

A)Personal Inventory of Sexual Behaviors
B)Orgasmic Readiness Scale
C)Sexual Orientation Identity Uncertainty
D)Kinsey's Continuum of Sexual Orientation

Question 60

A major limitation of clinical research is

A)the emphasis on extrapolation from individual case data.
B)the fact that unhealthy providers create unhealthy clients.
C)the emphasis on pathological behavior.
D)the fact that the results cannot be replicated.

Question 61

The highly successful approach to treatment of sexual problems developed by Masters and Johnson was based on

A)behavioral therapy.
B)sex education.
C)drug therapy.
D)Freudian therapy.

Question 62

According to the National College Health Assessment,____ of college women had at least one sexual partner during their last school year.

A)92%
B)87%
C)72%
D)67 %

Question 63

According to the National Survey of Family Growth,sexual behaviors among males and females in the 2006-2008 study were ______________________ those found in the 2002 report.

A)far more conservative than
B)less conservative than
C)generally the same as
D)nearly nonexistent compared to

Question 64

According to Sigmund Freud,girls and boys develop feminine and masculine identities when they

A)begin to desire their parent of the other sex.
B)relinquish their desire for the other-sex parent and begin to identify with their same-sex parent.
C)begin to express their libido in socially acceptable ways.
D)reach the genital stage of development.

Question 65

A major weakness of Kinsey's research was

A)his failure to survey sufficient numbers of women and ask them the same questions as male respondents.
B)the lack of empirical data on which to base his conclusions.
C)the omission of legal and moral guidelines regarding desirable sexual behavior.
D)that its strictly quantitative approach ignored other key dimensions of sexual behavior.

Question 66

Five-year-old Kayla is unhappy when she discovers that her brother has a penis and she does not.According to Freud,Kayla

A)has penis envy.
B)has castration anxiety.
C)is about to enter the latency stage.
D)None of these

Question 67

Which statement best reflects the views of Havelock Ellis regarding the nature of female sexuality?

A)Women are naturally asexual and if interested in sex,it is merely as a way to achieve pregnancy.
B)Women's animal lusts cause men to lose control and engage in intercourse to the point of weakness and illness.
C)Women have sexual desires no less intense than those of men.
D)Women experience themselves as anatomically defective without a penis.They compensate by devoting themselves to husband and children.

Question 68

A major weakness of Freud's theory of sexuality was

A)the emphasis on unconscious forces such as libido.
B)the overemphasis on adolescent and adult sexual expression.
C)the fact that there were no empirical data to support his ideas.
D)his view that excessive masturbation is the root of many personality problems.

Question 69

There was a firestorm of controversy after Kinsey published his works.Some people still believe that Kinsey's findings

A)resulted in the conversion of some children to a homosexual orientation.
B)are a contributing factor to the number of unplanned pregnancy.
C)are responsible for a moral breakdown in the United States.
D)None of these

Question 70

Which of the following was NOT a finding of The National Health and Social Life Survey?

A)Americans are largely monogamous.
B)Orgasms are the rule for men,the exception for women.
C)Americans are fairly traditional in terms of preferred sexual practices.
D)The average American has sex 3-5 times per week.

Question 71

Corinne has predominantly had sexual relations with other women,but has had considerable sexual contacts with men as well.On Kinsey's scale,Corinne would be a

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 72

The development of the Kinsey scale was an attempt to

A)classify sexual behaviors in terms of their normality and abnormality.
B)evaluate the masculinity and femininity of his subjects.
C)represent the proportion of an individual's sexual behaviors with the same or other sex.
D)measure the frequency of autoerotic behavior among subjects of different ages.

Question 73

How did Masters and Johnson collect data used to detail human sexual response?

A)oral interviews
B)written surveys
C)correlations
D)observation and direct measurement

Question 74

Which statement best summarizes Havelock Ellis's view of homosexuality?

A)He saw it as a harmless congenital condition.
B)He believed that excessive masturbation led to homosexuality.
C)He viewed such interests as a type of immature sexuality.
D)He considered female homosexuality as a superior sexual lifestyle.

Question 75

The Youth Risk Behavior Survey suggested that roughly ____% of students,grades 9-12,had engaged in sexual intercourse.

A)20
B)38
C)46
D)55

Question 76

William Masters and Virginia Johnson contributed all of the following to our understanding of human sexual behavior EXCEPT they did not

A)provide detailed descriptions of the physiological responses that accompany sexual activity.
B)support Freud's distinction between clitoral and vaginal orgasms.
C)discover the physiological similarity in the responses of men and women.
D)determine that women reached orgasm primarily through stimulation of the clitoris.

Question 77

Havelock Ellis viewed the so-called abnormal sexual behaviors as

A)the result of excessive autoeroticism.
B)due to moral degeneracy and inferior genetic inheritance.
C)sexual instincts that have been repressed too long.
D)exaggerations of normal sexual behavior.

Question 78

One obstacle to sex research today which was also experienced by Alfred Kinsey is

A)the difficulty getting female subjects to participate.
B)the lack of willingness of participants to be observed in sexual situations.
C)the fear that surveys may change the sexual orientation of the participants.
D)the attack on the value of sex research by some members of Congress and conservative groups.

Question 79

One of the most important findings in Kinsey's work was that

A)children had sexual thoughts and experiences.
B)a vast majority of women masturbated several times a day.
C)there was extraordinary diversity in sexual behavior.
D)few people understood or used contraceptive devices.

Question 80

Using the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2009),researchers surveyed students in grades 9-12 and found that the percentage of students reporting having had sexual intercourse before the age of 13 was

A)6%.
B)8%.
C)11%.
D)15%.