Deck 13: Seciton 3: Middle Childhood: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

When one assesses one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against one's peers, one is engaging in _____.

A) peer evaluation
B) cultural normalization
C) social comparison
D) parental assessment

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Children's "increasing ability to regulate themselves, to take responsibility, and to exercise self-control" contributes to their _____.

A) conservation
B) peer values
C) independence
D) egocentrism

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to Erikson, if 9-year-old Anna is successful in solving her psychosocial conflict, she should be developing a(n) _____ view of herself.

A) emotionally mature
B) industrious
C) inept
D) latent

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Nine-year-old Alisha announces to her mother, "I am smart, nice, and friendly and I am so good at painting that one day I am going to sell lots of pictures." Alisha is demonstrating _____.

A) industry
B) egocentrism
C) latency
D) self-concept

Question 5

Who described middle childhood as a time of latency?

A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Piaget
D) Vygotsky

Question 6

According to Erikson's theory, children in middle childhood tend to judge themselves as either _____.

A) suppressed or superior
B) industrious or inferior
C) competent or awkward
D) intelligent or stupid

Question 7

The child who weathers severe family problems, even abuse, and yet emerges from those experiences unscathed is said to be _____.

A) buoyant
B) resilient
C) parasympathetic
D) reliable

Question 8

According to Freud, during the latency stage children _____.

A) develop sexual feelings toward their opposite-sex peers
B) seek to establish their identity
C) work to learn self-control
D) have quieted emotional drives and psychosexual needs

Question 9

Which scenario is typical of the industry versus inferiority stage?

A) Rudy is having difficulty in learning math, but he continues to practice.
B) Vanessa says, "My parents never let me do anything!"
C) Cliff says that his girlfriend, Claire, doesn't understand him.
D) Theo decides to stop taking piano lessons.

Question 10

According to Freud, what will 8-year-old Sven experience?

A) no sexual conflict
B) unconscious sexual conflicts
C) increased emotional drives
D) a new interest in girls

Question 11

During the school years, self-esteem typically _____.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) stays the same
D) fluctuates up and down

Question 12

More than people of any other age, children between the ages of 6 and 11 are _____.

A) more in need of punishment
B) trying to stand out from their peers
C) using electronic media with adult supervision
D) industrious, practicing the skills valued by their culture

Question 13

Andrea is a typical 11-year-old whose growing self-consciousness and self-criticism drive her to frequently compare herself with her peers. If Andrea is like most children, such comparisons will _____.

A) confirm her self-concept
B) not affect her self-esteem
C) decrease her self-esteem
D) increase her self-esteem

Question 14

Academic and social competence are aided by realistic self-perception. Unrealistically high self-esteem _____ effortful control, which leads to _____ academic achievement.

A) reduces; lower
B) reduces; higher
C) increases; lower
D) increases; higher

Question 15

The ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination, is referred to as _____.

A) resilience
B) latency
C) effortful control
D) social comparison

Question 16

Children's ideas about their intelligence, personality, abilities, gender, and ethnic background form their _____.

A) industry
B) egocentrism
C) latency
D) self-concept

Question 17

What is Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development?

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) trust versus mistrust
D) integrity versus incompetence

Question 18

Barbara is in the third grade. She spends many hours rehearsing her math skills, reading books, and collecting bugs. According to Erikson, Barbara is developing a healthy sense of _____ through these tasks.

A) industry
B) self-control
C) autonomy
D) egocentrism

Question 19

Since schoolchildren judge their own talents and limitations more realistically than preschoolers, _____.

A) they should decide which reading and math groups they wish to join
B) their self-esteem may suffer as they compare themselves with others
C) following a failure, they are less pessimistic about future failure
D) they are less likely to concede that they're not good at something

Question 20

Jenny was the only student in her class to get all the questions right on the math test. She announced to the class, "I am perfect! I am better than everyone!" Given this display, Jenny is most likely from which of the following countries?

A) Australia
B) Japan
C) China
D) the United States

Question 21

Alisha's family is experiencing multiple problems, including her mother's illness, her father's loss of employment, and two relatives moving into their home. Despite the stress of home life, Alisha does attend weekly church and feels welcomed by the congregation. Overall, Alisha seems to be doing fairly well despite her home life. Alisha may be _____.

A) indifferent to her family's problems
B) relying on egocentric tendencies
C) using religion as a source of support
D) hoping to go to college after high school

Question 22

In childhood, how children react to a serious stressor depends primarily on _____.

A) what the stressor is
B) accumulated stresses
C) whether the stress is economic
D) whether the stressor affects other siblings too

Question 23

Marissa and Jessica, sisters born two years apart, grew up in an impoverished, violent neighborhood. As adults, Marissa is chronically jobless and is addicted to drugs while Jessica is a professor of economics at a community college. What might explain their different life outcomes?

A) differential sensitivity
B) shared environmental influences
C) cohort differences
D) parental influence

Question 24

About _____ of school-age children live in a two-parent family.

A) one-half
B) one-third
C) two-thirds
D) three-quarters

Question 25

Family structure refers to _____.

A) the way in which a family raises its children
B) the legal and genetic relationships of people in a household
C) how the family's house is constructed
D) how the various generations interact

Question 26

When children act as parents and try to take care of everyone, it is called _____.

A) resilience
B) parentification
C) emerging adulthood
D) an extended family

Question 27

An expert team of scientists compared 1,000 sets of monozygotic twins reared by their biological parents (Caspi et al., 2004). The researchers asked the mothers to describe each twin. Descriptions ranged from very positive to very negative. The researchers measured personality at age 5 (including antisocial behavior as reported by kindergarten teachers) and then measured each twin's personality two years later. The results revealed _____.

A) if mothers were more negative toward one of their twins, that twin became more antisocial at age 7 than at age 5
B) if mothers were less negative toward one of their twins, that twin became more antisocial at age 7 than at age 5
C) if mothers were more negative toward one of their twins, that twin became less antisocial at age 7 than at age 5
D) that there was no relation between maternal negatively and child antisocial behavior

Question 28

Family function refers to _____.

A) how a family cares for its members
B) the legal and genetic relationships of people in a household
C) how the family's house is constructed
D) how the various generations interact

Question 29

In middle childhood, the experience of moving to a new neighborhood or community is _____.

A) very exciting, as this is a stage marked by a strong desire for new experiences
B) quite difficult, as this is a stage in which continuity is very important
C) extremely rare; children ages 5 to 9 years old move far less often than older Americans
D) only problematic if the move is the result of divorce

Question 30

Developing self-respect, nurturing friendships with peers, and encouraging learning are three of the _____.

A) family structures
B) measurements of family harmony
C) functions of a family
D) suggestions for stress resilience

Question 31

The quality of resilience is dynamic, which means that it _____.

A) is always present in the same way
B) may change over time
C) can be either a positive or negative adaptation
D) reflects successful coping with minor adversities

Question 32

The most common type of family for children in the United States is the _____.

A) extended family
B) single-parent family
C) nuclear family
D) blended family

Question 33

Many parents believe that they mold their children's personalities. However, research has found that _____.

A) half of all personality traits may be genetic
B) half of all personality traits may be environmental
C) genes and the nonshared environment have the most impact on personality
D) temperament defines personality

Question 34

Which family function is especially crucial in middle childhood?

A) harmony and stability
B) physical necessities
C) peer relationships
D) self-respect

Question 35

With respect to families today worldwide, all of the following are true statements EXCEPT _____.

A) there are more divorces
B) there are more single-parent families
C) there are more children per family
D) there are more remarriages

Question 36

Jordan is asked to list all of the people in his family. He is being asked to report his _____.

A) family structure
B) family harmony
C) family function
D) family resilience

Question 37

In a typical military family, income is _____ and children tend to have _____ school achievement than their peers from civilian families.

A) lower; lower
B) higher; lower
C) lower; higher
D) higher; higher

Question 38

One important factor with respect to children coping with adversity is a child's _____.

A) interpretation of the events
B) age
C) gender
D) cooperation with others

Question 39

Alan is an adopted child who lives with three siblings, all biological children of his adoptive parents. Alan's math skills are far better than those of his adoptive parents or his adoptive siblings. This provides evidence that _____.

A) shared familial influences play a stronger role than was previously believed
B) genes may have a stronger effect than familial environment on talents
C) few environmental effects on personality come from outside the family
D) Alan's own initiative to excel is greater than that of his adoptive family

Question 40

Since Carter's mother suffers from depression and his father is an alcoholic, Carter is often neglected, but he has a supportive group of friends. Despite his circumstances, he maintains a positive outlook. What may be helping Carter to maintain his positive attitude?

A) low intelligence
B) his circle of friends
C) low problem-solving ability
D) a high cortisol level

Question 41

Ten-year-old India caught Lyndsey, her best friend, lying to her own mom. India will probably _____.

A) tell Lyndsey's mother about the lie
B) keep quiet about it
C) no longer be friends with Lyndsey
D) tell her own mother about the lie

Question 42

Who is MOST likely to experience few psychological problems during middle childhood?

A) Richard, who is being raised by his single mom
B) Tony, who is being raised by his single dad
C) Alberto, who is being raised by his biological mother and father
D) Gareth, who is being raised by his biological mother and her romantic partner

Question 43

Malik and Anastasia have been married one year and now have a 15-month-old son. Their chances of a successful marriage are better if they _____.

A) work separate shifts to co-parent their baby
B) married relatively young
C) decided to marry for the baby's sake
D) do together what they love to keep the relationship strong

Question 44

To reduce the impact of divorce on children, which of the following should take place?

A) Only one parent should stay in the children's lives for the first few years.
B) Both parents should quickly remarry and move to new communities to allow children to start fresh.
C) Transitions should be minimized.
D) Parents should stay in their marriages regardless of the circumstances, avoiding divorce at all costs.

Question 45

What factors generally determine whether a child is well liked by his or her peers?

A) age and gender
B) culture and race
C) cohort and SES
D) culture and cohort

Question 46

Two factors that universally interfere with family function in every nation are _____.

A) ethnic differences and low income
B) low income and high conflict
C) high stress and high income
D) religious differences and low income

Question 47

Which country leads the world in divorce and remarriage?

A) Japan
B) the United States
C) Canada
D) France

Question 48

Compared with single-parent homes, two-parent homes usually have _____.

A) stronger moral values
B) higher income
C) fewer children
D) better discipline

Question 49

A study that followed married parents and their adolescent children found that _____ on the adolescents' well-being.

A) genetics was the main influence
B) conflict was the main influence
C) both genetics and conflict were equally influential
D) neither genetics nor conflict were influential

Question 50

A family that consists of one man, several wives, and the biological children of the man and women is a(n) _____.

A) blended family
B) adoptive family
C) extended family
D) polygamous family

Question 51

Dimitri has been married before and has two biological children. He has just married Natasha, who has also been married before and has a biological son. Their family is an example of a _____.

A) polygamous family
B) nuclear family
C) stepparent family
D) traditional family

Question 52

The percentage of school-age children that live in single-parent households is _____.

A) 31 percent
B) 43 percent
C) 54 percent
D) 66 percent

Question 53

Joshua and Jeanette are brother and sister who live with their biological parents. They live in a(n) _____.

A) extended family
B) blended family
C) foster family
D) nuclear family

Question 54

By the time children are the age of 10, which statement is TRUE?

A) Girls are more interested than boys in maintaining long-term friendships.
B) Boys prefer to be popular among peer groups; girls want to have best friends.
C) Both boys and girls want to have best friends.
D) Mutual loyalty is more important to boys than it is to girls.

Question 55

The family stress model illustrates that _____.

A) poverty itself is quite harmful to children
B) a high income can overcome the effects of stress
C) the reaction to family poverty is crucial
D) even a middle-class income cannot overcome the effects of stress

Question 56

Research indicates that a child who demonstrates positive adaptation in the face of stressors such as poverty and neglect is showing resilience and _____.

A) will always show resilience no matter how the child's life changes
B) will only show resilience if the child's current experiences remain the same
C) will only show resilience if the child's current experiences get worse
D) may or may not show resilience in the future

Question 57

The particular rules and behaviors that are passed down to younger children from older children are what define _____.

A) child culture
B) peer values
C) the lives of childhood
D) the legends of childhood

Question 58

What is a hallmark of close friendships during middle childhood?

A) opposite sex
B) different ethnicity
C) same age
D) different SES

Question 59

School-age children would most admire _____.

A) Timmy, whose mother kisses him good-bye at school
B) Marla, who was punished for not telling the teacher who threw a paper airplane
C) Cheyenne, who is the third-grade teacher's favorite
D) Gavin, who spends most of his free time with adults

Question 60

Compared with nuclear families, extended families typically _____.

A) are more chaotic
B) include grandparents
C) feature less structure
D) are better for children

Question 61

There are many approaches to addressing the issue of bullying. Research indicates the one effective approach is _____.

A) to have a zero-tolerance policy at school
B) talking to parents and teachers, but not to students, about bullying
C) grouping bullies together in the same classroom to isolate the problem
D) changing the school culture as a whole

Question 62

John has repeatedly been calling Joe names. John also teases him about his haircut and his clothes. The type of bullying that John is displaying is _____.

A) physical
B) verbal
C) relational
D) cyberbullying

Question 63

Bullying differs from ordinary aggression because bullying attacks are _____.

A) only seen in the United States
B) repeated
C) harmful
D) aimed a weaker person

Question 64

Repeated, systematic attacks on those who are unable to defend themselves is the definition of _____.

A) aggression
B) harm
C) arrogance
D) bullying

Question 65

Most bullies pick on _____.

A) members of the opposite sex
B) members of their own sex
C) people they don't know well
D) their little brothers and sisters

Question 66

All of the following factors drive children's growing interest in moral issues EXCEPT _____.

A) peer culture
B) empathy
C) antipathy
D) personal experience

Question 67

The best example of an aggressive-rejected child is _____.

A) Veru, who is disliked because she tells others they are stupid
B) Tiffany, who is popular but hated by many children
C) Greg, who is ignored by most children
D) Maher, who changes friends often

Question 68

Some unpopular children are _____ rather than rejected.

A) neglected
B) aggressive
C) withdrawn
D) arrogant

Question 69

Jenny is always friendly. When someone tells her a secret she does not tell other friends. She also is helpful and cooperates with others to get class projects done. Other students like working with Jenny. Jenny could be defined as a _____ child.

A) aggressive-rejected
B) popular
C) neglected
D) withdrawn-rejected

Question 70

Girls who bully typically _____.

A) use threats of force
B) use words to attack
C) are larger than average in size
D) have older sisters who are aggressive

Question 71

The kind of bully who is the most strongly disliked by peers is called a _____.

A) modeled bully
B) rejected bully
C) bully-victim
D) familial bully

Question 72

Children with these personality traits become popular around fifth grade.

A) kind, trustworthy, cooperative, assertive
B) athletic, cool, dominant, aggressive
C) cooperative, cool, assertive, kind
D) trustworthy, athletic, dominant, aggressive

Question 73

According to the text, what method has been effective in stopping bullying in schools?

A) focusing on children in higher grades
B) focusing on children in lower grades
C) instituting a zero-tolerance policy
D) using a whole-school strategy

Question 74

Olivia is an extremely timid and anxious 8-year-old girl. Other children seem to dislike her. She appears to be a(n) _____.

A) aggressive-rejected child
B) controversial child
C) neglected child
D) withdrawn-rejected child

Question 75

What period is the prime time for moral development?

A) early childhood
B) late childhood
C) middle childhood
D) early adulthood

Question 76

Which is a stage of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory?

A) postconventional
B) unconventional
C) deconventional
D) subconventional

Question 77

Research shows that a child is most likely to be a victim of bullying if the child is _____.

A) withdrawn-rejected
B) aggressive-rejected
C) "under the radar"
D) liked by peers

Question 78

Over time, the consequences of bullying _____.

A) may lead to problems primarily for the bullies themselves
B) may lead to problems for the bullies and their victims
C) may lead to problems primarily for the victims
D) typically vanish by the time children enter high school

Question 79

Lawrence Kohlberg built on the theories of _____ in his description of the stages of moral development.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Jean Piaget
C) Erik Erikson
D) Carol Gilligan

Question 80

Alvin was a bully for years during elementary school. Now that he is an adult, he is more likely to experience all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) more bullying
B) a mental illness
C) a young death
D) run-ins with the law