Deck 10: Seciton 4: Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

A child's self-concept encompasses not only self-esteem but also awareness of personal traits such as gender and size.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The five kinds of play identified by Mildred Parten (1932) are solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Andrew spends hours practicing tying his shoes. He often practices alone with the goal of tying them well since he is extrinsically motivated.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Research has found that specific cultures emphasize control of different emotions.

Question 5

Impatience is discouraged in many Native American communities.

Question 6

Boys are more likely to engage in sociodramatic play than girls are.

Question 7

Preschoolers are likely to overestimate their abilities.

Question 8

Since Brittany will set the dinner table only if she can have a treat after dinner, her willingness to help is extrinsically motivated.

Question 9

The five different kinds of play identified by Mildred Parten (1932) are sequential, meaning that each subsequent one is more interactive than the previous one.

Question 10

Brain maturation allows play to become more social with age.

Question 11

It is healthier for a child to have internalizing rather than externalizing problems.

Question 12

Extreme externalization or internalization can predict future psychopathology.

Question 13

The typical 3-year-old girl probably believes that she can run as fast as her 6-year-old sister can.

Question 14

Young children typically have low self-esteem since they compare their abilities with peers who are more competent.

Question 15

Girls are worse than boys at regulating their externalizing emotions.

Question 16

Young children play best with parents.

Question 17

Children who have the ability to control when and how they express emotions have emotional regulation.

Question 18

Throughout childhood the capacity for self-control becomes more evident.

Question 19

Alexandra and Jasmine are playing house. Alexandra is pretending to be the mother, and Jasmine is pretending to be the big sister. These girls are engaging in parallel play.

Question 20

Rebellion is universally considered a sign of psychopathology in children.

Question 21

Baumrind's parenting styles have been criticized for being too complex.

Question 22

On average, most young children in the United States spend less than 1 hour per day using any electronic medium.

Question 23

According to behaviorists, gender role distinctions are the result of nurture.

Question 24

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no exposure to electronic media for children under the age of 2.

Question 25

Rough-and-tumble play is found almost exclusively among children living in the United States.

Question 26

Jesse showed his gender schema when he told his parents that he can run fast because he is a boy.

Question 27

Parents who are authoritative rank high on warmth, moderate on demands for maturity, and allow discussions regarding discipline.

Question 28

Authoritarian parents welcome their children's opinions and are sensitive to their feelings.

Question 29

The average American adult is likely to praise a boy for crying instead of showing anger when he is upset.

Question 30

Permissive parenting tends to produce children with strong emotional regulation skills and healthy peer relationships.

Question 31

Neglectful/uninvolved is a parenting style that Baumrind did not identify.

Question 32

Rough-and-tumble play is another name for pretend play.

Question 33

Rough-and-tumble play helps children to develop self-control.

Question 34

Authoritarian parenting tends to produce conscientious, obedient children.

Question 35

A play face helps to facilitate sociodramatic play.

Question 36

Parents who have low expectations for maturity for their children are considered authoritarian.

Question 37

In a group of 4-year-old children, a child who chooses a toy traditionally associated with the other gender will probably be criticized by peers.

Question 38

Baumrind identified the four dimensions of parenting as warmth, discipline, communication, and sharing.

Question 39

Cultures differ in the methods of discipline that are considered acceptable.

Question 40

Children usually cannot apply gender labels (boy or girl, man or woman) with any consistency until they are 5 or 6 years old.

Question 41

For a child's behavior to be called prosocial, it should be a kind, self-benefiting behavior.

Question 42

Evolutionary theory proposes that children try to emulate their parents in appearance and behavior in order to become attractive to the opposite sex.

Question 43

It is the child's intent that defines hurtful behavior as antisocial.

Question 44

Induction is generally considered to be an effective strategy for helping children internalize standards.

Question 45

A large, longitudinal study found that the use of spankings is increasing while the use of time-outs is decreasing.

Question 46

Children who are spanked are more likely to use aggression to retaliate against a peer.

Question 47

Many teachers and parents consider morality less important than any of the other developments that happen in childhood.

Question 48

Psychological control is a punishment in which children's shame, guilt, and gratitude are used to control their behavior.

Question 49

A child who deliberately causes harm to another person is exhibiting antisocial behavior.

Question 50

Physical punishment is legal in every country.

Question 51

The form of discipline most frequently used with preschool children in North America is time-out.

Question 52

Instrumental aggression is an angry retaliation for someone else's actions.

Question 53

Psychoanalytic theorists say that morality originates from the clash between unconscious wishes and parental prohibitions in childhood.

Question 54

Having been spanked as a child is the primary predictor of violent behavior in adulthood.

Question 55

Of the different types of aggression, instrumental aggression is the one most likely to increase from 2 to 6 years of age.