Deck 30: Nutrition

Question 1

The heat energy in a pound of body fat is 3500 Calories. If a woman's diet has an average caloric intake of 2500 Cal/day, by what percentage must this be reduced if she wishes to lose 10 pounds in 30 days? [Assume that her level of physical activity remains the same during the 30 days as it was before dieting began.]

A) 7.1%
B) 14.2%
C) 46.7%
D) 53.3%

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following can pass directly into the bloodstream?

A) only glucose
B) only monosaccharides
C) only disaccharides
D) both monosaccharides and disaccharides

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct relationship between the thermodynamic calorie (cal) and the nutritional calorie (Cal)?

A) 1 cal = 1000 Cal
B) 1 cal = 1000 Cal
C) 1 Cal = 100 cal
D) 1 Cal = 1000 cal

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Where in the body does absorption of nutrients into the blood stream or lymphatic system occur?

A) through the intestinal walls
B) in the mouth
C) in the stomach
D) all of these

Question 5

How do α-amylase and β-amylase differ in their functions?

A) They do not differ, they are two different enzymes which perform the same function.
B) α-amylase hydrolyzes α(1 → 6) glycosidic bonds, but β-amylase hydrolyzes β(1 → 4) glycosidic bonds.
C) α-amylase hydrolyzes α(1 → 6) glycosidic bonds at in an orderly way, but β-amylase hydrolyzes α(1 → 4) glycosidic bonds at random.
D) α-amylase hydrolyzes α(1 → 4) glycosidic bonds at random, but β-amylase hydrolyzes α(1 → 4) glycosidic bonds in an orderly way.

Question 6

Why did the USDA revise its 1992 Food Guide Pyramid?

A) New data suggested that the 1992 pyramid was too simplistic.
B) Research showed little evidence to support the claim that high carbohydrate intake is beneficial.
C) The 1992 pyramid did not recognize the importance of exercise.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 7

Of the following, which affect the quantity of nutrients required to maintain good health?

A) age
B) body weight
C) degree of physical activity
D) all of these

Question 8

Which of the following is not associated with obesity?

A) cardiovascular disease
B) diabetes
C) hypertension
D) None, these are all associated with obesity.

Question 9

Why is fiber essential in a healthy diet?

A) It contains essential amino acids.
B) It contains essential fatty acids.
C) It is necessary for proper functioning of the digestive system.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 10

The recommended percentage of daily value per serving of which of the following must be shown on a food packaging label?

A) folate
B) iron
C) sodium
D) thiamin

Question 11

The recommended daily amount (based on 2000 Cal and 2500 Cal intake) of which of the following need not be shown on a food packaging label?

A) cholesterol
B) magnesium
C) potassium
D) sodium

Question 12

The recommended percentage of daily values per serving of which of the following must be shown on a food packaging label?

A) calcium
B) vitamin A
C) vitamin C
D) all of these

Question 13

Digestion does not involve the breakdown of which of the following?

A) fats
B) glucose
C) proteins
D) starch

Question 14

The recommended daily intake of fiber is larger for men than for women. Considering this, what is the range of recommended daily intake for people under age 50?

A) 5 to 10 g
B) 25 to 35 g
C) 65 to 75 g
D) 90 to 100 g

Question 15

The National Institutes of Health uses which of the following to define obesity?

A) body weight
B) BMI
C) total body fat
D) none of these

Question 16

Which of the following is often associated with marasmus?

A) diabetes
B) hypertension
C) muscle wasting
D) none of these

Question 17

Which of the following nutrients can be absorbed directly?

A) fats
B) proteins
C) starch
D) vitamins

Question 18

Which of the following catalytic processes hydrolyzes carbohydrates most rapidly?

A) acid catalysis
B) base catalysis
C) enzymatic catalysis
D) None of these, they are all equally rapid.

Question 19

Which of the following is produced by the complete hydrolysis of starch?

A) glucose
B) lactose
C) maltose
D) sucrose

Question 20

The recommended daily amount (based on 2000 Cal and 2500 Cal intake) of which of the following must be shown on a food packaging label?

A) cholesterol
B) potassium
C) sodium
D) all of these

Question 21

Which of the following is the definition of an essential amino acid?

A) any amino acid which the body needs for any purpose
B) any amino acid which the body needs for proteins synthesis
C) any amino acid which the body needs, but which it cannot synthesize
D) any amino acid which the body needs and which it must synthesize

Question 22

Which of the following is often called blood sugar?

A) D-glucose
B) L-glucose
C) maltose
D) sucrose

Question 23

Which of the following is the definition of an essential fatty acid?

A) any fatty acid that the body needs
B) any fatty acid that contains more than 14 carbon atoms
C) any fatty acid that the body needs, but which it cannot synthesize
D) any fatty acid that the body needs and which it must synthesize

Question 24

Approximately what percentage of stomach acid is HCl?

A) 0.5%
B) 1.0%
C) 5.0%
D) 10.0%

Question 25

Approximately what percentage of dietary lipids is in the form of triglycerides?

A) 2%
B) 25%
C) 75%
D) 98%

Question 26

Which of the following hydrolyzes proteins only on the amino side of tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine?

A) carboxypeptidase
B) pepsin
C) trypsin
D) none of these

Question 27

Which of the following is true of lipases?

A) They hydrolyze lipids.
B) They are soluble in the gastrointestinal tract.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 28

Approximately how much complete protein constitutes an adequate daily supply?

A) 10 g/day
B) 30 g/day
C) 50 g/day
D) 70 g/day

Question 29

Which of the following hydrolyzes proteins only on the amino side of tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine?

A) carboxypeptidase
B) chymotrypsin
C) trypsin
D) none of these

Question 30

What is the minimum recommended daily carbohydrate intake?

A) 30 g/day
B) 80 g/day
C) 130 g/day
D) 180 g/day

Question 31

For humans, how many essential amino acids are there?

A) 0
B) 2
C) 3
D) 10

Question 32

Which of the following is a major component of saliva?

A) α-amylase
B) β-amylase
C) debranching enzyme
D) none of these

Question 33

Approximately what percentage of the human diet should be protein?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 70%

Question 34

Which of the following interconversions is not possible?

A) carbohydrates to fats
B) fats to carbohydrates
C) proteins to fats
D) proteins to carbohydrates

Question 35

Which of the following amino acids is missing from gelatin?

A) lysine
B) tryptophan
C) valine
D) None, gelatin is a complete protein.

Question 36

Which of the following hydrolyzes proteins only on the C=O side of tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine?

A) carboxypeptidase
B) chymotrypsin
C) pepsin
D) trypsin

Question 37

How many essential fatty acids are there?

A) 0
B) 2
C) 3
D) 10

Question 38

What is the definition of a complete protein?

A) a dietary protein which can be used directly
B) a dietary protein which contains all 10 essential amino acids
C) a dietary protein which contains all 20 amino acids
D) a protein which has attained its functional three dimensional structure

Question 39

What role is played by HCl in the digestion of proteins?

A) It denatures proteins.
B) It hydrolyzes proteins.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 40

The denaturing of proteins does which of the following?

A) breaks the proteins into amino acids
B) makes proteins indigestible
C) makes proteins less easily hydrolyzed
D) makes proteins more easily hydrolyzed

Question 41

Which of the following is true of plant proteins?

A) All are complete.
B) All are incomplete.
C) Most are complete.
D) Most are incomplete.

Question 42

In addition to the water contained in foods, approximately how much water should a person drink each day?

A) 200 to 300 mL
B) 1.2 to 1.5 L
C) 1.5 to 2.0 L
D) 2.0 to 2.5 L

Question 43

Deficiency of which of the following is associated with scurvy?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B₁
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin D

Question 44

Which metal is part of the structure of vitamin B₁₂?

A) cobalt
B) copper
C) iron
D) zinc

Question 45

Which of the following is not true?

A) The body can convert protein to fat.
B) The body can store proteins.
C) Protein must be consumed on a regular basis.
D) None, these are all true.

Question 46

In what form is iron usually present in the human body?

A) associated with proteins
B) free Fe³⁺ ions
C) free Fe²⁺ ions
D) free Fe atoms
E) Iron is distributed among all of the above forms in the body.

Question 47

Deficiency of which of the following is associated with rickets?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B₁
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin D

Question 48

Which of the following is true of animal proteins?

A) All are complete.
B) All are incomplete.
C) Most are complete.
D) Most are incomplete.

Question 49

Deficiency of which of the following is associated with pellagra?

A) folic acid
B) nicotinic acid
C) riboflavin
D) thiamine

Question 50

Deficiency of which of the following is associated with night blindness?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B₁
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin D

Question 51

Water accounts for approximately what percentage of a person's body weight?

A) 70%
B) 60%
C) 50%
D) 40%

Question 52

Deficiency of which mineral is associated with anemia?

A) cobalt
B) copper
C) iron
D) zinc

Question 53

Deficiency of which of the following is associated with beriberi?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B₁
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin D

Question 54

Which of the following is an important antioxidant?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin K

Question 55

Deficiency of which of the following is associated with anemia?

A) folic acid
B) nicotinic acid
C) riboflavin
D) thiamine

Question 56

Which of the following is the method of combing foods to provide an adequate supply of all the essential amino acids?

A) protein augmentation
B) protein complementation
C) protein matching
D) protein supplementation

Question 57

Which of the following factors affect the absorption of iron in the diet?

A) acidity of the digestive tract
B) solubility of a particular iron compound
C) if the source is animal or plant in origin
D) use of antacids
E) All of the above potentially affect the absorption of iron.

Question 58

Which of the following correctly describes how bottled water and water in public drinking systems are purified?

A) They are usually both purified using chlorine.
B) They are usually both purified using ozone.
C) Bottled water is usually purified using chlorine, but public drinking systems are usually purified using ozone.
D) Bottled water is usually purified using ozone, but public drinking systems are usually purified using chlorine.

Question 59

Deficiency of which mineral is associated with goiter?

A) copper
B) iodine
C) iron
D) zinc

Question 60

Deficiency of which mineral is associated with pernicious anemia?

A) cobalt
B) copper
C) iron
D) zinc

Question 61

Examine the following structure.
Hydrolysis by HCl in the stomach could occur at which of the points indicated by a letter?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) Hydrolysis could occur at any of the indicated points.

Question 62

Examine the following structure.
If the polymer shown in the diagram is hydrolyzed into its monomers, this process would represent which of the following?

A) protein metabolism
B) lipid metabolism
C) fatty acid metabolism
D) carbohydrate metabolism

Question 63

Consider the blank food pyramid shown below.
In which level of the food pyramid are substances such as bread, cereal, rice and pasta likely to be found (those high in starch)?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 64

Which of the following dietary components has not recently been linked to depression?

A) fatty acids
B) iron(II)
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin B₁₂
E) All of these have been potentially linked to depression.

Question 65

The following structure represents a storage polysaccharide such a glycogen or starch. Each sphere represent a monomer of the polymer.
When this structure is broken down during metabolism, which of the following monomers might be produced?

A) glucose
B) maltose
C) sucrose
D) Both glucose and maltose could be produced.
E) All of the saccharides listed might produced.

Question 66

Why is creatine not considered equivalent to banned anabolic steroids?

A) It is a natural amino acid found in muscles.
B) It is a natural amino acid found in proteins.
C) It is not a useful ergogenic aid.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 67

The following structure represents a storage polysaccharide such a glycogen or starch. Each sphere represent a monomer of the polymer.
When this structure is broken down during metabolism, the debranching enzyme would hydrolyze monomers at which point in the polymer as indicated by letters?

A) A only
B) B only
C) C only
D) Hydrolysis could occur at B or C.
E) Hydrolysis could occur at A, B or C.

Question 68

Consider the blank food pyramid shown below.
In which level of the food pyramid are the substances found that should be minimized in the diet?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 69

Examine the following structure.
Consider the hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme carboxypeptidase. Which location in the diagram represented by a letter would be the site of this type of hydrolysis?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) Hydrolysis could occur at any of the indicated points.

Question 70

How many nitrogen atoms are present in a molecule of creatine?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 71

Which of the following is true regarding glycogen depletion during vigorous exercise?

A) Exercise does not affect glycogen supplies.
B) Glycogen is depleted rapidly and at equal rates from the muscle and the liver.
C) Glycogen is first depleted from the liver and then from the muscles.
D) Glycogen is first depleted from the muscles and then from the liver.

Question 72

Which of the following may soon be tested in a clinical trial related to insulin resistance and mood in diabetic females?

A) omega unsaturated fatty acids
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin B₁₂
E) None of these has been linked to insulin resistance and mood.

Question 73

Which of the following effects are associated with caffeine?

A) activation of lipases
B) dehydration
C) stimulation of the central nervous system
D) all of these