Deck 18: Human Development and Birth

Question 1

The function of the fertilization membrane is to aid in the entrance of the "winning" sperm into the ovum.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The extracellular matrix surrounding the ovum is called the

A)corona radiata.
B)acrosome.
C)zona pellucida.
D)follicle.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

During the embryonic period,growth occurs through mitosis and enlargement of the daughter cells.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Differentiation refers to

A)cells taking on different structures and functions.
B)movement of cells to shape the embryo.
C)increased size of the cells.
D)cell division with no increase in size.

Question 5

The acrosome,which caps the head of the sperm,contains

A)chromosomes.
B)digestive enzymes.
C)nutrients.
D)hormones

Question 6

The chorion is

A)the first site of blood cell formation.
B)the fetal half of the placenta.
C)becomes the umbilical cord vessels.
D)cushions and protects the embryo with fluid.

Question 7

Usually more than one sperm can successfully enter an ovum.

Question 8

The plasma membrane of the ovum becomes the fertilization membrane.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct order of structures sperm must penetrate before entering the ovum?

A)Zona pellucida,corona radiata,ovum plasma membrane
B)Ovum plasma membrane,zona pellucida,corona radiata
C)Corona radiata,zona pellucida,ovum plasma membrane
D)None apply.

Question 10

Morphogenesis refers to

A)increase of size.
B)shaping of the embryo and migration of cells.
C)cells having a specific function.
D)All apply.

Question 11

The head of a sperm contains

A)many organelles.
B)a nucleus enclosing the 23 chromosomes.
C)a large amount of cytoplasm.
D)All apply.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT part of the sperm?

A)Middle piece
B)Tail
C)Head
D)Body

Question 13

Cleavage

A)is cell division with no increase in size.
B)is mitosis.
C)occurs immediately after fertilization.
D)All apply.

Question 14

The union of ovum and sperm during fertilization creates the first cell of the new organism,which is called a

A)morula.
B)blastocyst.
C)zygote.
D)zona pellucida.

Question 15

Conception is when the genetic material of the ovum and sperm combine.

Question 16

Fraternal twins develop from the same fertilized ovum.

Question 17

Every cell of the morula and inner cell mass of the blastocyst have the ability to become any type of cell.

Question 18

What prevents polyspermy from occurring?

A)The ovum plasma membrane depolarizes.
B)The zona pellucida lifts away from the plasma membrane.
C)Only one sperm can normally enter the zona pellucida.
D)Both the ovum plasma membrane depolarizes and the zona pellucida lifts away from the plasma membrane are correct.

Question 19

Gastrulation is an example of morphogenesis.

Question 20

The zygote receives cytoplasm,organelles,nutrients,and structural components from only the mother.

Question 21

The outer ring of cells of the blastocyst makes up the ______,which will become the chorion.

A)inner cell mass
B)embryonic disk
C)trophoblast
D)amnion

Question 22

The embryo will develop from the _______ of the blastocyst.

A)inner cell mass
B)embryonic disk
C)trophoblast
D)amnion

Question 23

An ectopic pregnancy that survives until term must be delivered

A)vaginally.
B)Cesarian section.
C)either vaginally or Cesarian section.

Question 24

The pre-embryonic structure that enters the uterus is a fluid-filled ball of cells called a

A)blastocyst.
B)trophoblast.
C)morula.
D)zygote.

Question 25

The allantois

A)is the first site of blood cell formation.
B)is the fetal half of the placenta.
C)becomes the umbilical cord vessels.
D)cushions and protects the embryo with fluid.

Question 26

The process of gastrulation ends with the formation of the

A)allantois.
B)placenta.
C)primary germ layers.
D)All apply.

Question 27

From which primary germ layer does the nervous system and epidermis of the skin develop?

A)Ectoderm
B)Endoderm
C)Mesoderm
D)None apply.

Question 28

Which is the last stage in pre-embryonic development?

A)Blastocyst
B)Cleavage
C)Fertilization
D)Morula

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a primary germ layer?

A)Ectoderm
B)Epiderm
C)Mesoderm
D)Endoderm

Question 30

The yolk sac

A)is the first site of blood cell formation.
B)is the fetal half of the placenta.
C)becomes the umbilical cord vessels.
D)provides nutrition until the placenta is formed.

Question 31

Identical twins involve _____ egg(s)and _____ sperm.

A)two;two
B)one;one
C)two;one
D)one;two

Question 32

A typical pregnancy test detects the presence of

A)fetal hemoglobin.
B)estrogen.
C)HCG.
D)a corpus luteum.

Question 33

What important event does NOT occur in the second week of development?

A)The heart develops.
B)The embryonic disk is formed.
C)Implantation begins.
D)HCG is secreted to maintain the corpus luteum.

Question 34

From which primary germ layer does the epithelial lining of the digestive system and the blood vessels develop?

A)Ectoderm
B)Endoderm
C)Mesoderm
D)None of these choices are correct for both systems.

Question 35

The pre-embryonic structure created by cleavage is a ball of cells called a

A)blastocyst.
B)trophoblast.
C)morula.
D)zygote.

Question 36

From which primary germ layer do both the skeletal and muscular systems develop?

A)Ectoderm
B)Endoderm
C)Mesoderm
D)None of these choices are correct for both systems.

Question 37

Gestation

A)is the time from fertilization to embryo formation.
B)is the time from fertilization to birth.
C)lasts about 280 days from the last menstruation.
D)is the time from fertilization to birth and lasts about 280 days from the last menstruation are correct.

Question 38

The fetus is surrounded by a protective layer of ______ fluid.

A)embryonic
B)fetal
C)amniotic
D)cerebrospinal

Question 39

Embryonic development

A)refers to the first week.
B)refers to week two through month two.
C)refers to months three through nine.
D)All apply.

Question 40

The amnion

A)is the first site of blood cell formation.
B)is the fetal half of the placenta.
C)becomes the umbilical cord vessels.
D)cushions and protects the embryo with fluid.

Question 41

The placenta is composed of

A)chorionic villi.
B)uterine tissue.
C)fetal tissue.
D)All apply.

Question 42

During the third and fourth months,

A)lanugo covers the body.
B)ossification of bones begins.
C)still can not determine the sex of the fetus.
D)mother begins to feel movement.

Question 43

Maternal and fetal blood supplies mix to facilitate exchange.

Question 44

The first system to be visually evident is the

A)muscular system.
B)cardiovascular system.
C)skeletal system.
D)nervous system.

Question 45

During the fourth and fifth weeks

A)all organ systems have appeared.
B)ossification begins.
C)limb buds appear.
D)mother begins to feel movement.

Question 46

The heart begins as two tubes that fuse and begin to pump.

Question 47

The completion of a functioning placenta marks the beginning of the ______ period of development.

A)pre-embryonic
B)embryonic
C)fetal
D)postnatal

Question 48

Which hormone functions to maintain the corpus luteum,and therefore maintains pregnancy?

A)LH
B)Estrogen
C)Progesterone
D)Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Question 49

The gender of the individual is determined at

A)birth.
B)the third month.
C)fertilization.
D)gastrulation.

Question 50

The umbilical arteries carry

A)waste and carbon dioxide toward the placenta.
B)oxygen and nutrients toward the fetus.
C)waste and carbon dioxide toward the fetus.
D)oxygen and nutrients toward the placenta.

Question 51

During the third week of development,which two systems begin to develop?

A)Nervous and digestive systems
B)Respiratory and lymphatic systems
C)Nervous and cardiovascular systems
D)Muscular and urinary systems

Question 52

Failure of the superior neural tube to close causes a fatal condition called

A)anencephaly.
B)spina bifida.
C)striae gravidarum.
D)SIDS.

Question 53

During the eighth and ninth months,

A)the testes descend into the scrotum.
B)eyes are open.
C)subcutaneous fat is deposited.
D)skin is wrinkled and reddish.

Question 54

A woman is clinically pregnant when fertilization occurs.

Question 55

The umbilical cord contains

A)the fetal intestine.
B)two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein.
C)only muscle tissue.
D)two umbilical veins and one umbilical artery.

Question 56

At the placenta,

A)oxygen enters the fetal circulation.
B)nutrients enter the fetal circulation.
C)nitrogenous wastes enter maternal circulation.
D)All apply.

Question 57

During the eighth week

A)all organ systems have appeared.
B)ossification begins.
C)eyes,ears,and nose are noticeable.
D)mother begins to feel movement.

Question 58

The umbilical vein carries

A)waste and carbon dioxide toward the placenta.
B)oxygen and nutrients toward the fetus.
C)waste and carbon dioxide toward the fetus.
D)oxygen and nutrients toward the placenta.

Question 59

If the neural tube does not close inferiorly,______ may result.

A)anencephaly
B)conjoined twins
C)spina bifida
D)down syndrome

Question 60

During the fifth through seventh months,

A)the sex can be determined visually.
B)lanugo covers the body.
C)mother begins to feel movement.
D)both lanugo covers the body and mother begins to feel movement are true

Question 61

The tissues of the gonads are indifferent until the production of

A)estrogen.
B)progesterone.
C)semen.
D)testosterone.

Question 62

What is cryptorchidism?

A)Failure of ovary development
B)Vagina does not develop
C)Undescended testes
D)Scrotal sacs do not develop

Question 63

Placental peptide hormones cause maternal

A)increase in blood oxygen levels.
B)striae gravidarum.
C)resistance to insulin by body cells.
D)drop in blood pressure.

Question 64

Darkening of the areolae and other areas of skin in the pregnant woman is due to increased steroid hormone levels.

Question 65

Placental estrogen reduces uterine motility during pregnancy.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT an effect of pregnancy on the mother?

A)Increase in weight
B)Decrease in vital capacity
C)Increase in blood volume from 5 liters to 7 liters
D)Increase in constipation and heartburn

Question 67

What hormones initiate and continue uterine contractions until birth of the baby?

A)Prostaglandins
B)Estrogen
C)Oxytocin
D)Both prostaglandins and oxytocin

Question 68

A male will have ____ chromosomes,while a female has _____ chromosomes.

A)XX;XY
B)XY;XX

Question 69

During stage two of parturition,

A)the placenta is delivered.
B)the birth occurs.
C)the cervix dilates.

Question 70

Maternal blood oxygen levels increase dramatically during the third trimester.

Question 71

Hair begins to grow by the fourth month of fetal development.

Question 72

What are Braxton Hicks contractions?

A)Stage 2 labor contractions
B)Stage 3 labor contractions
C)False-labor contractions
D)Stage 1 labor contractions

Question 73

During stage one of parturition,

A)the placenta is delivered.
B)the birth occurs.
C)the cervix dilates.

Question 74

When do ova and sperm begin to form?

A)6 weeks embryonically
B)14 weeks embryonically
C)At birth
D)At puberty

Question 75

The digestive,respiratory,and urinary systems of the fetus are nonfuctional.

Question 76

The production of testosterone will cause the indifferent gonadal tissue to develop into

A)testes.
B)ovaries.
C)kidneys.
D)uterine tubes.

Question 77

During stage three of parturition

A)the placenta is delivered.
B)the birth occurs.
C)the cervix dilates.

Question 78

When is the scrotum formed in the male?

A)6 weeks
B)9 weeks
C)14 weeks
D)20 weeks

Question 79

Why does the brain increase the respiration rate and depth during pregnancy?

A)To increase maternal blood oxygen levels
B)To increase maternal blood carbon dioxide levels
C)To decrease maternal blood carbon dioxide levels
D)Because the mother is breathing for two

Question 80

Wolffian ducts become the uterine tubes and uterus in the female and regress in the male.