Deck 4: Carbohydrates: Sugars, starches, and Fiber

Question 1

The concentration of glucose in the blood is primarily regulated by:

A)pancreatic enzymes.
B)pancreatic hormones.
C)enzymes in the membranes of cells lining the small intestine.
D)hormones released by the GI tract.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The _____________________ reflects a ranking of how specific foods affect blood glucose as compared to the response of a reference food.

A)glycemic response
B)glycemic index
C)gluconeogenic index
D)digestibility and solubility index

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following types of diabetes is classified as an autoimmune disease?

A)Gestational
B)Type 2
C)Type 1
D)All of these choices are correct.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following sequences represents a monosaccharide followed by a disaccharide followed by a polysaccharide?

A)fructose,sucrose,starch
B)lactose,glucose,dietary fiber
C)glucose,maltose,lactose
D)galactose,glycogen,starch

Question 5

Which of the following foods are the best sources of complex carbohydrates?

A)Milk and dairy products
B)Meat,fish,and poultry
C)Fats and oils
D)Cereals and grains

Question 6

Lactose intolerance is caused by:

A)excess production of the enzyme lactase.
B)an allergic reaction to proteins found in milk and milk products.
C)inadequate production of the enzyme lactase.
D)the inability to produce the hormone insulin.

Question 7

The organ(s)which supplies enzymes required for starch digestion include(s)the:

A)stomach.
B)gallbladder.
C)pancreas.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 8

Diabetes is best characterized by:

A)abnormally high blood glucose levels.
B)elevated blood lipids.
C)the presence of ketones in blood.
D)blood glucose levels below the normal range.

Question 9

The most important determinant for developing lactose intolerance is:

A)ethnic background.
B)gender.
C)geographic location where a person lives.
D)whether one is lean or obese.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about Type 1 diabetes is correct?

A)This type of disease occurs when cells are no longer sensitive to insulin.
B)Obesity is a major risk factor for developing this disease.
C)The immune system destroys the pancreatic cells that produce insulin.
D)Type 1 is the most common type of diabetes.

Question 11

Carbohydrate loading,a training technique used by some endurance athletes,can help to increase _____________ stores.

A)glycogen
B)amylose
C)sucrose
D)lactase

Question 12

A diet high in dietary fiber can help reduce the risk of developing:

A)diverticular disease.
B)anemia.
C)Type 1 diabetes.
D)lactose intolerance.

Question 13

Fructose is found mostly in:

A)dairy products.
B)grains and cereals.
C)meat.
D)fruits and vegetables.

Question 14

The breakdown of dietary carbohydrates releases _____kcal/g of energy.

A)9
B)4
C)7
D)2

Question 15

A well-documented health problem associated with excess sugar intake is:

A)dental caries.
B)Type 1 diabetes.
C)diverticular disease.
D)constipation.

Question 16

Dietary fiber can help reduce blood cholesterol levels by:

A)binding cholesterol and bile acids in the GI tract.
B)blocking reabsorption of bile acids in the GI tract.
C)inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the liver.
D)All of the these choices are correct.

Question 17

Which food would NOT be recommended as a source of calcium to someone who is lactose intolerant?

A)Soy milk
B)Tofu
C)Fortified orange juice
D)Ice cream

Question 18

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that:

A)splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
B)generates glucose from glucogenic amino acids.
C)synthesizes glycogen.
D)creates glucose molecules from glycogen.

Question 19

Dietary fiber is categorized by:

A)its solubility in water.
B)its molecular weight.
C)the ratio of carbon to hydrogen molecules.
D)the number of branch points.

Question 20

An oligosaccharide is a:

A)disaccharide found in fruits and vegetables.
B)storage form of plant starch.
C)carbohydrate containing 3-10 sugar units.
D)form of artificial sweetener.

Question 21

Sugar alcohols are:

A)derived from ethyl alcohol.
B)a combination of amino acids.
C)produced from oleic acid.
D)structurally similar to dietary sugars.

Question 22

Of the following foods,___________ is the best dietary source of resistant starch.

A)apples
B)chilled,cooked potatoes
C)whole grain bread
D)oatmeal

Question 23

A 2000 calorie diet in which carbohydrate provides 50% of the calories would provide how many grams of carbohydrate?

A)140
B)200
C)250
D)400

Question 24

Aerobic metabolism occurs in:

A)the cytoplasm of a cell.
B)the mitochondria of a cell.
C)the nucleus of a cell.
D)None of these choices is correct.

Question 25

Dietary fiber promotes a healthy intestinal microflora in part by:

A)slowing the movement of food material in the gut.
B)promoting the production of short chain fatty acids which provide metabolic fuel for colonic cells.
C)decreasing the fluidity of the intestinal contents.
D)producing natural antibiotics that kill pathogenic bacteria.

Question 26

Treatment of diverticulitis usually includes:

A)antibiotics and a temporary decrease in fiber intake.
B)increasing fluid intake and antacids.
C)insulin injections.
D)exercise and weight loss.

Question 27

Studies suggest that the incidence of colon cancer may be lowered with high fiber diets.How might this be explained?

A)Fiber decreases contact between mucosal cells and colonic contents.
B)Fiber decreases transit time.
C)Fiber containing foods are usually high in phytochemicals and antioxidant vitamins.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 28

Which of the following is the best source of dietary fiber?

A)2 scrambled eggs
B)1 small doughnut
C)A 4 ounce salmon filet
D)1 cup of broccoli

Question 29

Which of the following statements about glycogen is FALSE?

A)Glycogen is a storage form of carbohydrate in humans and animals.
B)Glycogen is composed of many glucose molecules.
C)Glycogen is made and stored in liver and muscle.
D)The primary role of muscle glycogen is to maintain blood glucose levels.

Question 30

Refined grain products contain predominantly what part(s)of the kernel?

A)Husk and germ
B)Stalk
C)Germ and bran
D)Endosperm

Question 31

The daily value for dietary fiber is 25 grams in a 2000 kilocalorie diet.A slice of whole-wheat bread is 8% of the daily value.The slice of whole-wheat bread contains how much fiber?

A)2 grams
B)4 grams
C)8 grams
D)16 grams

Question 32

Carbohydrates provide 60% of the energy in John's diet of 2700 kilocalories.This represents how many grams of carbohydrate?

A)100
B)225
C)300
D)405

Question 33

Which sugar substitute contains phenylalanine,yet is safe for those with phenylketonuria?

A)Sorbitol
B)Saccharine
C)Neotame
D)Aspartame

Question 34

Indigestible carbohydrates provide positive health benefits in part by:

A)slowing fecal movement.
B)increasing the bulk of the colonic contents.
C)decreasing the amount of water in the colon.
D)All of these choices are true.

Question 35

Aspartame:

A)is an artificial sweetener.
B)consists of two amino acids linked together.
C)is often found in soft drinks.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 36

___________ can be a concern for individuals with phenylketonuria.

A)Aspartame
B)Saccharin
C)Acesulfame K
D)Neotame

Question 37

Carbohydrates promote dental caries by which of the following mechanisms?

A)Sugar promotes the growth of bacteria that breakdown enamel.
B)Bacteria metabolize carbohydrate to form acids,which break down enamel.
C)Carbohydrates stick to teeth,preventing the removal of plaque.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 38

Which of the following nutrients is NOT added to enriched grains?

A)Thiamin
B)Niacin
C)Folate
D)Vitamin E

Question 39

Which of the following conditions is likely to increase ketone production?

A)Untreated diabetes
B)Starvation
C)A very low carbohydrate diet
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 40

Which of the following is true of colon cancer?

A)High fiber and whole grain intake may reduce the risk.
B)Changes in DNA underlie the development of colonic tumors.
C)Environmental carcinogens are thought to cause many cancers.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 41

Describe changes in protein and fatty acid metabolism that occur when dietary carbohydrates are very low.

Question 42

The structure of glycogen consists of:

A)highly branched chains.
B)straight chains.
C)short chains linked together.
D)two monosaccharide units.

Question 43

Why would cold pasta salad have a lower glycemic response than a hot pasta dish with similar ingredients?

Question 44

Discuss possible health outcomes associated with chronic high intake of refined carbohydrates.

Question 45

Identify the parts of a whole-grain kernel,and describe the nutrients that are found in each part.Then,describe the parts of the kernel that are used to produce white,enriched,"all-purpose" flour and identify the nutrients that would not be present in this flour.

Question 46

Which hormone is most important for glucose uptake by body cells?

A)Glucagon
B)Insulin
C)Prolactin
D)Ghrelin

Question 47

Describe in detail the metabolic breakdown of glucose to produce ATP.

Question 48

Sucrose is composed of:

A)many molecules of glucose linked together.
B)two molecules of glucose.
C)a molecule of fructose and a molecule of glucose.
D)two molecules of fructose.

Question 49

One possible adverse effect of excessive fiber consumption is:

A)an increase in blood cholesterol.
B)decreased absorption of calcium and iron.
C)increased incidence of colon cancer.
D)increased incidence of diverticulosis.

Question 50

Discuss,compare,and contrast starch and cellulose.

Question 51

How may excess sorbitol in the diet cause diarrhea?

Question 52

In which individual would you expect the highest muscle glycogen content?

A)A person on a high protein weight loss diet
B)A person who eats a balanced diet of protein,carbohydrate and fat
C)A sedentary person
D)A trained athlete consuming 65-70% of kcals as carbohydrate

Question 53

Explain the phrase "carbohydrates spare body protein."

Question 54

What are dietary approaches to treat constipation?

Question 55

What are the symptoms associated with lactose intolerance? Explain why these symptoms occur.

Question 56

For each area of the digestive tract indicated,describe what process of carbohydrate digestion takes place in that area.Explain how the digestion of sugar,starches,and fiber are different from each other.

Question 57

The AMDR for carbohydrate intake for a healthy diet has been set at ______ of the total energy required.

A)15-10%
B)30-45%
C)45-65%
D)65-80%

Question 58

What would be the most efficient treatment for a diabetic experiencing low blood sugar levels?