Deck 6: Proteins: Crucial Components of All Body Tissues

Question 1

What element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat?

A) carbon
B) hydrogen
C) oxygen
D) nitrogen

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The process of transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another is called

A) gene expression.
B) alteration.
C) deamination.
D) transamination.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The process through which mRNA copies genetic information from DNA and carries it to the ribosome is called

A) translation.
B) deamination.
C) denaturation.
D) transcription.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A complete protein

A) contains all 20 amino acids.
B) contains all 9 essential amino acids.
C) has not been denatured.
D) is composed of only di- and tripeptides.

Question 5

In the body, buffers are very important in

A) defending the body against bacteria and toxins.
B) maintaining acid-base balance in the body.
C) accelerating chemical reactions in the body.
D) maintaining and repairing body tissue.

Question 6

In phenylketonuria (PKU), which amino acid becomes conditionally essential?

A) phenylalanine
B) tyrosine
C) alanine
D) cysteine

Question 7

MOST of the proteins in the body are synthesized from

A) nine amino acids.
B) twenty amino acids.
C) ten fatty acids.
D) fifteen fatty acids.

Question 8

Of the 20 amino acids relevant to the human body, how many are considered nonessential?

A) none
B) 9
C) 11
D) 20

Question 9

Which of the following is the MOST complete protein from a plant source?

A) green beans
B) soybeans
C) bread
D) apples

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a component of an amino acid molecule?

A) a central carbon
B) an amine group
C) an acid group
D) a fatty acid group

Question 11

The twisting, spiral shape formed by the sequence and chemical properties of its amino acids refers to what part of a protein's structure?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary

Question 12

What dictates the structure of a protein molecule synthesized by the body?

A) the body's need for a protein
B) the DNA inside the nucleus of the cell
C) the number of essential amino acids available
D) the combination of proteins consumed in the diet

Question 13

Egg whites stiffen when they are whipped. The change that occurs in the protein is called

A) denaturation.
B) translocation.
C) transcription.
D) deamination.

Question 14

The part of the protein molecule that carries nitrogen is the

A) acid group.
B) amine group.
C) side chain.
D) hydrogen group.

Question 15

Two amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond to form a dipeptide. What is the by-product of this process?

A) ammonia
B) water
C) carbon dioxide
D) hydrochloric acid

Question 16

In what structure of the mammalian cell are proteins synthesized?

A) nucleus
B) ribosome
C) cell membrane
D) mitochondria

Question 17

Which of the following foods is a source of complete protein?

A) broccoli
B) apple
C) chicken
D) whole grain bread

Question 18

Which of the following is a body protein that is stored in a gland and secreted to an organ to restore normal body conditions or balance?

A) enzyme
B) hormone
C) antibody
D) buffer

Question 19

How many strings of amino acids does a polypeptide consist of?

A) two
B) more than four
C) nine
D) more than ten

Question 20

Which part of an individual amino acid distinguishes it from other amino acids?

A) side chain
B) central carbon
C) amine group
D) acid group

Question 21

Proteases are

A) protein messengers that are released from storage in response to an alteration in the body's homeostasis.
B) transport proteins that move substances throughout the body.
C) defense proteins that attack foreign bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
D) enzymes that break down protein in the small intestine.

Question 22

To conserve body protein for its vital functions and not use it to provide energy, you should

A) eat adequate amounts of carbohydrate and fat to conserve protein for other functions.
B) eat at least twice the recommended RDA for protein to ensure adequate protein stores.
C) work out in the gym at least three times a week to store additional protein for later use.
D) eat meat three times a week to ensure adequate protein storage.

Question 23

During the process of protein synthesis, what is the step in which messenger RNA is decoded into an amino acid sequence at the cell's ribosome called?

A) transcription
B) translation
C) deamination
D) denaturation

Question 24

An acid-base imbalance can result in

A) no change in the pH of the blood.
B) an increased rate of absorption in the stomach.
C) coma and death.
D) digestive problems.

Question 25

Significant chemical digestion of protein begins in the

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) gallbladder.
D) pancreas.

Question 26

Vegetarian diets are associated with increased consumption of

A) carcinogens.
B) antioxidants.
C) prions.
D) vitamins B₁₂ and D.

Question 27

Which of the following supplements would you recommend a vegan add to his/her diet?

A) protein
B) fiber
C) vitamin B₁₂
D) vitamin C

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT associated with kwashiorkor?

A) flat belly and abdomen
B) fatty liver
C) loss of hair
D) weight loss and muscle wasting

Question 29

Which of the following proteins are fundamental to the immune system?

A) enzymes
B) antibodies
C) buffers
D) transport proteins

Question 30

A well-planned vegetarian diet reduces the risk for many chronic diseases. For which of the following conditions does such a diet NOT minimize the risk?

A) obesity
B) heart disease
C) anemia
D) cancer

Question 31

Conduction of nerve signals and contraction of muscles depends on the proper balance of

A) glucose.
B) electrolytes.
C) buffers.
D) nitrogen.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT typically a nutrient of concern for vegans?

A) iron
B) vitamin B₁₂
C) vitamin C
D) calcium

Question 33

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to be in positive nitrogen balance?

A) a 29-year-old woman who is 6 months pregnant
B) a 20-year-old female who is consuming 500 calories a day
C) a 10-year-old boy recovering from severe burns
D) a 30-year-old man with a temperature of 103.7°F

Question 34

The type of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by a general lack of protein in the diet is called

A) marasmus.
B) sickle cell anemia.
C) cystic fibrosis.
D) kwashiorkor.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The healthy body's primary energy source is carbohydrate and fat.
B) The body stores excess protein primarily for energy reserves.
C) To utilize protein for energy, the amine group is removed.
D) Eating sufficient carbohydrate and fat will spare body protein.

Question 36

The absorption of proteins occurs in the

A) stomach.
B) small intestine.
C) large intestine.
D) liver.

Question 37

The type of vegetarian who eats vegetables, grains, fruits, eggs, and milk but excludes all other types of animal protein is called a

A) vegan.
B) lacto-vegetarian.
C) lacto-ovo vegetarian.
D) pesco-vegetarian.

Question 38

The process of combining two incomplete proteins to make a complete protein is called

A) the protein-combining method.
B) amino acid sequencing method.
C) mutual supplementation.
D) protein.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) HCl denatures protein to allow digestive enzymes to break down the protein.
B) HCl inhibits the digestion of fat so it does not compete with protein digestion.
C) HCl untangles the strands of protein and breaks the peptide bonds.
D) HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a major function of protein in the human body?

A) maintaining fluid balance
B) providing energy to the body
C) growth and maintenance of new tissue
D) synthesis of hormones

Question 41

The electrically charged particle that assists in maintaining the body's fluid balance is called a(n)

A) enzyme.
B) protease.
C) hormone.
D) electrolyte.

Question 42

The enzymes that digest proteins in the small intestine are

A) proteases.
B) pepsins.
C) pepsinogens.
D) phosphofructokinases.

Question 43

A healthy pregnant woman is in positive nitrogen balance.

Question 44

It is necessary to eat animal-based proteins to stay healthy.

Question 45

When a protein attracts or releases hydrogen, it acts as a

A) transporter.
B) limiter.
C) buffer.
D) hydrogenater.

Question 46

Because of their increased protein needs, it is unhealthy for athletes to choose to become vegetarians.

Question 47

Individual amino acid supplements are absorbed better than a combination of amino acids.

Question 48

Protein-energy malnutrition is seen only in developing countries.

Question 49

As long as an athlete consumes adequate dietary protein, total caloric intake is not important in athletic performance.

Question 50

The positively charged electrolyte concentrated inside the cell is potassium, and the positively charged electrolyte concentrated outside the cell is

A) oxygen.
B) sodium.
C) hydrogen.
D) nitrogen.

Question 51

Denaturation results in the loss of the protein's function.

Question 52

Which of the following is an excellent source of protein that includes foods such as kidney beans, pinto beans, black beans, soybeans, lentils, and chickpeas?

A) quorn
B) quinoa
C) nuts
D) legumes

Question 53

A substance (usually a protein) that the body recognizes as a foreign invader, triggering an immune response is an

A) antibody.
B) antigen.
C) antihistamine.
D) antibiotic.

Question 54

A deficiency of protein can lead to what condition in which fluid accumulates in the body's tissue spaces?

A) edema
B) celiac disease
C) marasmus
D) acidosis

Question 55

Essential amino acids are more important to the human body than nonessential amino acids.

Question 56

Which hormone controls both the production of hydrochloric acid and the release of pepsin?

A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) gastrin
D) pepsin

Question 57

Under normal physiologic conditions, every cell of the body is capable of making each type of protein needed by the body.

Question 58

The proteins responsible for helping maintain fluid balance are known as

A) proteases.
B) transport proteins.
C) buffers.
D) hormones.

Question 59

The majority of protein digestion occurs in the mouth.

Question 60

Which of the following processes involves both the synthesis of new proteins and the breakdown of existing proteins to provide amino acids for building new proteins?

A) transcription
B) translation
C) turnover
D) acidosis

Question 61

All legumes are complete proteins.

Question 62

Define denaturation and give 3 common household examples of protein denaturation?

Question 63

The process in which a protein loses its shape and function when exposed to acids, heat, and heavy metals is deamination.

Question 64

The essential amino acid found in the shortest supply or missing from the amino acid pool is called a complementary amino acid.

Question 65

People with phenylketonuria cannot make the non-essential amino acid tyrosine.

Question 66

Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen into its active form pepsin.

Question 67

Define transamination. What is the product of transamination?

Question 68

Complementary proteins provide all twenty essential amino acids.

Question 69

Marasmus is a serious condition resulting from inadequate intakes of protein and energy.

Question 70

Most Canadians consume sufficient or excess amounts of dietary protein.

Question 71

Soybeans are good sources of protein, and the protein quality is almost identical to that of meat.

Question 72

Consuming individual amino acids and protein supplements can build muscle and improve strength.

Question 73

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions without being physically altered.

Question 74

During transcription, mRNA copies genetic information from DNA and carries it to the cytoplasm for synthesis.

Question 75

Peptide bonds are chemical bonds in which the amine group of one amino acid binds to the acid group of another amino acid.

Question 76

List 3 essential and 3 non-essential amino acids and describe the difference between the two categories.

Question 77

Compare and contrast incomplete and complete proteins.

Question 78

Describe how proteins differ from carbohydrates and lipids.

Question 79

Alkalosis is a condition in which the pH of the blood becomes too basic.

Question 80

Diets high in protein are associated with low blood cholesterol levels.