Deck 15: Neuropsychology

Question 1

 A brain injury known as a cerebral hemorrhage results in

A) blockage from material that doesn't move from its point of origin.
B) blockage from material that travels to smaller diameter blood vessels until it has to stop.
C) bleeding in the brain.
D) an area of dead neurons.

Answer 1

bleeding in the brain.

Question 2

 The herpes simplex virus responsible for cold sores and genital herpes can produce a type of secondary encephalitis.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

 The Halstead-Reitan battery is used to assess

A) cognitive function.
B) reflexes.
C) sensation.
D) coma.

Answer 3

cognitive function.

Question 4

 It is estimated that half the people over 75 will suffer from Alzheimer's disease.

Question 5

 Most neuropsychologists are

A) specialists among psychiatrists who have medical doctor (M.D.) degrees.
B) specialists among neurologists who have M.D. degrees.
C) licensed clinical psychologists who have special training in the neurosciences.
D) masters level psychologists who hold licenses in counseling.

Question 6

 Oligodendrocytes are destroyed by the autoimmune disease of multiple sclerosis.

Question 7

 Partial seizures are frequently accompanied by an aura, but generalized seizures typically occur without an aura.

Question 8

 The Kennard Principle appears to predict recovery of language functions, but not necessarily other types of cognitive function, following brain damage.

Question 9

 When low oxygen levels result from insufficiency in the blood supply to the brain, the resulting condition is known as

A) ischemia.
B) aneurysm.
C) arteriovenous malformation.
D) cavernous malformation.

Question 10

 Strokes occur when the blood supply is affected by

A) low blood pressure (hypotension).
B) hemorrhage or blockage.
C) death of adjacent neurons.
D) the presence of infarcts.

Question 11

 An aneurysm can be the cause of

A) an open head injury.
B) thrombosis.
C) a concussion.
D) a cerebral hemorrhage.

Question 12

 Larger numbers of strokes result from ischemia than from cerebral hemorrhages.

Question 13

 Among the primary risk factors for stroke are

A) low blood pressure and sodium insufficiency.
B) sleep deprivation.
C) obesity and the use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs.
D) unusually low cholesterol levels.

Question 14

 An open head injury is another name for a concussion.

Question 15

 Migraine headaches can result from information carried by the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) from the brainstem to the meninges.

Question 16

 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) can be transmitted from one patient to another in spite of typical hospital sterilization methods.

Question 17

 Joseph is 78 years of age, and the recent appearance of certain cognitive symptoms has led his physician to diagnose him with Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following statements would be the most accurate with regard to Joseph's situation?

A) Joseph should begin receiving passive chemotherapy treatment, as this has been found to reverse the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
B) Joseph should be very concerned that his wife will develop the same symptoms, as the disease has been found to be contagious.
C) The risk of his symptoms getting worse will decrease the longer Joseph survives.
D) A definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease will not be possible until an autopsy is conducted after Joseph's death.

Question 18

 The vast majority of those diagnosed with dementia-between 60 and 90 percent-suffer from ________ disease.

A) Huntington's
B) Klinefelter's
C) Parkinson's
D) Alzheimer's

Question 19

 Reactive neuroplasticity involves structural changes in the brain due to learning.

Question 20

 Alzheimer's disease involves several changes in the brain. Which of the following is NOT one of the affected structures?

A) neurofibrillary tangles
B) beta amyloid proteins
C) extrapyramidal cells
D) tau proteins

Question 21

 Following ischemia, neural damage is found

A) equally distributed throughout the brain.
B) primarily in the hippocampus and in middle layers of the cortex.
C) primarily in the hippocampus and inner layers of the cortex.
D) primarily in subcortical areas.

Question 22

 Phencyclidine (PCP) is a potent glutamate antagonist that is known to produce psychotic behavior in humans. Given what you know about stroke, what would happen if somebody used PCP right after a stroke?

A) It would increase the damage initiated by the stroke.
B) It might have a protective effect against further cell death, but the psychotic side effects would be problematic.
C) It would not produce any psychotic symptoms due to stroke-related changes in brain biochemistry.
D) It would have no observable effects on cell health or psychotic behavior.

Question 23

 The area of neural tissue that dies following a stroke or other interruption of cerebral blood flow is known as the

A) infarct.
B) aneurysm.
C) thrombosis.
D) embolism.

Question 24

 While a large stroke can cause long-term damage, multiple small strokes

A) typically are no cause for concern.
B) are not predictive of later larger strokes.
C) can also produce significant damage.
D) do not produce true infarcts.

Question 25

 In cultures of rat hippocampal cells, cell death due to oxygen deprivation can be reduced by application of

A) kainate.
B) magnesium.
C) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA).
D) GABA.

Question 26

 Olney's concept of excitotoxicity suggests that most neural death in ischemia is due to

A) excess cholinergic activity.
B) insufficient gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity.
C) insufficient glutamate activity.
D) excess glutamate activity.

Question 27

 Oxygen deprivation in neurons leads to a "cascade" of enzyme activity triggered by abnormally

A) high levels of sodium activity.
B) low levels of sodium activity.
C) high levels of calcium activity.
D) high levels of potassium activity.

Question 28

 An embolism is

A) a blockage resulting from material that doesn't move from its point of origin.
B) a blockage resulting from material that travels to smaller diameter blood vessels until it has to stop.
C) bleeding in the brain.
D) an area of dead neurons.

Question 29

 An injury with penetration of the skull is termed

A) a concussion.
B) a subdural hematoma.
C) a meningioma.
D) an open head injury.

Question 30

 Major causes of open head injuries in the United States include

A) boxing and playing football.
B) gunshot wounds and skull fractures.
C) playing soccer.
D) aneurysms.

Question 31

 The area of neural tissue surrounding an infarct is known as the

A) embolism.
B) thrombosis.
C) penumbra.
D) aneurysm.

Question 32

 Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

A) produce symptoms of stroke lasting less than 24 hours.
B) produce very mild stroke symptoms that last indefinitely.
C) are typically fatal within a few hours.
D) are very common and do not require medical treatment.

Question 33

 A thrombosis is

A) a blockage resulting from material that doesn't move from its point of origin.
B) a blockage resulting from material that travels to smaller diameter blood vessels until it has to stop.
C) bleeding in the brain.
D) an area of dead neurons.

Question 34

 Cells in culture that are deprived of oxygen are more likely to survive in the presence of

A) GABA agonists.
B) GABA antagonists.
C) glutamate agonists.
D) glutamate antagonists.

Question 35

 A cerebral hemorrhage

A) usually does not cause much damage.
B) produces milder symptoms than ischemia.
C) usually does not produce noticeable behavioral symptoms.
D) is frequently fatal due to interfering with the blood supply to neurons and leading to neuron dehydration.

Question 36

 An infarct of brain tissue

A) seldom produces any noticeable symptoms.
B) always triggers unconsciousness or coma.
C) contributes to the development of epilepsy.
D) produces different symptoms that depend on the size and location.

Question 37

 Which of the following symptoms of stroke are part of the American Heart Association's "FAST" acronym?

A) Arm weakness
B) Tripping or stumbling
C) Total loss of consciousness
D) Tingling in the extremities

Question 38

 A balloon-like bulge in an artery is known as a(n)

A) aneurysm.
B) embolism.
C) thrombosis.
D) cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

Question 39

 Closed head injuries, or concussions, are characterized by

A) injury without penetration of the skull.
B) lack of a coup and countercoup.
C) penetration of the skull.
D) no loss of consciousness.

Question 40

 While TIAs often do not have long-term effects, they are

A) rarely predictive of later strokes.
B) strong predictors of later strokes.
C) predictive of further TIAs but not full strokes.
D) negatively correlated with the occurrence of later strokes.

Question 41

 Among the symptoms of a TSE in humans is (are)

A) convulsions.
B) paranoia.
C) inflammation of the meninges.
D) a stiff neck and aversion to lights.

Question 42

 Bleeding between the membranes covering the brain (that is, under the dura mater) following a closed head injury is known as

A) thrombosis.
B) subdural hematoma.
C) coup.
D) countercoup.

Question 43

 The site of a blow to the head in a closed head injury is known as

A) thrombosis.
B) hematoma.
C) coup.
D) countercoup.

Question 44

 Which of the following individuals is the most likely to have ongoing symptoms of traumatic brain injury?

A) Guillaume, who is an Olympic sprinter
B) George, who has been a professional American football player for many years
C) Michael, who has been an Olympic swimmer for years
D) Samuel, who has been a professional ballet dancer for years

Question 45

 (see Figure 15.6) In this illustration of a closed head injury, the area indicated by the #2 is known as a(n)

A) embolism.
B) thrombosis.
C) coup.
D) countercoup.

Question 46

 An injury that produces a concussion

A) is a mild injury that does not require medical attention.
B) is a type of open head injury.
C) can produce symptoms that range from mild to a coma.
D) does not produce unconsciousness.

Question 47

 Which of the following is one of the three leading causes of traumatic brain injuries in the United States?

A) playing football
B) traffic accidents
C) playing soccer
D) boxing

Question 48

 Symptoms that occur following a concussion

A) occur only in cases in which unconsciousness lasts for more than a day.
B) occur only in cases in which bleeding has required surgery.
C) can produce lack of concentration and memory loss.
D) are usually so mild that the patient does not notice any changes.

Question 49

 So-called mad cow disease is a type of

A) TSE.
B) encephalitis.
C) meningitis.
D) kuru.

Question 50

 The autopsy results from cases of dementia pugilistica, or boxer's syndrome, most closely resemble

A) open head injuries.
B) Alzheimer's disease.
C) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).
D) meningitis.

Question 51

 What is there about a concussion that may cause the cognitive symptoms seen in some people following their injury?

A) When you are unconscious, your brain is not getting enough nutrients, so the longer you are unconscious, the more apt you are to have problems.
B) When you have a concussion, there is a very good probability that the brain is actually injured either by compression or some similar trauma.
C) Concussions will not cause any problems unless you are unconscious for a while, which results in loss of blood supply to the brain.
D) Concussions will not cause cognitive problems unless the damage is accompanied by bleeding.

Question 52

 The best predictor of the development of chronic traumatic brain injury in boxers is

A) the use of protective headgear.
B) the weight class of the boxer.
C) their genetic makeup.
D) the win-loss record of the boxer.

Question 53

 Symptoms of dementia pugilistica, or boxer's syndrome, can include

A) an inability to feel pain.
B) unrealistically euphoric mood.
C) slurred speech and personality changes.
D) high blood pressure.

Question 54

 Infection from HIV results in the virus

A) invading neurons, killing them.
B) invading a variety of cells in the nervous system, which release chemicals that trigger apoptosis.
C) interfering with the NMDA glutamate receptor, which then no longer allows calcium to enter neurons.
D) having no direct effect on the cells of the nervous system but allows opportunistic viruses to thrive.

Question 55

 In which of the following ways does HIV-associated neurocognitive disease (HAND) differ in children versus in adults?

A) HIV effects on the nervous system are seen quickly in children, but appear only at later stages of the disease in adults.
B) HIV does not affect the nervous system in children, but does affect the nervous system in adults.
C) HIV effects on the nervous system occur at late stages of the disease in children, but appear right away in adults.
D) HIV affects the nervous systems of children, but has no impact on the nervous system in adults.

Question 56

 The site of damage on the opposite side of an initial blow in a closed head injury is known as

A) thrombosis.
B) hematoma.
C) coup.
D) countercoup.

Question 57

 Having the E4 variant of the APOE gene increases a boxer's risk for

A) stroke.
B) brain tumors.
C) aneurysms.
D) dementia pugilistica.

Question 58

 Symptoms that occur following a concussion

A) are only seen when subdural bleeding has occurred.
B) are always seen.
C) occur in some but not all cases of open head injury.
D) occur in some but not all cases of concussion.

Question 59

 Open head injuries are most likely to be fatal when the damage

A) involves both hemispheres of the brain.
B) is localized in one hemisphere of the brain.
C) does not involve the ventricles.
D) affects a single lobe rather than multiple lobes.

Question 60

 Initial symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) may mimic

A) meningitis.
B) West Nile virus infection.
C) depression.
D) schizophrenia.

Question 61

 Independent growths of new tissue that lack purpose are known as

A) tumors.
B) arteriovenous malformations.
C) cavernous malformations.
D) aneurysms.

Question 62

 Meningiomas typically arise from

A) neurons.
B) astrocytes and oligodendrocytes or a combination of the two.
C) Schwann and amacrine cells.
D) the membranes covering the brain.

Question 63

 In studies of prion proteins in cell culture, the abnormal prions

A) "hijack" deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in order to produce more abnormal prions.
B) convert normal prions into the abnormal form.
C) increase calcium influx, which triggers apoptosis.
D) enhance the expression of death genes that produce caspases.

Question 64

 Which of the following could NOT be an accurate statement?

A) Tom has been hospitalized due to lung cancer that has metastasized to his brain.
B) Tom has been hospitalized due to a glioma that has caused him to have seizures.
C) Tom has been hospitalized due to a benign tumor that has spread to his liver.
D) Tom has been hospitalized due to a meningioma that will be removed from his brain tomorrow.

Question 65

 Symptoms of tumors include

A) general symptoms due to increased pressure and specific symptoms related to the location of the tumor.
B) increased heart rate.
C) increased amounts of cerebrospinal fluid.
D) loss of the ability to plan behavior.

Question 66

 Which of the following factors is responsible for some cases of CJD?

A) eating infected beef
B) cannibalism
C) contamination of surgical instruments
D) eating sheep meat infected with "scrapie"

Question 67

 A meningioma is a cancer that

A) cannot be removed surgically due to the location.
B) is typically malignant.
C) is typically benign.
D) produces a serious risk of metastasis.

Question 68

 The process in which malignant tumors shed cells that travel to another part of the body, where they initiate new tumor growth, is known as

A) infiltration.
B) encapsulation.
C) malformation.
D) metastasis.

Question 69

 Recovery from substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorder is more likely when people

A) have been using alcohol or anti-anxiety medications instead of cocaine and methamphetamine.
B) begin abstaining before the age of 30 years.
C) begin abstaining before the age of 50 years.
D) experience milder withdrawal syndromes after abstaining from their drug of choice.

Question 70

 Tumors in the nervous system arise from

A) neurons and glia.
B) neurons and cells of the meninges.
C) glia and cells of the meninges.
D) neurons, glia, and cells of the meninges.

Question 71

 Most cases of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) probably resulted from

A) contamination from instruments used in surgical procedures.
B) cannibalism.
C) eating steak (muscle meat) from infected cattle.
D) eating meat from infected cattle that contained nervous system tissue.

Question 72

 Your physician somberly informs you that you have been diagnosed with a Grade I tumor and will require surgery. What does this mean?

A) You may want to pass up the surgery and concentrate on enjoying your remaining time, as Grade I tumors are typically rapidly fatal with or without treatment.
B) You should ask for a second opinion, as Grade I tumors are benign and do not need to be removed through surgery.
C) You can feel mildly optimistic, as Grade I tumors tend to recur after surgery, but they also grow slowly.
D) Your chances of survival are relatively good, as Grade I tumors are usually benign, slow-growing, and respond well to surgery.

Question 73

 The sheep disease "scrapie" can spread to

A) humans but not to cows.
B) cows but not to humans.
C) both cows and humans.
D) neither cows nor humans.

Question 74

 Tumors that lack boundaries and are likely to recur following removal are known as

A) benign.
B) malignant.
C) Encapsulated.
D) recursive.

Question 75

 Kuru, a disease found among the Fore people of New Guinea, virtually died out after

A) beef consumption was outlawed.
B) people changed to vegetarian diets.
C) consumption of monkeys was outlawed.
D) cannibalism was outlawed.

Question 76

 Most gliomas develop in

A) neurons.
B) astrocytes and oligodendrocytes or a combination of the two.
C) Schwann and amacrine cells.
D) the membranes covering the brain.

Question 77

 The outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Great Britain and other countries during the 1990s probably resulted from

A) spontaneous genetic mutations.
B) housing cattle in too close proximity to infected sheep.
C) the use of ground bone and meat in animal feed.
D) the use of hormones to promote growth in cattle.

Question 78

 The prions believed to cause TSEs

A) normally perform important functions in their host animal, and only cause problems if they are transmitted to another species.
B) differ from normal versions of proteins due to their increased length.
C) show different forms in different species.
D) show identical forms in all species.

Question 79

 The sheep disease "scrapie"

A) caused an epidemic among humans in nineteenth century Great Britain.
B) is responsible for causing kuru in humans.
C) does not pass directly to humans, although it can pass to other animals like cows.
D) passes frequently to humans in countries that consume a lot of sheep.

Question 80

 Tumors that are contained within their own membrane are unlikely to recur following removal are known as

A) infiltrating.
B) malignant.
C) benign.
D) metastatic.