Deck 19: The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity

Question 1

Which of the following adaptations allowed reptiles to complete their life cycles on land?

A)four legs
B)lungs
C)ectothermic metabolism
D)an amniotic egg

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The earliest hominin to be found outside of Africa belongs to which species?

A)Homo sapiens
B)Homo habilis
C)Australopithecus afarensis
D)Homo erectus

Answer 2

D

Question 3

spend almost all of their time on the ground,instead of in trees.

A)Orangutans
B)Gorillas
C)Chimpanzees
D)Gibbons

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to this figure,which group includes the closest living relatives to tetrapods such as amphibians,reptiles,and mammals?

A)tunicates
B)ray- finned fishes
C)lobe- finned fishes
D)sharks and rays

Question 5

A prehensile tail is like an opposable thumb in that both

A)are used for grasping.
B)can be fully bent in any direction.
C)evolved before the anthropoids.
D)are characteristics of the earliest primates.

Question 6

Unlike sharks and rays,ray- finned fishes have

A)a flexible skeleton made of cartilage.
B)hinged jaws.
C)a lateral line system.
D)an operculum.

Question 7

Which extinct hominin first appeared about 1.9 million years ago and had a larger brain than Homo habilis,its immediate predecessor?

A)Homo neanderthalensis
B)Australopithecus
C)Homo ergaster
D)Homo sapiens

Question 8

Which part of the body is likely to be much more diverse in mammal fossils compared to those of other groups?

A)the structure of the limbs
B)the teeth
C)the jawbone
D)the structure of the vertebrae

Question 9

"Lucy," who belongs to the group ,was a bipedal hominin with a brain smaller than that of humans.

A)Homo erectus
B)Homo habilis
C)Ardipithecus
D)Australopithecus

Question 10

Which bird adaptation is probably less well- developed in flightless birds such as penguins and ostriches?

A)presence of feathers
B)vertebrae
C)amniotic egg
D)honeycombed bone structure

Question 11

According to this figure,which of the following is a monophyletic group?

A)gibbons,orangutans,gorillas,and chimpanzees
B)lemurs,lorises,pottos,tarsiers,New World monkeys,and Old World monkeys
C)New World monkeys and Old World monkeys
D)gorillas,chimpanzees,and humans

Question 12

The forward- facing eyes shared by all primates help them in

A)swinging from tree branches.
B)manipulating small objects.
C)seeing in the dark.
D)depth perception as they navigate through forests.

Question 13

"Monkeys" are not a monophyletic group because Old World monkeys are more closely related to than they are to .

A)apes ...New World monkeys
B)tarsiers ...New World monkeys
C)lemurs ...New World monkeys
D)New World monkeys ...apes

Question 14

Human DNA and chimpanzee DNA

A)differ by about 3%.
B)differ by more than 10%.
C)differ by the same amount that human DNA differs from orangutan DNA.
D)differ by about 1%.

Question 15

Human skin color likely represents a locally adapted compromise between

A)the need to block UV radiation that destroys folate and the need to absorb sunlight for heat.
B)the need to block UV radiation that causes cancer and the need to absorb sunlight for heat.
C)the need to block UV radiation that destroys folate and the need to synthesize vitamin D.
D)the need to blend in with the environment and the need to absorb sunlight for heat.

Question 16

Which of the following is the first distinctively hominin trait to appear in the fossil record?

A)a very long period of parental care
B)increased brain size
C)sophisticated stone tools
D)upright walking (bipedalism)

Question 17

Natural populations of lemurs are currently found only in

A)Madagascar.
B)North Africa.
C)New Zealand.
D)Borneo.

Question 18

Fossil and genetic evidence strongly support the idea that modern humans

A)derive from an African lineage but also have genes derived from mixing with several Eurasian descendants of Homo erectus.
B)independently arose from three different ancestral Homo species in Africa and Eurasia.
C)derive from Neanderthals that independently evolved the features of modern humans in Europe and Africa.
D)all derive from a single African lineage that spread from there into other parts of the world starting about 50,000 years ago.

Question 19

Which of the following statements best describes the current scientific view of birds?

A)A group of feathered,endothermic dinosaurs that survived the Cretaceous mass extinction.
B)A group of flying,endothermic reptiles that have lost teeth,the amniotic egg,and other heavy body features as an adaptation for flight.
C)A group of feathered,ectothermic lizards that lack teeth.
D)A group of flying mammals that is derived from monotremes,which also lay amniotic eggs.

Question 20

Which of the following options lists the major groups or genera from the fossil record in the proper order from earliest to most recent?

A)Sahelanthropus,Homo,Australopithecus,Ardipithecus
B)Ardipithecus,Sahelanthropus,Australopithecus,Homo
C)Australopithecus,Sahelanthropus,Homo
D)Sahelanthropus,Ardipithecus,Australopithecus,Homo

Question 21

Our closest relatives,the ,exhibit several behaviors that closely resemble those of humans.

A)baboons
B)chimpanzees
C)orangutans
D)gorillas

Question 22

Which of the following is characteristic of all vertebrates?

A)a calcified (hard)skeleton and four legs
B)a skull and a backbone consisting of vertebrae
C)a hinged jaw
D)lungs or lung derivatives

Question 23

Which animals are ectothermic?

A)lizards and birds
B)frogs and mammals
C)turtles and lizards
D)birds and mammals

Question 24

Which of the following statements best describes how flight and feathers are related in the evolution of birds?

A)The first feathered ancestors to birds did not fly,but may have used their feathers for insulation and display.
B)Feathers are soft and do not leave fossils or fossil traces,so it is unknown which organisms first had feathers.
C)Feathers and flight evolved at the same time.
D)The first flying birds did not have feathers,which evolved later.

Question 25

The key derived character of the lobe- finned fish is

A)the series of rod- shaped bones in their pectoral and pelvic fins.
B)the lateral line system.
C)the operculum.
D)the flattened scales covering their skin.

Question 26

Which of the following statements best summarizes the difference between ectothermic and endothermic organisms?

A)Endotherms are warm- blooded,but ectotherms are cold- blooded.
B)Ectotherms absorb external heat,but endotherms use metabolic heat to maintain a warm,steady body temperature.
C)Endotherms control their temperature,but ectotherms have no control over their temperature.
D)Ectotherms are warm- blooded,but endotherms are cold- blooded.

Question 27

A key derived character of sharks and rays that distinguishes them from ray- finned fishes is

A)a skeleton made of cartilage
B)jaws and a swim bladder.
C)calcified (hard)bones.
D)vertebrae.

Question 28

are known to make and use simple tools.

A)Chimpanzees
B)Gorillas
C)Gibbons
D)Old World monkeys

Question 29

The most recent evidence clarifying the relationship between modern humans and Neanderthals comes from analysis of

A)the types of tools that were made by Neanderthals.
B)Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA.
C)Neanderthal artwork and burial rites.
D)skeletal structure.

Question 30

Recall that cuticle seals plant surfaces and helps plants conserve water and that the seed helps derived plant groups to reproduce effectively on dry land.The analogous adaptations in reptiles are _ (analogous to cuticle)and (analogous to the seed).

A)scales ...the amniotic egg
B)claws ...lungs
C)scales ...jellylike egg masses
D)scales ...aquatic larvae

Question 31

Compared to other hominins,modern Homo sapiens display a particular ability for

A)manipulating objects with their hands.
B)upright walking.
C)symbolic thought.
D)making stone tools.

Question 32

The vertebrate group that describes all jawed vertebrates with two pairs of limbs is the

A)tetrapods.
B)mammals.
C)craniates.
D)amniotes.

Question 33

Which of the following animal groups is characterized by the absence of tails?

A)New World monkeys
B)lemurs
C)apes
D)Old World monkeys

Question 34

Prehensile tails are found among

A)Old World monkeys.
B)most hominoids.
C)all primates.
D)New World monkeys.

Question 35

The duck- billed platypus and other monotremes differ from other mammals in that they

A)have hair.
B)are aquatic.
C)have mammary glands.
D)lay eggs.

Question 36

Which of the following animals is an ape?

A)tarsier
B)orangutan
C)New World monkey
D)Old World monkey

Question 37

The last common ancestor shared by humans and chimpanzees lived about

A)6,000-8,000 years ago.
B)1.5-2.5 billion years ago.
C)5-7 million years ago.
D)25-40 million years ago.

Question 38

Amphibians were diverse and abundant in the lush swamp forests of the ,which is sometimes referred to as the age of the amphibians.

A)Carboniferous
B)Cambrian period
C)Mesozoic
D)Pleistocene

Question 39

Hominin fossil footprints that are obviously bipedal date to about _ years ago.

A)3.6 million
B)12 million
C)100,000
D)50,000

Question 40

Jaws appear to have evolved from

A)the fusion of many bony elements found in the skin of the neck region of jawless ancestors.
B)skeletal rods that supported gill slits near the mouth.
C)a large,bony shield that protruded from between the base of the pectoral fins.
D)modification of a disk of bones surrounding the mouth in lampreys.

Question 41

Which of the following organisms is a monotreme?

A)kangaroo
B)zebra
C)whale
D)echidna

Question 42

The hominin group includes .

A)all anthropoids.
B)Homo sapiens only
C)humans and all other apes.
D)Homo sapiens and several extinct human relatives.

Question 43

Of the over 18,000 new species described for the first time in 2007,more than half were

A)plants.
B)vertebrates.
C)marine organisms.
D)insects.

Question 44

By far the largest number of extant fish species on Earth have

A)lungs capable of extracting oxygen from air.
B)a cartilaginous skeleton.
C)a long tail used for grasping onto structures.
D)an operculum and swim bladder.

Question 45

appears to have been the first hominin to use stone tools.

A)Ardipithecus
B)Australopithecus
C)Homo erectus
D)Homo habilis

Question 46

Neanderthals are best described as

A)direct ancestors to modern humans.
B)a localized form or subspecies of Homo sapiens that was well- adapted to living in caves and carrying clubs.
C)a hominin that colonized Europe independently of Homo sapiens and that may or may not have interbred with modern humans.
D)direct ancestors to modern Europeans,but not to other human populations.

Question 47

Compared to other primates,anthropoids have

A)a decreased reliance upon vision.
B)smaller total body size in most cases.
C)a fully opposable thumb.
D)a stronger reliance upon smell.

Question 48

The fossil "hobbits" discovered in Indonesia may be _ that lived _.

A)a newly discovered species of Homo ...as recently as 18,000 years ago
B)a dwarf lineage of Australopithecus ...around the same time as "Lucy"
C)a population of Homo sapiens with a genetic disorder ...at the same time as the Neanderthals
D)a lineage of early hominins ...about 5 million years ago

Question 49

According to this figure,which species lived concurrently with Homo ergaster?

A)Homo sapiens
B)Paranthropus boisei
C)Australopithecus africanus
D)Australopithecus anamensis

Question 50

All humans alive today have inherited their mitochondrial DNA from some individual female common ancestor.Studies indicate this woman probably lived about years ago,when fossil evidence indicates Homo sapiens was restricted to .

A)20,000 ...Africa
B)50,000 ...Africa and Asia
C)500,000 ...Africa,Asia,and Europe
D)180,000 ...Africa

Question 51

According to the fossil record,the genus Homo first arose in

A)Asia.
B)North America.
C)Europe.
D)Africa.

Question 52

Lampreys differ from fishes in that lampreys

A)possess a backbone and skull.
B)lack a backbone.
C)lack an endoskeleton.
D)lack jaws.

Question 53

Based on Acanthostega fossils,scientists now believe the earliest tetrapods

A)were amphibians that used their limbs to drag themselves over the land from one waterhole to another.
B)were reptiles that resembled crocodiles.
C)were fully terrestrial.
D)were fish that used their limbs to raise themselves out of the water to get gulps of air for oxygen.

Question 54

Which of the following organisms is a marsupial?

A)kangaroo
B)whale
C)zebra
D)echidna

Question 55

Craniates are chordates that all possess

A)a vertebral column.
B)a head.
C)amniotic eggs.
D)jaws.