Deck 17: The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity

Question 1

Threadlike fungal filaments are called

A)mycelia.
B)mold.
C)hyphae.
D)root hairs.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In a moss,most of the plants that we see are ,while in a fern the most dominant stage is the .

A)gametophytes ...gametophyte
B)sporophytes ...gametophyte
C)sporophytes ...sporophyte
D)gametophytes ...sporophyte

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In angiosperms,pollen grains develop in the and are trapped by the _ .

A)anther ...stigma
B)anther ...ovary
C)stigma ...anther
D)carpel ...stamen

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A growth- producing region of cell division,known as a(n),is found near the tips of stems and roots.

A)lignin
B)sporangium
C)cuticle
D)apical meristem

Question 5

Which part of this figure represents the anther?

A)structure A
B)structure B
C)structure C
D)structure D

Question 6

The majority of plant species today are

A)bryophytes.
B)angiosperms.
C)gymnosperms.
D)seedless vascular plants.

Question 7

An experimental forest ecosystem is enclosed in a sealed greenhouse.The entire ecosystem,including the air and soil,is treated with an extremely potent fungicide that kills all fungal life stages including spores.What will probably happen next?

A)Tree growth will increase because the dead fungi will act as a fertilizer.
B)A few animals will go extinct due to loss of their fungal food sources,but otherwise the forest will be largely unchanged.
C)Dead organic matter will accumulate on the forest floor; plant growth will decline because of a lack of nutrients and the loss of mycorrhizal partners.
D)Plants will enjoy a long- term increase in growth and survival because of the removal of fungal pathogens.

Question 8

Most familiar types of mushrooms,along with puffballs and shelf fungi,are

A)basidiomycetes (club fungi).
B)zygomycetes (zygote fungi).
C)ascomycetes (sac fungi).
D)chytrids.

Question 9

Fungi are found associated with the earliest plant fossils.Fungi may have helped plants become terrestrial by

A)stocking the soil with organic matter.
B)killing the bacterial enemies of plants.
C)providing simple organic compounds in return for sugars.
D)forming mycorrhizal associations with plants and by decomposing organic matter.

Question 10

Which of the following occurs in a mushroom,that is,in the reproductive structure of a basidiomycete?

A)Diploid nuclei form,undergo meiosis,and produce haploid spores.
B)Spores germinate and form a haploid mycelium.
C)Heterokaryotic cells separate to re- create the original haploid hyphae.
D)Hyphae of two different mating types fuse.

Question 11

About 90% of plants have mycorrhizae linking them to

A)ascomycetes (sac fungi).
B)chytrids.
C)glomeromycetes.
D)basidiomycetes (club fungi).

Question 12

About 95% of all modern plant species

A)have no gametophyte.
B)have a dominant sporophyte in their life cycle.
C)have flagellated sperm.
D)have a gametophyte adapted to house a sporophyte stage.

Question 13

Gas exchange in most land plants occurs through structures called

A)spiracles.
B)stomata.
C)cuticles.
D)gas pores.

Question 14

The last common ancestor of animals and fungi was probably ,like the spores of fungi.

A)flagellated ...chytrid
B)multicellular ...chytrid
C)flagellated ...mold
D)nonflagellated ...yeast

Question 15

Which of the following organisms has a dominant sporophyte generation and a free- living gametophyte generation?

A)moss
B)conifer
C)fern
D)mushroom

Question 16

In all plants,the zygote and earliest stages of the developing embryo are

A)enclosed within a pollen grain.
B)attached to and nourished by the parent plant.
C)able to disperse in a tough- walled spore.
D)enclosed within a seed.

Question 17

The type of life cycle seen in plants is called

A)haplodiploidy.
B)sporophytic regeneration.
C)alternation of generations.
D)gametophyte production.

Question 18

The loss of plant biodiversity,including the wild relatives of crop species,is harmful because these wild relatives

A)are often tastier than existing crops.
B)feed most of the world's population.
C)may be suitable for domestication and regional production.
D)are a source of genetic diversity that could be used to modify or bolster existing crops.

Question 19

Which of the following structures is an essential part of most fungal reproductive systems?

A)seeds
B)cellulose
C)spores
D)gametangia

Question 20

The main causes for the loss of plant biodiversity include

A)plant diseases and clearcutting of forests to create farmland.
B)herbivory,logging,and air pollution.
C)plant diseases and herbivory.
D)clearcutting of forests to create farmland and logging.

Question 21

Which of the following statements regarding fungi is false?

A)The distinctive flavor of certain cheeses is due to fungi.
B)The first antibiotic discovered came from a fungus.
C)Fungi are important decomposers in ecosystems.
D)Fungi can only break down plant material.

Question 22

Heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest their food externally and absorb the small molecules are referred to as

A)fungi.
B)multicellular algae.
C)plants.
D)bacteria.

Question 23

What kind of entity is a lichen?

A)an association between a multicellular protist related to the brown algae and a bacterium
B)an association between a fungus and a brown alga
C)an association between a fungus and cyanobacteria or green algae
D)an association between a bryophyte and a fungus

Question 24

Gangrene,hallucinations,temporary insanity,and even death can result when humans consume grain infested with

A)corn smut.
B)chytrids.
C)ergots.
D)coccidioidomycosis.

Question 25

Some of the unique adaptations of angiosperms include their beneficial relationships with and their relatively _.

A)animals ...large sporophyte
B)animals ...well- developed vascular system
C)fungi ...well- developed vascular system
D)animals ...rapid fertilization and seed production

Question 26

In plants,the vascular tissue made of dead cells that transport water and minerals from the roots is called

A)phloem.
B)transport tissue.
C)meristem.
D)xylem.

Question 27

Ferns and mosses are similar because both

A)have dominant sporophytes.
B)produce drought- resistant seeds.
C)have flagellated sperm.
D)have sporophytes that produce diploid spores.

Question 28

Which of the following represents the male gametophyte of a conifer?

A)tree
B)sperm
C)pollen grain
D)pollen cone

Question 29

The incomplete decay of dead plants during the Carboniferous period led to

A)the formation of coal.
B)the formation of tropical swamps.
C)the thinning of the ozone layer.
D)global warming.

Question 30

The angiosperm plant we see represents the generation,and the flower produces .

A)gametophyte ...sporophytes
B)gametophyte ...bryophytes
C)sporophyte ...bryophytes
D)sporophyte ...gametophytes

Question 31

In plants,the vascular tissue that consists of living cells that distribute sugars throughout the plant is called

A)xylem.
B)meristem.
C)transport tissue.
D)phloem.

Question 32

Corn,peppers,tomatoes,and cucumbers all contain seeds and are derived from the ovary of a flowering plant.Therefore,in botanical terms,they are _.

A)fruits.
B)seeds.
C)vegetables.
D)sporophytes.

Question 33

Corn,rice,wheat,fleshy fruits such as apples and berries,and many spices are all produced by

A)ferns.
B)gymnosperms.
C)seedless plants.
D)angiosperms.

Question 34

Which type of reproduction is typical in molds?

A)asexual reproduction through budding
B)sexual reproduction through fusion of two haploid parent mycelia and subsequent production of haploid spores
C)sexual reproduction through mating of two diploid parent mycelia
D)asexual reproduction through the production of spores

Question 35

During the Carboniferous period,photosynthesis in immense swamp forests removed from the atmosphere,which produced a drier,cooler global climate and promoted the success of .

A)oxygen ...ferns
B)carbon dioxide ...seed plants
C)carbon dioxide ...lycophytes
D)oxygen ...seed plants

Question 36

The ancestors of land plants were probably that lived in .

A)cyanobacteria ...moist soil crust communities
B)green algae similar to charophytes ...the open ocean
C)green algae similar to charophytes ...coastal marshes or lake fringes
D)cyanobacteria ...coastal marshes or lake fringes

Question 37

Which of the following characteristics tends to limit bryophytes and seedless vascular plants to habitats that are relatively moist?

A)presence of flagellated sperm
B)presence of lignified vascular tissues
C)presence of free- living,independent zygotes and early embryos
D)absence of cuticle

Question 38

Mosses belong to the group of plants known as the

A)bryophytes.
B)angiosperms.
C)vascular plants.
D)gymnosperms.

Question 39

Red maples and other wind- pollinated plants invest relatively little in producing ,but must invest a great deal in producing to achieve good pollination rates.

A)floral scents ...showy petals
B)showy or scented flowers ...massive amounts of pollen
C)seeds ...massive amounts of pollen
D)pollen ...showy or scented flowers

Question 40

Which structure is found in angiosperms but not gymnosperms?

A)spores
B)seeds
C)ovule
D)fruit

Question 41

A cocklebur is dispersed by ,whereas most fleshy,edible fruits are eaten by animals that .

A)wind ...fully digest the fruits,including the seeds,which are killed
B)hitching rides on animals ...fully digest the fruits,including the seeds,which are killed
C)hitching rides on animals ...defecate the intact seeds
D)water currents ...defecate the intact seeds

Question 42

The represents the sporophyte generation of a conifer,and the produces gametophytes.

A)cone ...tree
B)tree ...pollen
C)seed ...tree
D)tree ...cone

Question 43

Plants dependent on nocturnal pollinators typically have flowers that

A)are large,light- colored,and highly scented.
B)are located close to the ground and smell of rotting flesh.
C)are small.
D)absorb UV light.

Question 44

Which of the following options correctly represents the most likely sequence of the evolution of plants,from earliest to most recent?

A)bryophytes,gymnosperms,seedless vascular plants,angiosperms
B)bryophytes,seedless vascular plants,angiosperms,gymnosperms
C)seedless vascular plants,bryophytes,angiosperms,gymnosperms
D)bryophytes,seedless vascular plants,gymnosperms,angiosperms

Question 45

Two characteristics shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms that are absent from earlier plant groups and represent key adaptations to life on dry land are

A)a vascular system and lignin.
B)flowers and fruits.
C)flagellated sperm and gametangia.
D)pollen and seeds.

Question 46

Which of the following statements correctly describes the alternation of generations in a plant life cycle?

A)Diploid sporophytes that produce gametes by meiosis alternate with haploid sporophytes that produce gametes by mitosis.
B)Diploid sporophytes that produce spores by meiosis alternate with haploid gametophytes that produce gametes by mitosis.
C)Diploid gametophytes that produce spores by mitosis alternate with haploid sporophytes that produce gametes by meiosis.
D)Diploid gametophytes that produce gametes by meiosis alternate with haploid sporophytes that produce spores by mitosis.

Question 47

The is the protective chamber that houses the ovule and later matures to become the fruit.

A)sepals
B)carpel
C)stigma
D)ovary

Question 48

Which of the following statements regarding ferns is true?

A)Ferns produce pollen.
B)Ferns do not have lignified cell walls.
C)Ferns have well- developed vascular tissue,roots,and stems.
D)Ferns produce seeds.

Question 49

Most zygomycetes and ascomycetes reproduce _ when conditions are .

A)sexually ...constantly moist and food is abundant
B)asexually ...harsh,as in the fall of the year
C)asexually ...favorable,as in the spring of the year
D)sexually ...favorable,as in the spring of the year

Question 50

Many flower traits are specifically attractive to a certain type of pollinator.For example,the scent of rotting flesh is attractive to certain flies and beetles,but not to most other pollinators.What adaptive purpose is served by this kind of "niche marketing" of flowers to specific pollinators?

A)This targeting is done because the wrong kind of pollinator might eat all the pollen instead of delivering it to another flower.
B)This adaptation reduces pollinator traffic so that flowers have a chance to develop their pollen fully before it is spread.
C)This adaptation works to reduce pollinator traffic at a flower.Therefore flowers do not have to produce as much nectar to feed big crowds of pollinators.
D)This adaptation helps to assure that pollen will be delivered to another flower of the same species.If less specialized pollinators are used,the odds are greater that pollen will wind up on the stigma of a different species.

Question 51

According to this figure,at what time in the evolutionary history of plants did vascular systems likely first evolve?

A)460 mya
B)360 mya
C)475 mya
D)425 mya

Question 52

The intimate,mutually beneficial association formed between a fungus and the root of a plant is called a(n)

A)ingrowth.
B)mycelium.
C)hypha.
D)mycorrhiza.

Question 53

One of the factors that help animal- pollinated flowering plants transfer pollen to plants of the same species is

A)pollinators are able to rapidly extract nectar from any species of flower,regardless of the pollinators' past or recent experience with a given flower type.
B)most pollinators broadly use many different types of flowers.
C)each species of pollinator typically visits flowers of one and only one plant species.
D)many pollinators have limited learning capacities and are most successful at obtaining food if they continue to visit the same type of flower after learning how to extract its nectar.

Question 54

Fungal diseases common in _ include and _.

A)animals ...smuts ...chytrids
B)plants ...smuts ...rusts
C)plants ...ringworm ...coccidioidomycosis
D)humans ...rusts ...vaginal yeast

Question 55

Which part of the life cycle does a pollen grain represent?

A)a sperm cell
B)a spore
C)a male gametophyte
D)a male sporophyte

Question 56

Fungi contact and absorb food through the ,a branching network of .

A)hyphae ...mycelia
B)mycorrhiza ...mushrooms
C)mushroom ...hyphae
D)mycelium ...hyphae

Question 57

The ripened ovary of a flower,which is adapted to disperse seeds,is called a(n)

A)fruit.
B)casing.
C)sporangium.
D)ovule.

Question 58

Which of the following plants has a dominant sporophyte generation and a seed,but no fruit?

A)moss
B)tulip
C)pine tree
D)fern

Question 59

The dominant stage of the moss life cycle is the

A)sporophyte.
B)pollen.
C)gametophyte.
D)gametangium.

Question 60

You enjoy learning about history by traveling throughout North America studying gravestones.You notice that gravestones from 1900 and earlier usually host many types of lichens.But in one cemetery,lichens are entirely absent,even from old gravestones.Given what is known about lichens,the cemetery without lichens probably

A)is close to a source of air pollution.
B)gets a great deal of rain,which favors the growth of competing bacteria.
C)has an unusually dry climate.
D)is subject to extremely cold winter temperatures.

Question 61

To cross- fertilize flowers A and B,one would first remove flower A's immature and later transfer pollen from flower B to flower A's _ .

A)stigma ...style
B)stamens ...stigma
C)carpel ...ovule
D)anthers ...stamen

Question 62

The heterokaryotic phase of a fungal life cycle is

A)a triploid stage formed by the fusion of a diploid nucleus with the haploid nucleus of a compatible hypha.
B)a stage in which hyphae contain two,genetically different,haploid nuclei.
C)a stage in which the hyphae contain only one type of haploid nucleus.
D)a stage in which hyphae contain two,genetically different,diploid nuclei.

Question 63

Which of the following features would you expect to see in the flowers of wind- pollinated grasses?

A)petals with UV- absorbing "nectar guides"
B)very simple flowers that produce massive quantities of pollen
C)red flowers with long nectar tubes
D)very large,fragrant,white flowers