Deck 6: Motivation I: Needs, Job Design, and Satisfaction

Question 1

Achievement-motivated people rely on external factors such as luck rather than internal factors such as hard work in order to master a task.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

According to Frederick Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory of job satisfaction,hygiene factors are motivational.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

One of the main advantages of scientific management is that it leads to increased employee efficiency and productivity.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Research does not clearly support Maslow's need hierarchy theory.

Question 5

The need for achievement reflects an individual's desire to influence,coach,teach,or encourage others to achieve.

Question 6

The latest approach to job design attempts to merge the top-down and bottom-up perspectives and is referred to as employee engagement.

Question 7

Contextual factors that influence motivation and employee engagement include communication technology such as e-mail and social media.

Question 8

Needs can be strong or weak and are influenced by environmental factors.

Question 9

Job design focuses on increasing employee motivation by changing the type of tasks we complete in the course of doing our jobs.

Question 10

Research does not support the two-factor aspect of Herzberg's theory.

Question 11

Managers should create challenging task assignments or goals because the need for achievement is positively correlated with goal commitment,which,in turn,influences performance.

Question 12

According to McClelland,top managers should have a high need for affiliation coupled with a low need for power.

Question 13

Frederick Herzberg hypothesized that motivators cause a person to move from a state of satisfaction to dissatisfaction.

Question 14

Job enlargement is also referred to as vertically loading the job.

Question 15

The scientific management approach to job design is most heavily influenced by the work of Frederick Herzberg.

Question 16

Individuals with a high need for affiliation are the most effective managers.

Question 17

Need theories attempt to pinpoint external factors that energize behavior.

Question 18

Herzberg found job dissatisfaction to be associated primarily with factors in the work context or environment.

Question 19

Horizontal loading consists of giving workers more autonomy and responsibility.

Question 20

Abraham Maslow believed that human needs generally emerge in a predictable stair-step fashion.

Question 21

Psychological safety occurs when people feel safe to display engagement.

Question 22

Which of the following is a key managerial implication of Maslow's theory?

A) Adults can be trained to increase their achievement motivation.
B) A satisfied need may lose its motivational potential.
C) Managers should create challenging task assignments.
D) Achievement,affiliation,and power needs can be considered during the selection process,for better placement.
E) The highest order need of self-actualization should be satisfied first before moving on to the lower level needs.

Question 23

According to McClelland's need theory,the need for _____ refers to the desire to accomplish something difficult,to master,manipulate,or organize physical objects,human beings or ideas,and to excel one's self.

A) self-actualization
B) growth
C) power
D) achievement
E) affiliation

Question 24

David McClelland,a well-known psychologist,has been studying the relationship between needs and behavior since the late 1940s.According to him,motivation comprises three dominant needs:

A) safety,love,and esteem.
B) growth,existence,and relatedness.
C) power,persuasion,and persistence.
D) affiliation,love,and relatedness.
E) achievement,affiliation,and power.

Question 25

Organizational commitment represents the extent to which an individual is personally involved with his/her work role.

Question 26

Absenteeism and turnover are considered to be counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs).

Question 27

Achievement-motivated people share which of the following characteristics?

A) A preference for working on tasks of very high difficulty.
B) A preference for situations in which performance is due to their effort rather than other factors.
C) They desire less feedback on their successes and failures than low achievers.
D) They are more concerned with discipline and self-respect.
E) They are concerned only about their relationship with their peers and subordinates.

Question 28

In the job characteristics model,experienced meaningfulness is determined by skill variety,autonomy,and feedback.

Question 29

It is generally accepted that need fulfillment is correlated with job satisfaction.

Question 30

_____ are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior.

A) Ethics
B) Abilities
C) Beliefs
D) Values
E) Needs

Question 31

In 1943,psychologist _____ published his now-famous need hierarchy theory of motivation.

A) David McClelland
B) Frederick Taylor
C) Richard Hackman
D) Frederick Herzberg
E) Abraham Maslow

Question 32

In the job characteristics model,researchers proposed three moderators: growth need strength,skill variety,and job satisfaction.

Question 33

Discrepancy models propose that satisfaction is a result of value attainment.

Question 34

According to Maslow's need hierarchy,what is the highest order need?

A) Safety
B) Love
C) Self-actualization
D) Physiological
E) Esteem

Question 35

James has a desire to accomplish something difficult and to do it as rapidly and as independently as possible.This relates to McClelland's need for:

A) achievement.
B) safety.
C) power.
D) affiliation.
E) love.

Question 36

Identify this well-known psychologist who is not only recognized for his research on the need for achievement,but also for his investigations on the needs for affiliation and power.

A) Abraham Maslow
B) Frederick Herzberg
C) Frederick Taylor
D) David McClelland
E) Greg Oldham

Question 37

Hackman and Oldham recognized that not everyone wants a job containing high amounts of the five core job characteristics.

Question 38

Task identity is high when a person works on a product or project from beginning to end and sees a tangible result.

Question 39

Employees are more likely to engage in CWBs if their jobs offer autonomy.

Question 40

_____ represents "those psychological processes that cause the arousal,direction,and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed."

A) Diversity
B) Motivation
C) Attitude
D) Emotion
E) Intelligence

Question 41

_____ involves putting more variety into a worker's job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty.

A) Job enlargement
B) Job rotation
C) Job enrichment
D) Job hopping
E) Employee engagement

Question 42

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory,if Adam wants to maintain a level of no dissatisfaction among his employees,which of the following factors should he pay attention to?

A) Hygiene
B) Growth
C) Motivators
D) Recognition
E) Relational

Question 43

The _____ model deals with determining how work can be structured so that employees are internally or intrinsically motivated.

A) bottom-up
B) organizational commitment behavior (OCB)
C) job characteristics
D) need hierarchy
E) three-factor

Question 44

In an effort to redesign jobs,Sandra,manager at Perfect Printing,Inc.,added various tasks to Ross' job.In addition to copying,now Ross is also responsible for collating,putting covers on each job,stapling,and mailing back the final completed product to the customer.This can be described as an example of:

A) job rotation.
B) job enlargement.
C) mechanistic approach.
D) job enrichment.
E) job sharing.

Question 45

According to Herzberg,which of the following is a motivator?

A) Salary
B) Working conditions
C) Technical supervision
D) Company policy and administration
E) Characteristics of the work

Question 46

According to McClelland's need theory,the need for _____ reflects an individual's desire to influence,teach,coach,or encourage others to achieve.

A) power
B) self-actualization
C) affiliation
D) growth
E) achievement

Question 47

_____ calls for moving employees from one specialized job to another.

A) Job enlargement
B) Job enrichment
C) Job rotation
D) Job hopping
E) Job sharing

Question 48

The _____ approach to job design is based on the idea that employees can proactively change or redesign their own jobs,thereby boosting their own motivation and engagement.

A) vertical loading
B) horizontal loading
C) top-down
D) bottom-up
E) indirect

Question 49

Which of the following is also referred to as horizontally loading the job?

A) Job rotation
B) Job enlargement
C) Scientific approach
D) Job enrichment
E) Job crafting

Question 50

Suzanne is moved from one specialized job to another at work.Her supervisor calls it his way of reducing boredom in the job.This is an example of:

A) job rotation.
B) job enlargement.
C) mechanistic approach.
D) job crafting.
E) job hopping.

Question 51

According to Herzberg's interpretation,an individual will experience _____ when he/she has _____ about hygiene factors.

A) no job dissatisfaction; grievances
B) job dissatisfaction; no grievances
C) no job dissatisfaction; no grievances
D) job satisfaction; no grievances
E) job satisfaction; grievances

Question 52

_____ refers to any set of activities that involve altering of specific jobs or interdependent systems of jobs with the intent of improving the quality of employees' job experiences and their on-the-job productivity.

A) Job satisfaction
B) Value attainment
C) Job involvement
D) Job design
E) Organizational commitment

Question 53

Ness likes to work,and is concerned with discipline and self-respect.He has the desire to teach and encourage others to achieve.Ness can be described as an individual with a high need for:

A) power.
B) love.
C) affiliation.
D) safety.
E) achievement.

Question 54

_____ entails modifying a job such that an employee has the opportunity to experience achievement,recognition,stimulating work,responsibility,and advancement.

A) Job rotation
B) Job enrichment
C) Job commitment
D) Job enlargement
E) Job involvement

Question 55

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model,_____ is (are)a hygiene factor.

A) characteristics of the work
B) responsibility
C) achievement
D) working conditions
E) recognition

Question 56

Which of the following envisions job design as a process in which employees and individual managers jointly negotiate the types of tasks employees complete at work?

A) Vertical job loading
B) Horizontal job loading
C) Top-down approach
D) Bottom-up approach
E) Idiosyncratic deals

Question 57

Scientific management draws from research in industrial engineering and is most heavily influenced by the work of:

A) Abraham Maslow.
B) David McClelland.
C) Frederick Herzberg.
D) Hackman and Oldham.
E) Frederick Taylor.

Question 58

_____ is the practical application of Frederick Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory of job satisfaction.

A) Job rotation
B) The mechanistic approach
C) Job enrichment
D) The perceptual-motor approach
E) Job enlargement

Question 59

According to David McClelland,people with high need for _____ desire to spend time in social relationships and activities.

A) power
B) self-actualization
C) affiliation
D) growth
E) achievement

Question 60

The job characteristics model of job design was developed by:

A) Frederick Taylor.
B) Abraham Maslow.
C) David McClelland.
D) J.Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham.
E) Frederick Herzberg and Mary Follett.

Question 61

In the job characteristics model,which three core job dimensions combine to create experienced meaningfulness of work?

A) Autonomy,task identity,and feedback
B) Skill variety,task identity,and task significance
C) Skill variety,autonomy,and feedback
D) Feedback,task identity,and task significance
E) Skill variety,task significance,and autonomy

Question 62

Which of the following models propose that satisfaction is a result of met expectations?

A) Need fulfillment models
B) Discrepancies models
C) Value attainment models
D) Equity models
E) Dispositional/genetic components

Question 63

An example of a job scoring low on the task significance dimension would be that of a:

A) furniture maker who designs a sofa from scratch to the finished product.
B) shop owner who not only owns the shop but also operates it entirely.
C) worker who sweeps the floors in the office.
D) salesperson who is dependent on his supervisor for his schedule for the week.
E) doctor who performs various surgeries in the hospital.

Question 64

Which of the following approaches to job design represents proactive and adaptive employee behavior aimed at changing tasks,relationships,and cognitions associated with one's job?

A) Job characteristics model
B) Job enlargement
C) Job enrichment
D) Job rotation
E) Job crafting

Question 65

A painter whose job only involves spraying paints eight hours a day,five days a week,would score:

A) high on skill variety.
B) low on skill variety.
C) high on autonomy.
D) high on task identity.
E) high on feedback.

Question 66

According to the job characteristics model,experienced responsibility is elicited by:

A) task identity.
B) skill variety.
C) feedback from job.
D) task significance.
E) autonomy.

Question 67

_____ represent(s)"employment terms individuals negotiate for themselves,taking myriad forms from flexible schedules to career development."

A) Top-down approaches
B) Vertical job loading
C) Horizontal job loading
D) Job hopping
E) Idiosyncratic deals

Question 68

The _____ models of job satisfaction propose that satisfaction is determined by the extent to which the characteristics of a job allow an individual to fulfill his/her needs.

A) motivator-hygiene
B) need hierarchy
C) need fulfillment
D) job characteristic
E) discrepancy

Question 69

According to the job characteristics model,_____ is the extent to which an individual receives direct and clear information about how effectively he/she is performing the job.

A) task identity
B) skill variety
C) feedback
D) task significance
E) autonomy

Question 70

_____ encompasses a change in how you perceive or think about the tasks and relationships associated with your job.

A) Job hopping
B) Job enlargement
C) Job rotation
D) Horizontal job loading
E) Cognitive crafting

Question 71

____,a core job characteristic,refers to the extent to which the job requires an individual to perform a variety of tasks that require him/her to use different skills and abilities.

A) Task significance
B) Skill variety
C) Task identity
D) Autonomy
E) Task variety

Question 72

Dorothy feels that typing work for her faculty is a waste of time.She is lacking a sense of:

A) meaningfulness.
B) competence.
C) proficiency.
D) aptitude.
E) extrinsic motivation.

Question 73

According to the job characteristics model,_____ refers to the extent to which the job enables an individual to experience freedom,independence,and discretion in both scheduling and determining the procedures used in completing the job.

A) Task identity
B) Skill variety
C) Feedback from job
D) Task significance
E) Autonomy

Question 74

Job _____ is an affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job.

A) rotation
B) satisfaction
C) crafting
D) enrichment
E) enlargement

Question 75

Job _____ is defined as "the physical and cognitive changes individuals make in the task or relational boundaries of their work."

A) enlargement
B) enrichment
C) rotation
D) crafting
E) hopping

Question 76

David,a new salesperson at Fun Books,Inc.,is given a set of leads for each day and is required to follow a standardized sales script with each potential customer.It can be said that David's job scores:

A) high on job identity.
B) high on self-actualization.
C) high on intrinsic motivation.
D) low on autonomy.
E) high on skill variety.

Question 77

Toyota Motor Company empowers some of its employees to identify and help remedy problems occurring during product assembly.Recently,Henry,a clerk,was empowered to check for his own errors.According to the job characteristics model,_____ was elicited through this.

A) experienced meaningfulness
B) experienced responsibility
C) knowledge of results
D) job dissatisfaction
E) counterproductive work behavior

Question 78

____,a core job characteristic,refers to the extent to which the job requires an individual to perform a whole or completely identifiable piece of work.

A) Task significance
B) Skill variety
C) Task identity
D) Autonomy
E) Task variety

Question 79

_____ occurs when an individual is "turned on to one's work because of the positive internal feelings that are generated by doing well,rather than being dependent on external factors for the motivation to work effectively."

A) Counterproductive work behavior
B) Vertical job loading
C) Horizontal job loading
D) Intrinsic motivation
E) Job dissatisfaction

Question 80

_____ refers to the extent to which the job affects the lives of other people within or outside the organization.

A) Task identity
B) Skill variety
C) Feedback from job
D) Task significance
E) Autonomy