Deck 4: Understanding Social Perception and Managing Diversity

Question 1

When an object stands out from its context,it is salient.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

When a manager makes a hiring decision using sexist schemata,but does so unconsciously,it is still illegal.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Employees' evaluations of leader effectiveness are influenced strongly by their schemata of good and poor leaders.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Stereotyping is viewed as a less effortful strategy of information processing.

Question 5

"Encoding and simplification" is the first stage of the social information processing model.

Question 6

Accordingly to psychologist Harold Kelley,unstable performance of a given task over time means low consistency.

Question 7

The tendency to avoid all extreme judgments and rate people average or neutral is the perceptual error called leniency.

Question 8

In the social information processing model,a person "retrieves" social information before retaining it.

Question 9

According to psychologist Harold Kelley,a person is exhibiting high distinctiveness when he acts like the rest of the group.

Question 10

It is important to remember that in attribution theory,consensus relates to other tasks,consistency relates to other people,and distinctiveness relates to time.

Question 11

Stereotyping begins by categorizing people into groups according to various criteria.

Question 12

A stereotype is a mental picture of an event or object.

Question 13

Negativity bias can lead to both psychological and physical problems.

Question 14

According to research on performance appraisal,managers should use more subjectively-based measures of performance because objective measures are prone to bias and inaccuracy.

Question 15

Research reveals that individuals can be trained to be more accurate raters of performance.

Question 16

The first stage of the social information processing model describes how specific information is observed and stored in the memory,and the last three stages involve turning mental representation into real-world judgments and decisions.

Question 17

One's needs and goals often dictate which stimuli are salient.

Question 18

Unfortunately,stereotypes are always negative.

Question 19

Semantic memory refers to a person's general knowledge about the world.

Question 20

Stereotyping helps in organizing and simplifying social information.

Question 21

Stage 3 of the social information processing model is:

A) selective attention/comprehension.
B) encoding.
C) simplification.
D) storage and retention.
E) retrieval and response.

Question 22

_____ is the cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings.

A) Personality
B) Attitude
C) Perception
D) Ethics
E) Diversity

Question 23

Something is _____ when it stands out from its context.

A) schema
B) cognitive
C) salient
D) self-serving
E) encoded

Question 24

Chelsea has $11,000 for investment.She talks to friends and neighbors to find out what they have invested in (stocks or bonds and which stocks).She also interviews four different investment advisors at local brokerage companies to understand what they recommend.Chelsea can be described as being in which stage of the social information processing model?

A) Selective attention/comprehension
B) Encoding
C) Simplification
D) Storage and Retention
E) Retrieval and Response

Question 25

Research suggests that the first step an organization should take to overcome obstacles to diversity is to engage in training all employees,including managers.

Question 26

Managers tend to disproportionately attribute behaviors to internal causes.

Question 27

_____ is the process through which raw information is translated into mental representations.

A) Perception
B) Encoding
C) Retention
D) Selective attention
E) Stereotyping

Question 28

An organization that deals with diversity by forcing diverse people to fit in is using the suppression option.

Question 29

Religion is one of the primary dimensions of diversity.

Question 30

Diversity is primarily an issue of race,age,and gender.

Question 31

In the "tolerate" option for dealing with diversity,minority employees are often put on special projects or into independent entities.

Question 32

A(n)_____ represents a person's mental picture of an event or object.

A) schema
B) cognitive category
C) stereotype
D) semantic
E) attribution

Question 33

A _____ is a number of objects that are considered equivalent.

A) schema
B) category
C) stereotype
D) central tendency
E) semantic

Question 34

Perception is at the center of the diversity wheel because it represents the stable set of characteristics that is responsible for a person's identity.

Question 35

Which of the following represents the first stage of the social information processing model?

A) Selective attention/comprehension
B) Encoding
C) Simplification
D) Storage and retention
E) Retrieval and response

Question 36

In the U.S.,even though people of color earn less than whites,Asians had the highest median income.

Question 37

Affirmative action focuses on achieving equality of opportunity in organizations and is legally mandated in the United States by the Equal Opportunity laws.

Question 38

Ethnocentrism is the feeling that one's cultural roles and norms are superior.

Question 39

_____ is the process of becoming consciously aware of something or someone.

A) Personality
B) Attention
C) Attitude
D) Simplification
E) Retrieval

Question 40

The final stage of the social information processing model is:

A) selective attention/comprehension.
B) encoding.
C) simplification.
D) storage and retention.
E) retrieval and response.

Question 41

The _____ memory serves as a mental dictionary of concepts.

A) explicit
B) event
C) semantic
D) person
E) external

Question 42

Kathy hates to say anything negative about anybody.She always evaluates everybody in an extremely positive fashion.Kathy seems to be exhibiting which of the following perceptual errors?

A) Self-serving bias
B) Central tendency
C) Contrast effects
D) Leniency
E) Halo

Question 43

The tendency to evaluate people or objects by comparing them with characteristics of recently observed people or objects is called:

A) leniency.
B) central tendency.
C) contrast effect.
D) recency effect.
E) halo.

Question 44

There is high consensus when:

A) one acts like the rest of the group.
B) a person performs differently from the group's other members.
C) there is a huge difference between the ways a person has performed two different tasks.
D) a person's performance is stable across different tasks.
E) a person has performed a certain task the same way,time after time.

Question 45

Cedrick,a production manager at Even Manufacturing,evaluated Daisy's overall performance very high,on every performance attribute.Cedrick's rationale was that Daisy is the first to show up every day and therefore she is extremely hard-working.Cedrick is said to be exhibiting which of the following perceptual errors?

A) Self-serving bias
B) Central tendency
C) Contrast effects
D) Recency effects
E) Halo

Question 46

_____ are suspected or inferred causes of behavior.

A) Causal attributions
B) Encoding events
C) Personalities
D) Semantics
E) Schemata

Question 47

Long-term memory is made up of three compartments.They are:

A) events,semantic materials,and people.
B) encoding,decoding,and processing.
C) individual,group,and organization.
D) storage,retention,and response.
E) perception,personality,and attitude.

Question 48

Attribution theory is based on the premise that:

A) people judge events on the basis of the recent information received by them.
B) we create cognitive categories for each piece of information.
C) events are stored in the form of pictures in our memory.
D) people tend to avoid extreme judgments while rating someone's performance.
E) people attempt to infer causes for observed behavior.

Question 49

Which of the following would help reduce the perceptual bias that occurs during the hiring process?

A) Training interviewers to use the central tendency effect.
B) Using structured interviews.
C) Relying on evaluations from not more than two interviewers.
D) Creating benchmarks for performance appraisal.
E) Using subjective indicators to measure performance.

Question 50

Fritz Heider,the founder of attribution theory,proposed that behavior can be attributed to:

A) internal factors or external factors within the environment.
B) strengths or weaknesses of a person.
C) internal factors within a person or to external factors within the environment.
D) semantic memory or event memory of a person.
E) internal factors or external factors within the person.

Question 51

ISTA Airlines has had the worst record of flight arrivals.It is always late.However,because of the on-time or early arrival of all flights of ISTA Airlines in the last two weeks of November,Igor,the airline analyst at CBA Investments,rated the airline very favorably on arrival times in the annual report that he publishes every December.Igor seems to be exhibiting which of the following perceptual errors?

A) Self-serving bias
B) Central tendency
C) Contrast effect
D) Recency effect
E) Halo

Question 52

_____ refers to a personal characteristic that leads an individual to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion.

A) Leniency
B) Central tendency
C) Contrast effect
D) Recency effect
E) Halo

Question 53

A(n)_____ is an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group.

A) schema
B) cognitive category
C) stereotype
D) attribution
E) semantic

Question 54

If a student rates all her professors' average on all dimensions of performance regardless of their actual performance,she is committing which of the following perceptual errors?

A) Self-serving bias
B) Central tendency
C) Contrast effect
D) Recency effect
E) Halo

Question 55

Stereotyping is a four-stage process.It begins by:

A) categorizing people into groups according to various criteria,such as gender,age,race,and occupation.
B) inferring that all people within a particular category possess the same traits or characteristics.
C) forming expectation of others and interpreting their behavior according to the stereotypes.
D) maintaining the stereotypes by overestimating the frequency of stereotypic behaviors exhibited by others.
E) maintaining the stereotypes by differentiating minority individuals from oneself.

Question 56

Which of the following dimensions of behavior involves a comparison of an individual's behavior with that of his/her peers?

A) Distinctiveness
B) Consensus
C) Accuracy
D) Consistency
E) Fairness

Question 57

The personal characteristics that are believed to affect behavior are:

A) schematics.
B) internal factors.
C) perceptions.
D) external factors.
E) semantics.

Question 58

_____ memory refers to general knowledge about the world.

A) Event
B) Conceptual
C) Semantic
D) Person
E) Stereotypic

Question 59

Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions after gathering information about three dimensions of:

A) consensus,distinctiveness,and efficiency.
B) consensus,distinctiveness,and consistency.
C) perception,distinctiveness,and consistency.
D) consensus,perception,and consistency.
E) consensus,distinctiveness,and variability.

Question 60

Whenever Molly heard the song "Summer Of '69," it brought back memories of her first date with her husband when they had been to 'The Soul Café,' with the song playing in the background.Which of the following compartments of the long-term memory is this information most likely to be stored in?

A) Event memory
B) Semantic memory
C) Explicit memory
D) Person memory
E) External memory

Question 61

_____ represents the multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist among people.

A) Self-serving bias
B) Central tendency
C) Contrast effects
D) Fundamental attribution bias
E) Diversity

Question 62

If Nicole does things differently from the rest of her group,then she seems to be demonstrating:

A) low distinctiveness.
B) high consistency.
C) low consistency.
D) high consensus.
E) low consensus.

Question 63

_____ is determined by judging if the individual's performance on a given task is steady over time.

A) Consensus
B) Distinctiveness
C) Schemata
D) Consistency
E) Semantics

Question 64

Hannah always had the tendency to take the credit when she met the deadline for her work.However,when she failed to do so,she blamed the level of difficulty of the project or other external factors.Hannah is a victim of which of the following attributional tendencies?

A) Self-serving bias
B) Central tendency error
C) Contrast effects
D) Fundamental attribution bias
E) Halo error

Question 65

Which of the following dimensions of behavior is determined by comparing a person's behavior on one task with his/her behavior on other tasks?

A) Distinctiveness
B) Consensus
C) Accuracy
D) Consistency
E) Fairness

Question 66

If Julie acts like the rest of her group at work,then she seems to be demonstrating:

A) low consensus.
B) high distinctiveness.
C) high consensus.
D) low consistency.
E) high consistency.

Question 67

Ben,a store manager at the Grocers' Store,tends to make more internal denunciations about worker accidents than do his workers.Ben is engaging in which of the following?

A) Self-serving bias
B) Central tendency error
C) Contrast effects
D) Fundamental attribution bias
E) Halo error

Question 68

_____ means the individual has performed the task in question in a significantly different manner than he/she has performed other tasks.

A) Low consensus
B) High consensus
C) Low distinctiveness
D) High distinctiveness
E) High consistency

Question 69

_____ is a component of the external dimension in the diversity wheel.

A) Age
B) Ethnicity
C) Marital status
D) Sexual orientation
E) Gender

Question 70

The _____ bias suggests that employees will attribute their success to internal factors and their failures to uncontrollable external factors.

A) fundamental attribution
B) central tendency
C) leniency
D) self-serving
E) recency

Question 71

Alexandria has had stable performance and high quality on all her tasks.Her performance indicates she is exhibiting:

A) low consensus.
B) high distinctiveness.
C) high consensus.
D) low consistency.
E) low distinctiveness.

Question 72

It is important to remember that _____ relates to other people,_____ relates to other tasks,and _____ relates to time.

A) consensus; consistency; distinctiveness
B) distinctiveness; consistency; consensus
C) consensus; distinctiveness; consistency
D) consistency; consensus; distinctiveness
E) consistency; distinctiveness; consensus

Question 73

Unstable performance of a given task over time would mean:

A) high consensus.
B) low consensus.
C) low distinctiveness.
D) high consistency.
E) low consistency.

Question 74

Which of the following exists at the core of diversity?

A) Personality
B) Perception
C) Attitude
D) Internal dimensions
E) External dimensions

Question 75

_____ belongs to the external dimensions part of the diversity wheel.

A) Union affiliation
B) Religion
C) Sexual orientation
D) Ethnicity
E) Seniority

Question 76

_____ means that a person performs a certain task the same way,time after time.

A) High consensus
B) Low consensus
C) High distinctiveness
D) High consistency
E) Low consistency

Question 77

The _____ represents one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure.

A) self-serving bias
B) glass ceiling
C) contrast effect
D) fundamental attribution bias
E) recency effect

Question 78

_____ focuses on achieving equality of opportunity in an organization.

A) Self-serving bias
B) Central tendency
C) Contrast effect
D) Affirmative action
E) The fundamental attribution error

Question 79

Internal attributions tend to be made when the observed behavior is characterized by:

A) low consensus,high distinctiveness,and high consistency.
B) high consensus,low distinctiveness,and high consistency.
C) low consensus,low distinctiveness,and high consistency.
D) high consensus,high distinctiveness,and low consistency.
E) high consensus,low distinctiveness,and low consistency.

Question 80

The _____ reflects one's tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his/her personal characteristics,as opposed to situational factors.

A) central tendency effect
B) self-serving bias
C) fundamental attribution bias
D) recency effect
E) leniency effect