Deck 1: Fundamental Concepts and Principles of Pharmacology

Question 1

Which of the following criteria are assessed in order to market a pharmaceutical drug? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1) Efficacy
2) Need
3) Cost
4) Safety
5) Quality

Answer 1

1,4,5

Question 2

The nurse is creating a teaching plan for a client on the cardiac unit and is researching the medications the client is currently taking to understand how each drug produces its effects in the body. To find this information, the nurse looks up which classification for each medication?
1) Therapeutic
2) Cardiac
3) Disease
4) Pharmacologic

Answer 2

4

Question 3

A new drug has been approved by Health Canada for the treatment of psoriasis. What determines when a health care provider will be able to order it for his clients?
1) Once approved by Health Canada, medications are available in all provinces and territories.
2) Medication will be available after the 4 level provincial testing is completed
3) Following direct to consumer advertising to determine market need.
4) Following.a Common Drug Review to provide a formulary listing recommendation.

Answer 3

4

Question 4

The nurse is teaching a class about over-the-counter (OTC) medications at a senior citizen centre. Which statement by a participant indicates the teaching was effective?
1) "Over-the-counter medications are safe, as long as we don't take them at the same time as our prescription medications."
2) "Over-the-counter medications are safe; otherwise, they would require a prescription."
3) "We should inform our primary health care provider of any OTC drugs used because of the potential of interacting with our prescription medications."
4) "We must read all the label directions before taking any over-the-counter medications."

Question 5

Before administering a drug, what pertinent information must the nurse obtain from the client?
1) Physical assessment, medical history, previous medications, and learning capabilities
2) Medical history, growth and development level of client, and ability to pay for the medication
3) Medical history, client's growth and development level, and potential adverse effects of the medication
4) Medical history, physical assessment, disease process, and learning needs

Question 6

How is information collected for Health Canada regarding adverse drug reactions after administration of a new drug on the market?
1) Voluntary reporting to local Health Authority.
2) Mandated reporting to the Institute for Safe Medication Practices.
3) Direct reporting to Health Canada.
4) Voluntary reporting to Canadian Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Program.

Question 7

Mrs. Morton expresses concern to the nurse about a new drug on the market that has been prescribed for her health condition; she worries about the safety of the medication. What can the nurse tell Mrs. Morton about drug regulatory standards in Canada that are intended to protect patients?

A) All drugs go through a 3 step approval process before marketed for human use.
B) The first phase of clinical trials involves testing on 1000-3000 individuals with the target disorder.
C) Once a drug is considered safe on animals, the manufacturer applies for clinical trials.
D) Health Canada continues to monitor the safety of drugs even after initial marketing

Question 8

Nursing students are studying how foods and health products are regulated and approved for sale in Canada. Which of the following products is regulated through the Therapeutic Products Directorate?
1) Biologics
2) Food supplements
3) Medications
4) Herbal Supplements

Question 9

Which of the following characteristics are true of a a biologic?
1) A biologic is an ingredient extracted from plants.
2) Insulin is an example of a biologic.
3) Biologics have no adverse effects.
4) Biologics do not require a prescription.

Question 10

Which statements regarding the 4 phases of clinical research of drug development are true? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1) 90 % of drugs do not proceed past the 2nd phase because they are found to be ineffective.
2) In the second phase, clients with the disease or condition that the drug will treat are given the drug to determine doses and side effects
3) The clinical stage of research involves extensive testing on animals in the laboratory to determine if the drug will cause harm to humans.
4) Absorption, metabolism and excretion of a drug is determined in the first phase of clinical trials
5) A clinical trial will not be suspended until 2000-3000 people with the affected disease or condition have trialled the drug .

Question 11

The trade name for a drug is usually selected to be short and easy to remember. What is the reason the nurse does not use the trade name for a drug?
1) There are no trade names for combination drugs.
2) A drug can have more than one trade name.
3) The trade name will expire and no longer be used.
4) A company might change the trade name for a drug.

Question 12

In her first class in pharmacology, a student nurse asks why it is important to study drug protoNote: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
1) It is not always the most commonly ordered drug in its class.
2) It predicts actions of other drugs in the same therapeutic classification.
3) It may predict similar adverse effects of drugs in the same therapeutic classification.
4) It is a well-understood drug model with which other drugs in a pharmacological class are compared.

Question 13

Mr Brisbois is in the pre-operative assessment clinic for consults before his knee replacement. . The pharmacist asks him about prescription, OTC and herbals remedies that he is currently taking. Mr Brisbois asks him why information on herbals is important. What is the best response?
1) Herbal remedies may be ordered to enhance recovery.
2) Herbals can be substituted for prescribed drugs because of their decreased incidence of adverse effects
3) Some herbals may contain the same ingredients as prescription drugs in different forms.
4) Herbals may be ordered instead of prescription drugs to control costs

Question 14

Chemical names are assigned for each drug. What are the major reasons for why nurses usually do not use the chemical name of the drugs? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1) They are usually not brief or easy to remember.
2) They are often difficult to pronounce.
3) There is no standard for assigning names.
4) They do not explain the nature of the drug.
5) There is only one chemical name for each drug.

Question 15

While many substances can be considered drugs, which of the following drug definitions is the most accurate?
1) Any substance that is found in nature or that normally occurs in the body.
2) Any substance that is synthesized and tested in the laboratory setting.
3) Substances that are taken to prevent, cure, or reduce symptoms of a medical condition
4) Substances that can be isolated from natural substances in nature

Question 16

In clinical trials, a new drug is tested on healthy individuals.Which of the following is a reason for this step in the process?
1) To determine adverse effects.
2)To identify how a drug is metabolized
3) To determine drug incompatibilities.
4) To maximize a drugs effectiveness at different doses.

Question 17

What key elements are included in the definition of Pharmacology? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1) Physiological effects of drugs
2) Chemical makeup of drugs
3) Formularies of drugs
4) Approval processes for new drugs
5) Mechanism of action

Question 18

Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Standard Text: Select all that apply.
A student nurse is learning about how drugs are dispensed in her pharmacology class. Which of the following are considered true in dispensing of prescription drugs when compared to over the counter (OTC)?
1) May only be obtained by a physician
2) Are easily obtainable
3) Choice of drug is usually more specific
4) Frequency of the drug can be controlled

Question 19

The client asks the charge nurse how the health care provider will decide which medication to prescribe. The nurse bases her response on which characteristics of the "ideal drug?" Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1) Effectively treats, prevents, or cures the client's condition
2) Is slowly eliminated by the body so that it can produce its effects over a prolonged period of time
3) Produces minimal adverse effects
4) Produces a rapid and predictable response
5) Is inexpensive and easily accessible

Question 20

Pharmacotherapy is a critical intervention for many conditions, and a key part of nursing intervention. Which statement best describes pharmacotherapy?
1) The study of medicine and drug therapy
2) The application of natural substances to cure diseases
3) The application of drugs for the prevention and treatment of disease and human suffering
4) The understanding of the difference between trade and generic medications

Question 21

The nurse recognizes that adding a vasoconstrictor to a local anesthetic agent will have which effect on absorption of the anesthetic agent?
1) It will increase blood flow to the area.
2) It will help to eliminate the drug sooner.
3) It will produce a more localized effect.
4) It will slow absorption of the agent.

Question 22

As students were learning about drug schedules, they were asked to explore their neighbourhood pharmacy to help them understand the different criteria for each drug schedule. Which of the following drugs would the students accurately identify belong in Schedule I? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
1) Cough medicines
2) Anti-hypertensives
3) Vaccines
4) Narcotics
5) Extra strength Tylenol

Question 23

A client receiving metoprolol (Lopressor), a substrate of the CYP2D6 system, is started on amiodarone (Cordarone), an inhibitor of the CYP2D6 system. What should the nurse plan to do?
1) Monitor for signs of amiodarone toxicity.
2) Administer both drugs on an empty stomach.
3) Monitor for prolonged effects of the Lopressor.
4) Administer the medications at least two hours apart.

Question 24

When a drug is ordered for a client, what is the nurse responsible for knowing and understanding about the drug? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
1) Trade name
2) Contraindications
3) Intended use
4) Adverse effects
5) Gender considerations

Question 25

The nurse checks a newly ordered medication and finds it to be 92% protein bound. How much of the medication is not readily available for distribution?
1) 100%.
2) 8%.
3) 50%.
4) 92%.

Question 26

A client has been started on diltiazem (Cardizem), a susbstrate of the cytochrome CYP3A4 isoenzyme system. The client also takes phenobarbital, an inducer of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme system, for seizures. What does the nurse recognize about diltiazem?
1) It will not be able to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB).
2) It will be metabolized by the kidneys.
3) It might be inactivated at a faster rate than normal.
4) It might be excreted at a slower rate.

Question 27

The nurse has just administered a client's morning dose of medications following a high-fat breakfast. How will the absorption of the medication be affected?
1) It will be blocked.
2) It will be slowed.
3) It will be accelerated.
4) It will not be affected.

Question 28

A client is admitted to the hospital with high blood pressure. He is being cared for by a student nurse. The health care provider orders a diuretic and tells the student this medication will lower the client's blood pressure by decreasing intravascular fluid volume. What does this description address? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1) The drug's mechanism of action
2) The drug's pharmacologic classification
3) How the drug produces its effects in the body
4) The drug's therapeutic classification
5) What condition is being treated by the drug

Question 29

When the nurse administers a drug that must move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, what mechanism will the drug require?
1) Simple diffusion
2) Active transport
3) An intravenous route
4) A transdermal delivery system

Question 30

The nurse recognizes that when a client is receiving a lipid-soluble medication, higher concentrations will accumulate in which tissues?
1) Cardiac muscle
2) Liver
3) Bone marrow
4) Skeletal muscle

Question 31

What are the four phases of pharmacokinetics that a drug goes through?
1) Absorption, passive transport, ionization, and metabolism
2) Diffusion, bioavailability, metabolism, and excretion
3) Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
4) Active transport, ionization, diffusion, and excretion

Question 32

The client says to the nurse, "I wonder if I am considered a drug addict. I went to pick up my medication from the drug store and the pharmacist told me that the drug was a controlled substance." What does that mean? Which response by the nurse is the most accurate?
1) "If you continue on this medication for a long time, you will become addicted to it."
2) "You are not an addict, but the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act requires that your prescription drug habits be monitored."
3) "Any drug that has a potential for abuse is considered a controlled substance and is restricted. The pharmacist is responsible for sharing this information with you."
4) "Do you think that you are addicted to your medication?"

Question 33

The nurse is reviewing the role of diffusion in the distribution of medications. Drugs that cannot be distributed by simple diffusion include those with which characteristics? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1) Large molecules
2) Ionization
3) Water-soluble agents
4) Alcohol
5) Urea

Question 34

The student nurse is administering an antibiotic for her patient with a wound abscess. She asks her instructor what requirements are necessary for the antibiotic to reach it's target cells. What is the instructors best response?
1) "The drug needs to be lipid soluble."
2) "There needs to be adequate blood perfusion to the area."
3) "The drug to be bio-available in an acidic environment."
4) "The drug needs to be administered in topical form."

Question 35

Which of the following is true about a drug's generic name? 1 It is the proprietary name of the drug
2 It describes the pharmacological properties of a drug.
3) A drug can have more than one generic name
4) It is assigned by the manufacturer of the drug

Question 36

Mr Maris goes to the pharmacy to pick up his prescriptions following his surgery. The pharmacist tells him that one of his medications is a controlled substance. How does the pharmacist explain to Mr Maris how this medication is different from his other prescriptions?
1) Controlled drugs may only be dispensed at hospital pharmacies where high security measures are in place
2) The Narcotic Control Regulation controls which patients physicians can order narcotics for.
3) The pharmacist can control the amount and dose of drug prescribed according to the Narcotic Control Regulations
4) These drugs are regulated under the Controlled Substances and Drugs Act to reduce the availability of drugs that may be harmful if misused.

Question 37

The nurse is teaching a client the importance of taking the medication as prescribed. Client teaching is guided by the nurse's knowledge of which principles of pharmacokinetics? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1) A medication taken by injection must cross the membranes of the gastrointestinal tract to get to the blood stream before it can be distributed throughout the body.
2) A drug may be exposed to several physiological processes while en route to target cells.
3) Liver enzymes may chemically change the drug.
4) Excretion organs such as kidneys and intestines must be healthy enough to eliminate the drug.
5) Many processes to which drugs are exposed are destructive, thereby facilitating the drug's movement throughout the body.

Question 38

A client is admitted to the burn unit with 75% body surface area burns. Which orders would be appropriate for this client to control pain? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1) Morphine 10 mg IV every 2 to 4 hours as needed for pain
2) Morphine 10 mg IM every 2 to 4 hours as needed for pain
3) Morphine 10 mg transdermal patch every 2 to 4 hours as needed for pain
4) Morphine 10 mg sublingual every 2 to 4 hours as needed for pain
5) Morphine 10 mg subcutaneous every 2 to 4 hours as need for pain

Question 39

During pharmacology class, a student asks her instructor how protein binding affects the pharmacokinetics of a drug. What is the instructors's best response?
1) "The duration of action will be prolonged."
2) "Drug excretion will be accelerated."
3) "Metabolism of the drug will be delayed."
4) "The onset of drug action will be prolonged."

Question 40

The student nurse has attended a class on the various drug schedules, and how drugs are categorized for distribution in Canada. Which of the following statements by the student indicates her understanding of drug schedules?
1) All prescription drugs are categorized under Schedule II.
2) Controlled substances are in a subcategory Schedule F
3) Factors influencing which schedule a drug belongs include potential abuse and adverse reactions
4) Schedule I drugs are only available only from a pharmacist; must be retained in an area with no public access

Question 41

The nurse reads that a drug undergoes enterohepatic recirculation. How would the nurse explain this process to a colleague?
1) This drug must be given several times a day.
2) The drug will have a very low therapeutic effect.
3) The drug will be concentrated in the liver.
4) The drug might have a prolonged activity in the body.

Question 42

The nurse is teaching a young woman about taking medications while breast feeding. Which statement by the woman indicates that she understood the instructions?
1) "I will be sure to take medications just before breast-feeding."
2) "I know it is safe to take over-the-counter meds, but not prescription meds."
3) "I will check with my health care provider before taking any medication."
4) "I will only use herbal supplements while breast-feeding."

Question 43

A client is receiving an antibiotic with the potential for nephrotoxicity. Which item should the nurse should plan to monitor?
1) Urinary concentration of the drug
2) Route of drug administration
3) Plasma levels of the drug
4) Rate of intravenous administration

Question 44

Following the administration of a loading dose of an antibiotic, which dosing schedule does the nurse anticipate will follow?
1) A second loading dose
2) Regularly intermittent doses of the antibiotic
3) Alternating high and low doses of the antibiotic
4) Daily bolus injections

Question 45

What does the nurse anticipate about the medications ordered for a client with liver disease?
1) They will be in lower doses than normal.
2) They will be administered by the parenteral route.
3) They will need to be divided evenly throughout the day.
4) They will need to be given with an antacid.

Question 46

The nurse is caring for a client who is receiving medications from several different classifications for the treatment of multiple health problems. Which of the following medications or classifications does the nurse anticipate prolonged activity due to enterohepatic recirculation? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1) Mebendazole (Vermox)
2) Digoxin (Lanoxin)
3) Phenothiazines
4) Topical steroids
5) Topical anti-infectives

Question 47

A client has been started on a medication for postoperative pain. When does the nurse anticipate the client will receive optimal pain relief?
1) When the drug concentrates in the muscle tissue
2) When the drug reaches a therapeutic range
3) When the drug achieves a minimal effective concentration
4) When the drug approaches a toxic concentration

Question 48

A client asks the nurse why his dose of an antihypertensive medication is different from his neighbour's dose, stating, "We both take the exact same drug, but I take 60 mg and he takes only 25 mg." Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate?
1) "If your neighbour is a lot younger than you, his dose might be a lot lower."
2) "Individuals often have widely different responses to the same medications and need different doses of the same medication."
3) "If your neighbour takes other medications, he might need to take a lower dose of the medication than you."
4) "If you are taking a generic brand of the medication, you will need a higher dose than you would of a brand name of the same medication."

Question 49

A client is prescribed a loading dose of a cardiac glycoside for an exacerbation of heart failure. When the client comments, "I usually take a much lower dose." hich response by the nurse is the most appropriate?
1) "Giving a large dose will reduce the incidence of side effects."
2) "You are being given a large dose in order to increase blood levels of the drug quickly."
3) "The health care provider ordered this dose, so I need to administer it."
4) "Your usual dose is no longer effective, you need to be on a higher dose now."

Question 50

A health care provider has discontinued the client's medication, digoxin (Lanoxin). Recalling that this drug undergoes enterohepatic recirculation, which statement does the nurse make to the client?
1) "You might continue to have effects of the drug for a few weeks."
2) "You might experience some toxic effects from the drug in the next few days."
3) "Expect to experience some side effects until the drug is totally eliminated."
4) "The drug will be totally out of your system in the next 48 hours."

Question 51

A client looks up the drug he is taking in a drug guide and asks the nurse why the health care provider prescribed a medication that has a lethal dose measure. Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate?
1) "Lethal dose just refers to what is done in research; it is not used by doctors to prescribe drugs."
2) "The lethal dose is a value determined in research that helps to establish the safe dose."
3) "All drugs have the capacity to be lethal, the effects will be monitored by your physician."
4) "Don't worry about that. I will have your doctor explain it to you."

Question 52

A student nurse asks her instructor why is it so important that we learn pharmacokinetics, isn't it enough to just learn the actions and side effects of the drugs we give? What is the instructors best response? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply
1) "Pharmacokinetics gives us important information about how different routes affect absorption."
2) "Pharmacokinetics offers us with information on how the bodies response to drugs are affected by different disease processes
3) "Pharmacokinetics provides nurses with specific information on what may impact how long a drug stays in the system."
4) "Pharmacokinetics provides us with information on adverse effects and how these can be prevented."
5) "Pharmacokinetics provides the nurse with information on how plasma membranes change in order to move different forms of drugs throughout the body." Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.

Question 53

The nurse explains to a student nurse that the median lethal dose of drugs is often determined in laboratory preclinical trials. Which rationales best support why this is done? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1) It would be unethical to determine these values in human subjects.
2) The safety of the medication must be determined prior to clinical trials.
3) It is difficult to obtain sufficient participants for clinical trials.
4) Clinical trials determine only the effective dose of a drug.
5) It is too costly to conduct the studies during clinical trials.

Question 54

The nursing instructor is teaching student nurses about how the median effective dose of a medication is related to clinical practice. Which statement reflects understanding by the student?
1) "About 50% of clients will experience severe side effects from the drug."
2) "About 50% of clients will not experience any effect from the drug."
3) "Some clients will respond differently, depending on their ethnic background."
4) "Some clients will require more or less than the average dose of the drug."

Question 55

The nurse is preparing to medicate a client for a migraine headache. The nurse should choose the drug with which half-life?
1) 10 to 20 hours
2) 5 to 10 days
3) 2 to 3 hours
4) 1 to 3 minutes

Question 56

The nurse is reviewing the concept of a drug's half-life for a student nurse. What is the nurses's best explanation?
1) It is the time it takes for one-half of the drug to be absorbed
2) It describes when one-half of the drug is eliminated by the body
3) It is the time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response
4) The time it takes the drug to reach the target tissue

Question 57

Which of the following routes are drugs eliminated from the body? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1) Fecal
2) Gastric
3) Glandular
4) Pulmonary
5) Renal

Question 58

The client and his wife receive the same medication for hypertension. The wife asks the nurse why she is receiving a higher dose of the medication. Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate?
1) "You have a greater percentage of body fat, so you need more medication."
2) "Females have a higher metabolism, so you need more medication."
3) "Your hormones are different from your husband's, so you need more medication."
4) "Everyone is unique and responds differently to medication."

Question 59

The nurse is administering a drug with a half-life of 6 hours. The nurse understands the client will eliminate most of the drug in how many hours?
1) 36
2) 24
3) 6
4) 12

Question 60

The nurse is preparing to administer felodipine to a hospitalized client. The nurse assesses the client for which disorders that may cause an increased risk for adverse effects associated with this medication due to its extended half-life? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.
1) Renal disease
2) Liver disease
3) Gastrointestinal disease
4) Cardiac disease
5) Pulmonary disease

Question 61

The nurse is discussing the difference between potency and efficacy with a client who has just received a prescription to treat congestive heart failure. Which statement by the client indicates that learning has occurred?
1) "The best drug for me is the one with the greatest efficacy."
2) "A drug with the greatest efficacy will produce the least side effects."
3) "Low-potency drugs have efficacy and do not produce side effects."
4) "The best drug for me is the one with the highest potency."

Question 62

A client receiving antibiotics for a serious infection asks the nurse, "Why don't you just give me more of that drug to cure the infection faster?" Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate?
1) "I will check with the doctor to see if it is time to increase the medication."
2) "You are at maximum dose; taking more will not help."
3) "You are at a maximum dose; taking more will cause interactions with other medications."
4) "You must stay on this drug for two more weeks before the dosage can be increased."

Question 63

The nurse is preparing to administer a medication to a client on a medical-surgical unit. The median lethal dose of the drug is 40 mg, and the median effective dose is 10 mg. The nurse calculates the therapeutic index to be _____. Standard Text:

Question 64

The nurse has taught a group of clients how their medications work in their bodies. Which comment by a client reflects correct understanding of the teaching?
1) "The normal function of a cell is enhanced or blocked by medications."
2) "Medications help the body produce new enzymes."
3) "Body tissue functions are changed by medications."
4) "Medications change the function of cells in the body."

Question 65

Prior to administering medications, the nurse notes that a drug has a narrow therapeutic index. What is the significance of this information?
1) It determines whether the health are provider has prescribed the best drug for the client
2) It can predict when a client will begin to experience toxic drug effects
3) It can determine interactions among the drugs the client is receiving
4) It will determine clients who will need to have serum blood levels monitored

Question 66

The nurse is researching a drug recently released on the market to determine what the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) was in preclinical trials. The nurse recognizes that this number reflects which fact?
1) The dose at which 50% of the research animals died
2) A measurement of the potency of the drug
3) The value of relative safety of the drug
4) The dose that produced signs of toxicity in 50% of lab animals

Question 67

What does the nurse responsible for administering narcotics to post-operative patients understand is true about the potency of narcotics?
1) Codeine is less potent than morphine; it will not produce an allergic reaction.
2) Codeine is less potent than morphine; it will not relieve pain as well.
3) Morphine is more potent than codeine; it will produce more adverse effects.
4) Morphine is more potent than codeine; a lesser dose will be required.

Question 68

The student nurse has been reading about the Human Genome Project, and asks the nursing instructor how it will affect future pharmacological therapies. Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate?
1) "It will help prevent disease through gene manipulation, but will not impact drugs."
2) "We will be able to alter genes, so we will not need drugs,"
3) "We will be able to standardize drug doses to make prescribing easier."
4) "It will help to individualize drug therapy for people in a more effective way."

Question 69

Morphine is a drug that mimics the actions of endorphins at the opioid receptors. Which of the following term best describes this action?
1) Idiosyncratic response
2) Receptor ligands 3 Antagonist
4) Agonist

Question 70

The nurse administers a medication that binds to a beta receptor on the cardiac muscle, resulting in stimulation of the receptor. Which effect does the nurse anticipate when assessing the client?
1) A decrease in chest pain
2) An increase in heart rate
3) An increase in blood pressure
4) A decrease in electrical conduction

Question 71

The nurse is administering a medication that will bind to histamine-2 receptors in the stomach and block their action. The nurse explains to the client that this drug will cause which action?
1) A reduction in abdominal cramping
2) A decrease in stomach acidity
3) A reduction in nausea
4) An increase in stomach motility

Question 72

The nurse is researching a drug that has a median effective dose (ED₅₀) of 5 mg and a median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 20 mg. Which therapeutic index (TI) calculated by the nurse is correct?
1) 5
2) 4
3) 1
4) 10