Question 1

The cornerstone of drug treatment for bipolar disorder (manic-depression)consists of:&#10;A)tricylic antipressants.&#10;B)monoamine oxidase inhibitors.&#10;C)selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.&#10;D)lithium.&#10;E)dopamine agonists.

Accepted Answer

Lithium is the cornerstone of drug treatment for bipolar disorder. It is a mood stabilizer that can help prevent manic and depressive episodes. While other medications may be used in combination with lithium or as alternatives for specific symptoms, lithium is considered the first-line treatment for bipolar disorder.

Question 2

Patients who begin antidepressant drug therapy often experience a delay of at least ______ before they notice a decrease in depression.&#10;A)1 to 2 minutes&#10;B)1 to 2 hours&#10;C)1 to 2 days&#10;D)1 to 2 weeks&#10;E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

It takes about 1 to 2 weeks before patients notice a decrease in depression after starting antidepressant drug therapy.

Question 3

Aside from their antidepressant effects,tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline (Elavil,others)and nortriptyline (Aventyl,Pamelor)may be useful in treating:&#10;A)chronic pain syndromes.&#10;B)hypertension.&#10;C)viral infections.&#10;D)bacterial infections.&#10;E)gastric ulcers.

Accepted Answer

Tricyclic antidepressants have been shown to be effective in treating chronic pain syndromes, such as neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic headaches. They work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters that are involved in pain modulation. Tricyclic antidepressants are not typically used to treat hypertension, viral or bacterial infections, or gastric ulcers.

Question 4

Upon reaching the brain,most antidepressant drugs affect:&#10;A)amine neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and serotonin.&#10;B)amino acids such as leucine and isoleucine.&#10;C)carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose.&#10;D)acetylcholine.&#10;E)cerebral blood flow.

Accepted Answer

Most antidepressant drugs affect amine neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and serotonin to increase their availability in the brain, which can help regulate mood and alleviate symptoms of depression.

Question 5

Tricyclic antidepressants work by ______ the reuptake of ______ into the presynaptic terminal of certain central nervous system (CNS)neurons.&#10;A)increasing;amine neurotransmitters&#10;B)inhibiting;amine neurotransmitters&#10;C)increasing;amino acids&#10;D)inhibiting;amino acids&#10;E)increasing;acetylcholine

Accepted Answer

Tricyclic antidepressants inhibit the reuptake of amine neurotransmitters (such as serotonin and norepinephrine) into the presynaptic terminal, allowing them to remain in the synaptic cleft and exert their effects on the postsynaptic neuron. This leads to an increase in the availability of these neurotransmitters in the brain, which can alleviate symptoms of depression.

Question 6

Antidepressant drugs that inhibit the ______ enzyme allow more amine neurotransmitters to remain in the synaptic cleft and continue to exert an effect in CNS synapses involved in depression.&#10;A)cholinesterase&#10;B)sodium-potassium ATPase&#10;C)monoamine oxidase&#10;D)choline acetyltransferase&#10;E)dopa decarboxylase

Accepted Answer

Antidepressant drugs that inhibit the monoamine oxidase enzyme prevent the breakdown of amine neurotransmitters (such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin), allowing more of these neurotransmitters to remain in the synaptic cleft and exert an effect in CNS synapses involved in depression.

Question 7

Certain newer or second-generation antidepressants such as fluoxetine (Prozac),paroxetine (Paxil),and sertraline (Zoloft)have received attention because of their ability to selectively affect ______ reuptake at certain CNS synapses.

A)norepinephrine
B)dopamine
C)acetylcholine
D)5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)
E)gama-amino butyric acid (GABA)

Accepted Answer

These newer antidepressants are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which means they specifically target the reuptake of serotonin at certain CNS synapses. This increases the availability of serotonin in the brain and can help to alleviate symptoms of depression.

Question 8

Lithium has a tendency to accumulate in the body and reaches toxic levels (lithium toxicity)because:&#10;A)lithium elimination takes place almost exclusively through excretion in the urine.&#10;B)lithium is metabolized by hepatic enzymes.&#10;C)lithium is not absorbed easily from the gastrointestinal tract.&#10;D)all of the above&#10;E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Lithium elimination takes place almost exclusively through excretion in the urine. Therefore, if the kidneys are not functioning properly, there is a risk of lithium toxicity due to its accumulation in the body.

Question 9

Antidepressant drugs that selectively affect 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)neurotransmission may also cause &#34;serotonin syndrome&#34; which is characterized by:&#10;A)sweating.&#10;B)shivering.&#10;C)movement disorders (severe restlessness,dystonia,dyskinesia).&#10;D)muscle fasciculations.&#10;E)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Serotonin syndrome is characterized by all of the above symptoms, including sweating, shivering, movement disorders, muscle fasciculations, and more severe symptoms such as fever, seizures, and even death in extreme cases. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a common class of antidepressant drugs that can cause serotonin syndrome in combination with other medications or supplements that increase serotonin levels. It is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome and seek medical attention immediately if they occur.

Deck 7: Drugs Used to Treat Affective Disorders: Depression and Manic-Depression