Deck 5: C: Consciousness

Question 1

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n)__________ rhythm.

A)infradian
B)circadian
C)circannual
D)ultradian

Answer 1

B

Question 2

_______________,a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms,is secreted by the pineal gland.

A)Cortisol
B)Melanin
C)Estrogen
D)Melatonin

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is true of circadian rhythms?

A)They are artificial inventions of timekeepers.
B)They are internally driven and externally regulated cycles.
C)They are sequences of events that occur once a month.
D)They occur on the same schedule regardless of the changes from day to night.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Heart rate and urination are examples of a(n)__________ rhythm.

A)infradian
B)circadian
C)circannual
D)ultradian

Question 5

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

A)thalamus
B)hippocampus
C)retina
D)hypothalamus

Question 6

When endogenous rhythms are studied by removing all external time cues,what duration of circadian rhythm do most people adopt?

A)approximately 23-24 hours long
B)approximately 24-25 hours long
C)approximately 25-26 hours long
D)Humans are unable to maintain a normal circadian rhythm when external cues are removed.

Question 7

A circadian cycle is about ______ long.

A)90-100 minutes
B)28 days
C)1 year
D)24 hours

Question 8

______ levels of light lead to ________ levels of melatonin.

A)low;high
B)low;low
C)high;high
D)high;low

Question 9

A person's subjective awareness,including thoughts,perceptions,experiences of the world,and self-awareness is called

A)intelligence.
B)consciousness.
C)mindfulness.
D)creativity.

Question 10

The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the

A)optic nerve.
B)substantia nigra.
C)suprachiasmatic nucleus.
D)median forebrain bundle.

Question 11

The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the

A)morning.
B)early evening.
C)afternoon.
D)night.

Question 12

A biological cycle,or rhythm,that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n)___________ cycle.

A)infradian
B)circadian
C)circannual
D)ultradian

Question 13

Kendra is on a camping trip with several generations of her family.One night,the group decides to wake up the next morning at first light and go on a sunrise hike.If the sleep habits of her family members are typical for their ages,what should happen on the morning of the hike?

A)The middle-aged adults will be groggier and less alert than the teenagers.
B)The middle-aged adults will be more alert and function better than the teenagers.
C)The youngest children in the group will be the most alert because they require the least amount of sleep.
D)Everyone will be equally alert,regardless of age.

Question 14

Youssef spends a night at a sleep clinic.The technicians at the clinic hook Youssef up to sensors to measure respiration,body temperature,muscle movements,and brain activity while he sleeps.What technique is the clinic using to study Youssef's sleep pattern?

A)positive sleep state analysis (PSSA)
B)somnambulism
C)polysomnography
D)biofeedback

Question 15

While university students may sometimes be an exception,most humans sleep at night and are awake during the day.What maintains this relationship?

A)The eye relays messages to the brain about light levels,which synchronizes the circadian rhythms to the day-night cycle.
B)People get more exercise during daylight,which promotes alertness and wakefulness.
C)Ambient air temperature is cooler at night,which triggers the body to sleep.
D)Our internal biological clock is synchronized with the day-night cycle when we are born.

Question 16

What is the primary stimulus that regulates the "biological clock"that controls circadian rhythms?

A)light
B)time
C)pheromones
D)hormones

Question 17

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings,sensations,and thoughts?

A)thinking
B)cognition
C)conscience
D)consciousness

Question 18

Every fall,black bears move into dens and hibernate until the spring.This is an example of a(n)_________ rhythm.

A)seasonal
B)circadian
C)circannual
D)ultradian

Question 19

The menstrual cycle is an example of a(n)________ rhythm.

A)infradian
B)circadian
C)circannual
D)ultradian

Question 20

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age?

A)We require more sleep as we age.
B)As we age,we tend to need less sleep.
C)We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood,less sleep in adolescence and early adulthood,and then more sleep in middle and older age.
D)The amount of sleep we require does not follow a consistent pattern as we age.

Question 21

Emily is currently in stage 1 sleep.This means she is

A)experiencing theta waves and light sleep.
B)experiencing delta waves and walking in her sleep.
C)relaxed but awake.
D)hard to waken and her muscles are completely relaxed.

Question 22

Mukisa is a participant in a sleep study.After about 30 minutes of sleep,she enters stage 4.What are the researchers most likely to observe when studying Mukisa during this period?

A)slow,rolling eye movements
B)reports of vivid,unrealistic dreams if Mukisa is awakened
C)slow brain waves called delta waves
D)fast brain waves called alpha waves

Question 23

Which stage of sleep is characterized by sleep spindles?

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)REM

Question 24

From which stage of sleep would it be the easiest to wake someone up?

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)REM

Question 25

Emilio is currently in stage 2 sleep.This means his EEG is showing __________ waves.

A)only delta
B)occasional delta
C)occasional bursts of rapid,high-peaking
D)only small,irregular

Question 26

_____________ is the discomfort one feels when sleep cycles are out of synchronization with light and darkness.

A)REM rebound
B)Jet lag
C)Sleep displacement
D)Sleep deprivation

Question 27

A person who gets very little sleep one night is likely to spend an increased amount in ____________ sleep,relative to the other stages,the following night.

A)NREM
B)stage 2
C)stage 4
D)REM

Question 28

Maxine is currently sleeping.She is experiencing delta waves and is very hard to waken.Maxine is in __________ sleep.

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 4
D)REM

Question 29

Kendra stays up all night partying with her friends.Based on sleep deprivation research,what is she likely to experience the next day?

A)normal levels of wakefulness
B)sleepiness for the entire day
C)periods of sleepiness and periods of normal wakefulness
D)severe cognitive impairment for the entire day

Question 30

John will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he

A)takes a sleeping pill before bed.
B)drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping.
C)did not sleep much last night.
D)had vivid dreams last night.

Question 31

If conducting sleep research,what brain waves would you expect to observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep?

A)alpha then delta
B)delta then theta
C)alpha then theta
D)delta then alpha

Question 32

Brain activity during sleep

A)is relatively uniform,does not change throughout the night,and is not correlated with physiological changes in body.
B)is identical to activity during the waking state.
C)is almost nonexistent.
D)is correlated with changes in muscle tension,breathing,and other physiological responses.

Question 33

What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1-4 of sleep?

A)REM sleep
B)non-REM sleep
C)deep sleep
D)paradoxical sleep

Question 34

REM sleep has been called "paradoxical sleep"because

A)the brain is very active,yet the body is entirely inactive.
B)the body is very active and restless,but the brain is very inactive.
C)the eyes are closed even though the person is technically awake.
D)colourful dreams occur,in contrast to the black-and-white dreams of NREM sleep.

Question 35

The ________ hypothesis states that sleep is necessary for fixing the wear and tear caused to the body during the day.

A)restore and repair
B)activation-synthesis
C)preserve and protect
D)waste removal

Question 36

A full sleep cycle (from stage 1 to REM)lasts approximately

A)20 minutes.
B)90-100 minutes.
C)6-8 hours.
D)8-10 hours.

Question 37

Short,rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during stage 2 sleep are called

A)delta waves.
B)sleep spindles.
C)paradoxical sleep waves.
D)beta waves.

Question 38

Which of the following statements supports the "preserve and protect"hypothesis of sleep?

A)People tend to require more sleep after a hard day of work.
B)Sleep deprivation can lead to impaired cognitive abilities.
C)Jet lag is usually worse when travelling east than it is when travelling west.
D)Many small animals sleep during the day,when they could be easily seen by a predator.

Question 39

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

A)electromyogram (EMG)
B)electrocardiogram (EKG)
C)electro-oculogram (EOG)
D)electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 40

Which hypothesis predicts that long-term sleep deprivation would cause cognitive decline and physical problems,such as an impaired immune system?

A)preserve and protect
B)activation-synthesis
C)restore and repair
D)problem-solving

Question 41

The problem-solving explanation of dreaming suggests that

A)the symbols and metaphors in a dream disguise a person's true unresolved problems.
B)dreams are usually about our everyday problems and may even help us to solve those problems.
C)dreams occur because of cortical activity trying to make sense of random brainstem signals.
D)individuals with superior critical-thinking skills dream more often than others.

Question 42

Steve is currently undergoing psychoanalysis.His therapist asks him to write down everything he remembers about his dreams upon awakening.According to Freud's theory of dreaming,Steve is writing about the __________ content of his dreams.

A)latent
B)activation-synthesis
C)manifest
D)unconscious

Question 43

The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming states that

A)the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes,thoughts,and conflicts.
B)dreams occur because of random brainstem signals and cortical activity trying to make sense of the signals.
C)dreaming is a by-product of waste removal and restoration in the brain.
D)dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections.

Question 44

Jet lag is typically the worst when travelling

A)north.
B)south.
C)east.
D)west.

Question 45

If Alice's strange adventures in Wonderland were actually the dreams of a young girl,they probably occurred when she was in __________ sleep.

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 4
D)REM

Question 46

Individuals who are most likely to suffer from insomnia are

A)young adults (18-25 year olds).
B)infants (0-1 year olds).
C)seniors (75+ year olds).
D)middle-aged men (35-55 year olds).

Question 47

Interpretation of the ________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the ________ content.

A)latent;manifest
B)manifest;latent
C)manifest;sublimated
D)metaphorical;denotative

Question 48

Dr.Sanchez is a psychoanalyst who is interested in analyzing dreams using Freud's perspective.As a psychoanalyst,he focuses on interpreting the __________ content of his clients' dreams in an attempt to understand their unconscious wishes and thoughts that may be expressed symbolically in their dreams.

A)latent
B)patent
C)manifest
D)marginal

Question 49

The psychoanalytic theory of dreaming states that

A)the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes and urges.
B)there is no purpose to dreaming;dreams occur because of random brainstem signals.
C)the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems that we are conscious of.
D)dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections.

Question 50

The ________theory suggests that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake.

A)problem-solving
B)manifest content
C)restoration
D)activation-synthesis

Question 51

Which approach to explaining dreams is best supported by the fact that students who are worried about getting a good grade in a class often have recurring dreams of running out of time on exams,oversleeping and missing class,or suddenly realizing that a paper deadline was just missed?

A)The wish-fulfilment theory
B)The problem-solving approach
C)The dream-learning theory
D)The activation-synthesis approach

Question 52

The synthesis aspect of the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming relates to

A)the unconscious effort to make sense of repressed urges and emotions.
B)brain activity associated with problem-solving.
C)brainstem activity attempting to make sense of random neuronal firing.
D)cortical activity attempting to make sense of random neuronal firing.

Question 53

One criticism of the _______________ theory is that there is little to no evidence that the brain can find solutions to our concerns while we sleep.

A)wish-fulfilment
B)problem-solving
C)dream-learning
D)activation-synthesis

Question 54

Freud called the hidden meaning of a dream its __________ content.

A)surface
B)manifest
C)unconscious
D)latent

Question 55

According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming,the source of a dream is neuronal firing in the

A)occipital lobe.
B)frontal lobe.
C)thalamus.
D)brainstem.

Question 56

During which part of sleep are you most likely to dream?

A)stage 1
B)NREM
C)stage 4
D)REM sleep

Question 57

The _________approach to dreaming suggests that our dreams are simply a modification of the thinking that occurs when we are awake.

A)problem-solving
B)psychoanalytic
C)cortical processing
D)activation-synthesis

Question 58

According to Freud,the visible or directly observable content of a dream is its __________ content.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)manifest
D)latent

Question 59

The activation-synthesis theory proposes that

A)the brain tries to make sense of random neural activity by creating dream narratives.
B)the cortex is inactive during dreaming,so dreaming is completely controlled by the brainstem.
C)the activity in the brainstem constructs or synthesizes dream narratives.
D)dreams are active attempts to synthesize solutions to problems.

Question 60

Insomnia affects about _______________ Canadians.

A)1 in 3
B)1 in 5
C)1 in 7
D)1 in 10

Question 61

If your physician says you need a treatment called a CPAP device,you are likely suffering from

A)maintenance insomnia.
B)narcolepsy.
C)sleep apnea.
D)terminal insomnia.

Question 62

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep throughout the night is known as

A)somnambulism.
B)cataplexy.
C)narcolepsy.
D)insomnia.

Question 63

Vanya's legs bother him while he tries to sleep,and he feels the need to constantly move them into different positions.Sometimes it even causes him to wake up in the middle of the night.Vanya would be most likely to be diagnosed with

A)restless legs syndrome.
B)terminal insomnia.
C)REM behaviour disorder.
D)somnambulism.

Question 64

Sleep displacement would occur in which scenario?

A)flying from Victoria BC to Moncton NB
B)flying from Toronto ON to Regina SK
C)flying from Halifax NS to Calgary AB
D)flying from St.John's NL to Montreal QC

Question 65

When Omercan was a teenager,he began experiencing periods when he had a lot of trouble staying awake during the day,even though he was getting enough sleep each night.He would also experience sudden sleep "attacks"where he would collapse to the floor in the middle of an activity.Omercan suffered from

A)sleep apnea.
B)terminal insomnia.
C)narcolepsy.
D)REM behaviour disorder.

Question 66

A diagnosis of insomnia is based primarily on which of the following?

A)number of hours of sleep on an average night
B)a polysomnogram recording
C)the degree to which a person feels rested during the day
D)an EEG recording

Question 67

When he was a young child,Javier would sometimes wake up in the middle of the night screaming.He wouldn't remember having a bad dream,but would remember experiencing raw panic.Javier was most likely experiencing

A)night terrors.
B)somnambulism.
C)REM behaviour disorder.
D)nightmares.

Question 68

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which

A)a person suddenly falls asleep without warning during the day.
B)a person has difficulty remaining asleep.
C)a person periodically stops breathing during sleep.
D)a person experiences a persistent discomfort in their legs.

Question 69

______________ occur during REM sleep,while __________________ occur during NREM sleep.

A)Night terrors;nightmares
B)Nightmares;night terrors
C)Dreams;nightmares
D)Nightmares;dreams

Question 70

_______________ is a sleep disorder involving excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden,unpredictable lapses into sleep.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Terminal insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)REM behaviour disorder

Question 71

Narcolepsy involves

A)unpredictable daytime attacks of sleep.
B)brief interruptions in breathing during sleep.
C)acting out dreams.
D)the inability to get to sleep or maintain sleep.

Question 72

Which sleep disorder involves people literally acting out their dreams?

A)somnambulism
B)REM rebound
C)REM behaviour disorder
D)restless legs syndrome

Question 73

Octavia's muscle movements are not inhibited when she is dreaming.As a result,she literally acts out her dreams,sometimes injuring herself in the process.Octavia appears to suffer from

A)restless legs syndrome.
B)somnambulism.
C)narcolepsy.
D)REM behaviour disorder.

Question 74

__________ involve(s)wandering during NREM sleep.

A)Night terrors
B)Somnambulism
C)REM behaviour disorder
D)Restless legs syndrome

Question 75

Which of the following is TRUE about sleepwalking?

A)Waking a sleepwalker can cause severe psychological distress in the sleeping individual.
B)Sleepwalking is a sign of an underlying emotional disturbance.
C)Sleepwalking involves acting out dreams.
D)Sleepwalking is more prevalent in childhood.

Question 76

___________________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep,causing the person to gasp for air.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)Non-REM sleep

Question 77

If you have been waking up too early for several weeks,you are probably suffering from _________ insomnia.

A)terminal
B)onset
C)maintenance
D)reverse

Question 78

REM behaviour disorder results from

A)the body not inhibiting movement during NREM sleep.
B)an imbalance in orexin.
C)the body not inhibiting movement during REM sleep.
D)deterioration of the medial hypothalamus.

Question 79

Which of the following is true about nightmares and night terrors?

A)They are interchangeable names for the same phenomenon.
B)Night terrors reflect an individual's phobia,whereas nightmares involve fictional content such as monsters.
C)Nightmares are a type of dream,whereas night terrors are not.
D)Nightmares reflect an individual's phobia,whereas night terrors involve fictional content such as monsters.

Question 80

_______ is a disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Terminal insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)Orexin-deficiency