Deck 1: Fmttlhistorical and Theoretical Influences of Childrearing

Question 1

Which of the following describes John Watson's views regarding childrearing?

A) He recommended that parents of infants disregard their natural inclinations to respond to their crying infants.
B) He was supportive of parental expressions of affection for their children.
C) He provided scientific evidence to support his views of childrearing.
D) He did not influence American parents very much.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Freud's view of the nature of the child reflected the philosophical perspective of the French philosopher, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, that:

A) Children are basically sinful.
B) Under optimal conditions children's innate talents would emerge.
C) Children's minds are blank slates at birth, to be molded by their caretakers.
D) Children are like adults, with all the faculties of maturity on a reduced scale.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT true of the childrearing beliefs of the Early Puritans in the United States?

A) Early American parenting patterns were shaped by scientific theory.
B) Early American parents believed that children's willfulness was due to their inherent sinfulness.
C) They practiced firm discipline which included a strong belief in corporal punishment
D) Parents expected strict obedience and submission from their children, not independence or assertiveness.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following statements reflect the views of Rene Spitz?

A) Responsiveness of the caregiver to infants' cries and other gestures of communication are crucial to infant development.
B) Infants and children in orphanages who were provided scheduled care showed normal development.
C) Many of the infants and children in orphanages who did not get responsive care became overweight.
D) There are few differences between infants and children raised by their biological parents and their counterparts in orphanages.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT what Watson believed?

A) He believed that he had scientific evidence showing that children should get little affection.
B) He believed that the fixations of children resulted from too much infant hugging, kissing, and coddling.
C) He believed that the parent was not very important in molding the child's personality.
D) He believed that parents should ignore their natural inclinations to be nurturing and responsive to their children.

Question 6

Which of the following is true regarding Spock's advice to parents:

A) He said that children need to experience the love of their parents but also emphasized that children need limits.
B) He downplayed the importance of parental responsiveness to children.
C) He downplayed the importance of parental limits.
D) All of the above

Question 7

The popularity of Watson's beliefs regarding how parents should rear their children was due to his views being:

A) Published in popular journals such as McCalls and broadcast on the radio.
B) Published in academic journals.
C) Supported by scientific evidence.
D) Published in the best seller, Raising a Well Disciplined Child.

Question 8

Which of the follow theorist is not associated with the idea of parental support for their children?

A) Erikson
B) Ainsworth
C) Vygotsky
D) Watson

Question 9

Which of the following represents Erikson's views of child development?

A) The quality of the parent-child relationship helps the child to resolve psychosocial crises at each stage of development.
B) Children benefit from scheduled care.
C) Parents should let their infants "cry it out."
D) Children are active participants in their cognitive development.

Question 10

Mary Ainsworth's perspective emphasizes that:

A) Socialization begins with personal attachment.
B) The infant is born helpless, requiring care.
C) Parents should respond to the feelings evoked by the child.
D) All of the above.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Benjamin Spock?

A) He questioned autocratic and unresponsive child-rearing approaches.
B) He challenged the permissive approach to parenting adopted by those parents who were influenced by the views of Freud.
C) He became well known via scholarly journals.
D) He became well known via popular journals.

Question 12

The autocratic approach to child socialization was influenced by:

A) Thomas Hobbes
B) Freudian Theory.
C) Watson's Psychological Theory
D) Attachment Theory

Question 13

The parenting pattern that developed as a result of Freudian influence reflected Freud's beliefs that:

A) Parents should be less harsh with their children.
B) Lenient parenting methods are detrimental to children's well being.
C) Children are inherently sinful.
D) Parents should not be affectionate toward their children.

Question 14

The popularity of Watson's beliefs regarding how parents should rear their children was due to his views being:

A) Broadcast on the radio.
B) Published in academic journals at the time.
C) Supported by empirical evidence.
D) All of the above

Question 15

Watson's child socialization recommendation was that:

A) Parents of infants should disregard their natural inclinations to respond to their crying infants and should feed their infants according to a strict schedule.
B) Parents should follow their natural impulses to be affectionate with their children.
C) Parents should not be overly strict.
D) Children should be unconditionally loved

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT true of G. Stanley Hall:

A) He received the first Ph.D. in psychology in the United States.
B) He began the Child Study Movement in the United States.
C) He believed that children are like adults, with all the faculties of maturity on a reduced scale.
D) He emphasized that adults should respect the true nature and needs of the child.

Question 17

Which of the following statements reflect/s the views of Thomas Hobbes?

A) He expressed the view that children should be unconditionally loved.
B) He proposed that parental authority when strictly applied upholds both a religious mandate and a cultural tradition.
C) He believed that the family is a democracy where the rights of all family members should be respected.
D) All of the above

Question 18

From the beginning of the 20^th Century to the present time, American parents' relationships with their children:

A) have not changed at all.
B) have undergone slight change.
C) have undergone considerable change.
D) have not been studied at all.

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding Benjamin Spock?

A) He reached American mothers who sought childrearing advice from academic journals.
B) He emphasized that children need limits within the context of warmth and affection.
C) He had little effect on American parents.
D) He stressed the need for scheduled care.

Question 20

According to Bowlby & Ainsworth's studies of infant attachment, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

A) Sensitive responsiveness of the caregiver in stressful situations provides reassurance, comfort, and protection for the infant.
B) The sensitive responsiveness of the caregiver provides for the child an internalized working model of parental availability.
C) The use of scheduled care contributes to the development of attachment.
D) Infants, whose caregivers are emotionally and physically available to them, develop secure attachment.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT true of democratic parenting which grew out of Adler's Social Discipline Theory?

A) Parents and children are equal in terms of responsibility and privilege.
B) Both parents and children have equal worth.
C) The attitude of equal worth is played out in valuing the needs and desires of each family member.
D) As applied to families, all member of a household are allowed to raise issues and other family members are expected to respect issues raised by any member.

Question 22

Social Learning Theory emphasizes what the child brings to a learning situation and identifies ______________ and _________________ as being important to the learning process.

A) Imitation and Modeling
B) Personality and Willfulness
C) Environment and Individual Maturity
D) Parenting and Discipline

Question 23

B. F. Skinner challenged our understanding of children's behavior by explaining all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Reinforcement of appropriate behavior is more effective than is the punishment of inappropriate behavior.
B) Consequences can promote, maintain, and decrease certain behaviors in children.
C) The absorbent minds of children make punishment an effective way to shape behavior.
D) In order for parents to be effective in their childrearing efforts, they should have a basic understanding of the role of contingencies in affecting behavior.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT true of Jean Piaget?

A) Piaget's view of infants and children is that they are cognitively capable human beings with inborn reflexes that are very quickly altered by their active engagement of the environment.
B) Piaget's view of children as active participants in the development of their own mental structures reflects those of Montessori.
C) Piaget's theory of how children learn extended beyond the first 6 years that were the focus of Montessori.
D) Piaget focused on cognitive development during early childhood.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT true of the views of Montessori?

A) All children have absorbent minds.
B) All children want to learn.
C) All children pass through stages of psychosocial development.
D) All children pass through sensitive period of development.

Question 26

After years of believing that a child's nature dictates the best approach to parenting, new theorists began identifying other influences of a child's development and more effective parenting strategies were proposed. Adler suggested:

A) That we needed an increased awareness of the impact of family relationships on a child's development and advocated that autocratic parent-child relationships be replaced by democratic parent-child relationships.
B) That there are multiple influences on parental childrearing behaviors, including the children themselves, the parents' families of origin, the community in which the family lives, and the culture in which the family is a part.

Question 27

According to Montessori, the ______________________ is a genetically determined timetable during which certain developmental changes occur when normal environmental conditions are present, such as the development of infant attachment, or the early development of language.

A) Chronosystem
B) Ecological system
C) Vicarious reinforcement
D) Sensitive period of development

Question 28

Which of the following describes the process of guided participation?

A) Parents are taught how to carry out family meetings using a democratic family model.
B) The teacher engages the learner in joint activities providing instruction as well as direct involvement in the learning process.
C) The effect of time on a child's development is explored using a chronosystem model.

Question 29

The Montessori philosophy of children explains the concept of the absorbent mind, as:

A) The child's mind unconsciously soaks up information from the environment resulting in the child's learning at a rapid pace.
B) The belief that children are do not need direct experience in order to learn new skills.
C) Children only learn through a scaffolding process.
D) Learning can only take place once a child has reached the developmental maturity of 6 years.

Question 30

Montessori's three golden rules for parents include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Allow freedom within limits.
B) Hold high expectations for behavior.
C) Respect the individuality of the child.
D) Resist imposing their own will and personality on the child.

Question 31

Which of the following does NOT describe Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory ?

A) It represents a model for studying people in their diverse social environments.
B) It draws attention to the assorted contexts that impact the socialization process and the ongoing development of the individual.
C) Has drawn attention to the fact that there are multiple influences on parental childrearing behaviors including the parents' family of origin, the community in which the family lives, and the culture in which the family is a part.
D) It emphasizes the importance of understanding children's natural instincts.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true of Maria Montessori?

A) She influenced the theories of Freud and Erikson
B) She influenced the work of Piaget
C) She was the first woman physician in Italy.
D) She developed a Method of Early Childhood Education.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT true of Lev Vygotsky?

A) The views of Lev Vygotsky have provided valuable insights regarding ways for parents to guide their children.
B) Lev Vygotsky developed a theory of children as passive participants in the learning process.
C) A primary contribution of Vygotsky's theory is that it addresses the issue of the role of context in child socialization.
D) Vygotsky was particularly interested in understanding the cognitive competencies that developed among the culturally diverse people of the previous Soviet Union.

Question 34

When teaching something new to a child, Vygotsky pointed out that:

A) Competencies come about as a result of interactions between novices and more skilled members of a society acting as tutors or mentors.
B) One can measure a child's capability by that child's performance of a skill the child has been accomplished already.
C) Children's development is enhanced when they work independently.
D) The young child's process of learning is passive and completely dependent on the environment.

Question 35

Which of the following statements reflect a basic premise of Social Learning Theory?

A) Children have a natural tendency to imitate.
B) Models of children's behavior can promote certain desired behaviors by understanding the natural instincts of the child.
C) Children need to be directly reinforced to learn a behavior.
D) All of the above

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT true of Social Learning Theory?

A) Social Learning Theory evolved from Skinner's Principles of Operant Conditioning.
B) The basic premise of Social Learning Theory was developed by Erikson and Froebel.
C) Children do not have to be directly reinforced or punished to learn a behavior.
D) Children learn through vicarious reinforcement or punishment which involves two interrelated strategies, imitation and modeling.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is NOT true of Jean Piaget?

A) The cognitive development of infants and children is enhanced by their active engagement of objects in their environment.
B) Piaget's view of children as being active participants in their development reflects the work of Montessori.
C) Piaget's theory of how children learn extends beyond the first 6 years that were the focus of Montessori.
D) Piaget emphasized guided participation of parents in children's learning experiences.

Question 38

The belief that child's play is work, meaning that it is through play that children learn, comes from the social research of:

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Caroline Pratt
C) B.F. Skinner
D) Benjamin Spock

Question 39

Which of the following reflects the childrearing advice associated with B. F. Skinner?

A) Behavior changes occur when certain consequences are contingent upon performance of desired behavior.
B) In order for parents to be effective in their childrearing efforts, parents should have a basic understanding of the role of natural instincts in affecting behavior.
C) The punishment of inappropriate behavior is just as effective as the reinforcement of appropriate behavior.
D) All children have absorbent minds.

Question 40

Which of the following describes Caroline Pratt's view of how adults should respond to children?:

A) She emphasized that parents and other caregivers should model the behaviors they wish their children to emulate.
B) She emphasized that parents should provide guided participation for their children.
C) She suggested that parents should provide reinforcement for behaviors they wish their children to repeat.
D) She believed that adults must be willing to see the child from the child's own horizons almost from the day the child is born.

Question 41

_____________ developed the Theory of Psychosexual Development to explain the ways in which the focus of children's sexual energy corresponds to their stage of development.

Question 42

According to Galinsky, parental role development:

A) Focuses on the ways in which the socio-emotional needs of the parent are balanced with the physical demands of the child.
B) Includes variations of developmental stages are dependent on the marital status of the parents.
C) Begins with the anticipation of the arrival of children and is continually adjusted according to the child's ongoing developing needs.
D) Is similar to Erikson's psychosocial development with crisis stages that must be resolved at various points of raising children.

Question 43

In the large-scale child care study conducted by the NICHD, all of the following were found to be predictors of children's outcomes. Of these, which was more important than actual time spent with the mother.

A) the quality of the infant's relationship with the mother,
B) the number of hours the child spent away from home
C) child-caregiver ratio, and caregiver turnover.
D) maternal sensitivity and alternate caregiver sensitivity

Question 44

The __________________________approach to child socialization was influenced by two primary sources: the Hobbesian perspective of childrearing which was prevalent throughout Europe for many centuries as well as the Calvinist Doctrine that influenced the childrearing beliefs of the Early Puritans in the United States.

Question 45

According to Erikson, the quality of the parent-child relationship affects the individual's ability to resolve ____________ ____________ related to each stage of development.

Question 46

According to Ainsworth, emotionally available caregivers contribute to the development of _____________ which is the "affectional tie that one person forms to another specific person, binding them together in space and enduring over time."

Question 47

B.F. Skinner developed the Principles of _____________ Conditioning, which emphasized the role of parents in reinforcing children's appropriate behavior.

Question 48

The presence of a grandmother in the same household or frequent visits from a grandmother increase the likelihood that

A) babies will develop secure attachments to their mothers
B) children will have higher test scores on cognitive development
C) improved health and cognitive outcomes for those children 3 years down the road.
D) All of the above
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

Question 49

The development of _______________Theory by Bowlby and Ainsworth, seriously challenged Watson's recommendation that parents not express affection toward their children.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT true of Family Systems Theory?

A) The events that influence the life of one person in a family affect the lives of all family members.
B) Normative events, such as the birth of children, or young adults leaving home to go to college, do not provoke changes in the family system.
C) The behavior of each person in the family has an influence on the behaviors of all other family members.
D) The behaviors of all family members contribute to ongoing alterations in the family system.

Question 51

Which of the following theories is an organized set of ideas that are shared by members of a cultural group?

A) Family Systems Theory
B) Family Development Theory
C) Systemic Family Development Model
D) Ethnotheory

Question 52

Which of the following theories or models allow us to consider family dynamics across generations and to consider the interactional intricacy of families

A) Family Systems Theory
B) Family Development Theory
C) Systemic Family Development Model
D) Ethnotheories

Question 53

Which of the following was among those who first questioned the mother- centered assumption of attachment theory?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Michael Lamb
C) Mary Ainsworth
D) Ellen Galinsky

Question 54

G. Stanley Hall received the first Ph.D. in _____________ in the United States.

Question 55

Which of the following stages is not found in Family Development Theory?

A) The launching and leaving stage
B) The married without children stage
C) The family with teenagers stage
D) The aging family stage

Question 56

The studies of Bowlby, Ainsworth, and Spitz as well as findings from other researchers around the world, brought about a change in public policy regarding the _____________of children in the United States.

Question 57

According to Operant Conditioning, a _____________ refers to the relation between a behavior and the events that follow the behavior.

Question 58

The ____________________ events in a family's life are those things that naturally take place through the regular course of development.

A) Nonnormative
B) Unexpected
C) Crisis
D) Normative

Question 59

Erik Erikson developed the Theory of _____________ Development, which emphasized the role of significant others in assisting individuals in resolving developmental crises

Question 60

According to Montessori, the child has an/a _____________ mind that unconsciously soaks up information from the environment resulting in the child learning at a rapid pace.

Question 61

__________________ are theories that consist of an organized set of ideas that are shared by members of a cultural group.

Question 62

According to Family Systems theory, families are dynamic systems, characterized by _____________ and change.

Question 63

Adler developed the _________________ _________________ Theory that promotes the concept of democratic parent-child relations.

Question 64

_________________theorized that the process of parental role development begins with the anticipation of the arrival of children and is continually adjusted according to children's ongoing developmental needs.

Question 65

The highest level of father-infant contact reported anywhere in the world comes from observations of __________________ in Central Africa.

Question 66

How did the work of Bowlby and Ainsworth change child rearing practices?

Question 67

Infants whose caregivers are emotionally and physically available to them develop ___________ attachment.

Question 68

According to _________________, families, like individuals, move through successive stages over time. Within each of these stages are important tasks for family members to complete.

Question 69

Using the work of three child theorists, describe how each has contributed to the
evolution of parenting practices from the early Puritan approach?.

Question 70

_________________ was among those who first questioned the mother-centered assumption of attachment theory.

Question 71

_______________ is a theory which allows us to consider family dynamics across generations and to consider the interactional intricacy of families.

Question 72

Explain Watson's position on child rearing. How does his parenting advice compare
with those Spock? Why do you think these two men's messages were so well received
and adopted by the American public?

Question 73

According to Bronfenbrenner's model, the__________________, highlights the influence of time on the various interacting systems that affect a person's development.

Question 74

During the latter part of the 20th century, family scholars informed by ___________Theory challenged the gender-structured family.

Question 75

__________are older siblings, grandparents, or other kin who assist parents in providing care to babies and children.

Question 76

According to Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective, _____________ ____________ is a process wherein the teacher engages the learner in joint activities providing instruction as well as direct involvement in the learning process.

Question 77

Urie Bronfenbrenner proposed the _____________ Theory to explain the influence of various contexts of children's development.

Question 78

According to the large scale NICHD study described in Chapter 1, __________and ___________ were more important that actual time spend with the mother in predicting positive outcomes.

Question 79

Compare Montessori's and Skinner's theories regarding the roles that parents play in
their children's leaning?

Question 80

The role of __________is highly significant in hunter-gatherer cultures, providing a vital support system for parents.