Question 1

A dislocation is a more severe joint separation than a subluxation.

Accepted Answer

A dislocation occurs when the bones of a joint are completely forced out of their normal position, while a subluxation is a partial dislocation where the bones are only partially displaced. Therefore, a dislocation is a more severe joint separation than a subluxation.

Question 2

Anticholinesterase agents may be used to manage&#10;A) muscular dystrophy.&#10;B) myasthenia gravis.&#10;C) fibromyalgia.&#10;D) rheumatoid arthritis.

Accepted Answer

Anticholinesterase agents are commonly used to manage myasthenia gravis, a condition where the body's immune system attacks the neuromuscular junction, resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. These agents work by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is important for muscle contraction, thereby improving muscle strength and reducing fatigue. Anticholinesterase agents are not typically used to manage muscular dystrophy, fibromyalgia, or rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 3

J.R. is a 33-year-old man who has sustained a leg fracture as a result of colliding with a tree while skiing. His fracture has been diagnosed as "a compound, transverse fracture of the tibia and fibula." The type of fracture J.R. sustained is best described as a bone that is

A) broken in two or more pieces.
B) cracked but not completely separated.
C) broken along the long axis.
D) broken and protruding through the skin.

broken and protruding through the skin.

Accepted Answer

The term "compound" indicates that the broken bone is protruding through the skin, also known as an open fracture. The term "transverse" indicates that the fracture line is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. The fact that both the tibia and fibula are involved suggests that the fracture is more serious and potentially destabilizing.

Question 4

Complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when&#10;A) no movement of the break is detectable.&#10;B) the callus has been completely replaced with mature bone.&#10;C) the fracture site and surrounding soft tissue are pain free.&#10;D) a cast is no longer required to stabilize the break.

Accepted Answer

The complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when the callus (the initial tissue formed at the fracture site) has been completely replaced with mature bone, indicating that the bone is fully regenerated and strengthened. No movement of the break and pain-free soft tissue are indicators of healing progress, but not necessarily complete healing. A cast may be removed before complete healing has occurred.

Question 5

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which&#10;A) neuronal demyelination disrupts nerve transmission.&#10;B) muscles become increasingly bulky but weakened.&#10;C) acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional.&#10;D) acetylcholine release from &#225; motor neurons is disrupted.

Accepted Answer

In myasthenia gravis, the body's immune system produces antibodies that attack the acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells, leading to dysfunction and weakness in these muscles. Choices A, B, and D do not accurately describe the pathology of myasthenia gravis.

Question 6

Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is indicative of&#10;A) noncontractile tissue injury.&#10;B) contractile tissue injury.&#10;C) vascular insufficiency.&#10;D) skeletal muscle damage.

Accepted Answer

Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is indicative of noncontractile tissue injury.Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is not an indication of a contractile tissue injury,vascular insufficiency,or skeletal muscle damage.

Question 7

Osteomyelitis is a self-limiting inflammation of the bones secondary to overuse.

Accepted Answer

Osteomyelitis is a serious infection of the bone caused by bacteria or fungi. It is not self-limiting and requires prompt medical treatment. Overuse can be a risk factor for developing osteomyelitis, but it is not the cause of the inflammation.

Question 8

J.R. sustained a leg fracture that was surgically aligned and casted. Six hours after casting of his leg, he begins to complain of increasing leg pain. Assessment of the extremity demonstrates pulselessness and pallor. The appropriate action to take is to

A) increase the administration of J.R.'s pain medication.
B) initiate action to have the cast split or removed.
C) note the increase in pain in J.R.'s chart, and recheck the extremity in 30 minutes.
D) elevate the extremity to relieve swelling.

Accepted Answer

Pulselessness and pallor are signs of a potential vascular complication, such as compartment syndrome, which is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention. Increasing pain medication or elevating the extremity will not address the underlying issue, and waiting to recheck in 30 minutes could result in further damage. The cast should be split or removed to alleviate pressure on the affected area and restore blood flow.

Question 9

Structural scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine that disappears upon forward bending.

Accepted Answer

Structural scoliosis is a fixed lateral curvature of the spine that does not disappear upon forward bending. It is typically caused by a structural abnormality in the bones or other structures of the spine.

Question 10

In older women, osteoporosis is thought to be primarily due to&#10;A) dietary inadequacies.&#10;B) estrogen deficiency.&#10;C) malabsorption syndrome.&#10;D) inactivity.

Accepted Answer

Estrogen plays a crucial role in maintaining bone health. As women age and their estrogen levels decline, their risk for osteoporosis increases. Adequate dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D, exercise, and avoidance of smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can also help prevent osteoporosis, but estrogen deficiency is the primary factor in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Malabsorption syndrome or inactivity may contribute, but they are not the primary causes.

Question 11

Rickets is characterized by soft, weak bones resulting from&#10;A) poor calcium intake.&#10;B) estrogen deficiency.&#10;C) phosphate deficiency.&#10;D) vitamin D deficiency.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Rickets is characterized by soft, weak bones...

Question 12

Compartment syndrome can occur after soft tissue injury and is manifested as pain and ischemia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compartment syndrome can occur after soft tissue...

Question 13

The majority of malignant bone cancers are metastases from other sites.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The majority of malignant bone cancers are...

Question 14

J.R. is a 33-year-old man who has sustained a leg fracture. His fracture has been diagnosed as "a compound, transverse fracture of the tibia and fibula." Which of the following is not likely to be a complication of the injury?

A) Bone infection
B) Fat emboli
C) Air emboli
D) Compartment syndrome

Accepted Answer

The answer of J.R. is a 33-year-old man who has...

Question 15

Muscular dystrophy includes a number of muscle disorders that are&#10;A) genetically transmitted.&#10;B) easily prevented and managed.&#10;C) autoimmune diseases.&#10;D) demyelinating diseases.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Muscular dystrophy includes a number of muscle...

Deck 51: Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease