Essentials of the Living World 5th Edition by George Johnson

Exercise 3

Do Big Hearts Beat Faster?
Small animals live at a much faster pace than large animals. They reproduce more quickly, and live shorter lives. As a rule, they tend to move about more quickly and so consume more oxygen per unit body weight. Interestingly, small and large mammals have about the same size heart, relative to body size (about 0.6% of body mass). It is interesting to ask whether all mammalian hearts beat at the same rate. The heart of a 7,000-kilogram (a kilogram is 1,000 grams) African bull elephant must push a far greater volume of blood through its body than the heart of a 20-gram mouse, but the elephant is able to do it through much-larger-diameter arteries, which impose far less resistance to the blood's flow. Does the elephant's heart beat faster? Or does the mouse's, in order to deliver more oxygen to its muscles? Or perhaps the mouse's heart beats more slowly, because of increased resistance to flow through narrower blood vessels?
The graph to the right displays the pulse rate of a number of mammals of different body sizes (the pulse rate is the number of heartbeats counted per minute, a measure of how rapidly the heart is beating). Note that both the x and y axes use log scales (see page 13). For comparison, the pulse rate of an adult human at rest is about 70 beats per minute. The largest mammal is the blue whale, as big as a supersized moving van with a body mass as great as 136,000 kilograms; the smallest is the pygmy shrew, smaller than a cockroach with a body mass of a few hundredths of a gram.
Making Inferences
a. The data in the graph, plotted on logarithmic coordinates (that is, the scale rises in powers of 10), fall nicely upon a straight line. How would you expect them to look plotted on linear coordinates?
b. As you walk through the graph from left to right, the line slopes down; this is called a negative slope. What does the negative slope of the line signify?