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Ecology 6th Edition by Charles Krebs
Edition 6ISBN: 978-0321688149Ecology 6th Edition by Charles Krebs
Edition 6ISBN: 978-0321688149 Exercise 1
Discuss the application of the distribution and abundance model on page 10 to microbes and viruses.
Explanation
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Ecology is defined as the study of the interactions between organisms performed to determine their distribution and abundance in the environment. It is done to find where certain organisms are located, their density in certain places, and reasons behind it. The problem with the study of distribution and abundance is that it can be performed at the level of the population containing a single species or at the level of a single community containing many species. The complications of the investigation increase as the study involve more and more species of a community.
Distribution determines how much a species has spread out in the ecosystem. There may be three types of distributions: random, uniform, and clumped. Abundance determines the density of a species in a population. Factors affecting the abundance and distribution of organisms are as follows.
1) Abiotic Factors: Abiotic factors include nonliving physical and chemical elements of systems such as temperature, pH, desiccation, salinity, turbulence, light, and nutrients have been listed below:
• Bacteria can be categorized depending on the amount of oxygen they require for their survival. Bacteria whose survival completely relies on oxygen are entitled aerobic bacteria, whereas bacteria that do not need oxygen at all for their survival are called anaerobic bacteria. Because they cannot tolerate even low amount of oxygen, they are found in zones that have low-oxygen concentration, for instance, under the earth's surface that include marshy areas and underwater.
• Bacteria called acidophiles live in areas where pH is as low as 3 or less. And, alkaliphilic bacteria can tolerate pH up to 9 or even above.
• Thermophilic bacteria can survive at regions of high temperatures of
to 
. While psychrophilic bacteria hold the strength to stand at chilling temperatures of 
.
• Zones of high saline conditions are occupied by halophiles, whereas zones containing high sugar conditions can be taken by osmophiles.
2) Biotic Factors: Biotic factors include living organisms affecting each other by sharing different kinds of interactions such as competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism.
• Competition: Competition within members of a species for resources like nutrition, water, sunlight, and territory can result in the proliferation in the frequency of the variant of a particular species.
• Predation: Predation designates a type of biological interaction in which an organism called predator feeds on another organism called prey. Predators can either kill their prey immediately then feed or they can survive on them only for their life time. For example, viruses on entering in the host start using the machinery of the host to replicate and then burst open the cell to get discharged.
• Mutualism: It is the most common cooperative interactions observed in the microbial system. In such interaction, both microorganisms involved mutually benefit each other. For example, mycorrhizal association of fungi with roots of a vascular plant.
Distribution determines how much a species has spread out in the ecosystem. There may be three types of distributions: random, uniform, and clumped. Abundance determines the density of a species in a population. Factors affecting the abundance and distribution of organisms are as follows.
1) Abiotic Factors: Abiotic factors include nonliving physical and chemical elements of systems such as temperature, pH, desiccation, salinity, turbulence, light, and nutrients have been listed below:
• Bacteria can be categorized depending on the amount of oxygen they require for their survival. Bacteria whose survival completely relies on oxygen are entitled aerobic bacteria, whereas bacteria that do not need oxygen at all for their survival are called anaerobic bacteria. Because they cannot tolerate even low amount of oxygen, they are found in zones that have low-oxygen concentration, for instance, under the earth's surface that include marshy areas and underwater.
• Bacteria called acidophiles live in areas where pH is as low as 3 or less. And, alkaliphilic bacteria can tolerate pH up to 9 or even above.
• Thermophilic bacteria can survive at regions of high temperatures of
to . While psychrophilic bacteria hold the strength to stand at chilling temperatures of .• Zones of high saline conditions are occupied by halophiles, whereas zones containing high sugar conditions can be taken by osmophiles.
2) Biotic Factors: Biotic factors include living organisms affecting each other by sharing different kinds of interactions such as competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism.
• Competition: Competition within members of a species for resources like nutrition, water, sunlight, and territory can result in the proliferation in the frequency of the variant of a particular species.
• Predation: Predation designates a type of biological interaction in which an organism called predator feeds on another organism called prey. Predators can either kill their prey immediately then feed or they can survive on them only for their life time. For example, viruses on entering in the host start using the machinery of the host to replicate and then burst open the cell to get discharged.
• Mutualism: It is the most common cooperative interactions observed in the microbial system. In such interaction, both microorganisms involved mutually benefit each other. For example, mycorrhizal association of fungi with roots of a vascular plant.
Ecology 6th Edition by Charles Krebs
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