Ecology 6th Edition by Charles Krebs

Exercise 3

Both Adelie penguins and minke whales feed on crystal krill (Euphausia crystallorophias) and Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum) in the Western Ross Sea of Antarctica. How could you determine if there is competition between these two species in a large-scale system in which no possible experimental manipulation can be performed? Ainley et al. (2006) discuss this competitive interaction.