Campbell Biology 11th Edition by Lisa Urry,Michael Cain,Steven Wasserman,Peter Minorsky,Jane Reece

Exercise 5

How Have Amino Acid Sequences of Human Globin Genes Diverged During Their Evolution To build a model of the evolutionary history of the globin genes (see Figure 18.13), researchers compared the amino acid sequences of the polypeptides they encode. In this exercise, you will analyze comparisons of the amino acid sequences of globin polypeptides to shed light on their evolutionary relationships.
How the Experiment Was Done Scientists obtained the DNA sequences for each of the eight globin genes and "translated" them into amino acid sequences. They then used a computer program to align the sequences (with dashes indicating gaps in one sequence) and calculate a percent identity value for each pair of globins. The percent identity reflects the number of positions with identical amino acids relative to the total number of amino acids in a globin polypeptide. The data were arranged in a table to show the pairwise comparisons.
Data from the Experiment The following table shows an example of a pairwise alignment-that of the 1-globin (alpha-1 globin) and -globin (zeta globin) amino acid sequences-using the standard single-letter codes for amino acids. To the left of each line of amino acid sequence is the number of the first amino acid in that line. The percent identity value for the 1- and -globin amino acid sequences was calculated by counting the number of matching amino acids (86, highlighted in yellow), dividing by the total number of amino acid positions (143), and then multiplying by 100. This resulted in a 60% identity value for the 1- pair, as shown in the amino acid identity table at the bottom of the page. The values for other globin pairs were calculated in the same way.
The model of globin gene evolution shown in Figure 18.13 suggests that an ancestral gene duplicated and mutated to become - and -globin genes, and then each one was further duplicated and mutated. What features of the data set support the model