Deck 35: Clinical Microbiology and Immunology

Question 1

The most common method used by clinical microbiology labs for identifying bacteria are

A) biochemical.
B) morphological.
C) PCR.
D) DNA fingerprinting.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

An example of miniaturized commercial rapid bacterial identification system based on biochemical analysis is the

A) API 20E system.
B) Widal test.
C) Kirby-Bauer test.
D) all of the choices

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The clinical microbiology laboratory can provide preliminary identification of microorganisms based on

A) microscopic examination of specimens.
B) growth or biochemical characteristics.
C) immunologic techniques that detect microbial antigens.
D) all of the choices

Answer 3

D

Question 4

If one is looking for intracellular inclusion bodies, one would suspect the microorganism to be a

A) mycoplasma.
B) rickettsia.
C) chlamydia.
D) protozoan.

Question 5

Which of the following should be isolated only by specialized research laboratories?

A) mycoplasmas
B) rickettsias
C) chlamydiae
D) all of the choices

Question 6

Which of the following is not a guideline on selection, collection, and handling of clinical specimens?

A) A small quantity of specimen should be obtained.
B) The specimen selected should be representative of the infectious disease process.
C) The specimen should be forwarded promptly to the clinical laboratory.
D) Attention must be given to avoid contamination of the specimen.

Question 7

Which of the following cell cultures consists of cells derived directly from kidney tissues?

A) continuous cell cultures
B) semicontinuous cell cultures
C) primary cultures
D) all of the choices

Question 8

Which of the following can take weeks to produce obvious growth on routine culture media?

A) mycoplasmas
B) rickettsias
C) chlamydiae
D) protozoa

Question 9

Which of the following can be examined with an ordinary bright-field microscope?

A) wet mounts
B) heat-fixed specimens
C) chemical-fixed specimens
D) all of the choices

Question 10

Which of the following tests can be used to distinguish Escherichia from Enterobacter?

A) IMVIC
B) ONPG test
C) citrate utilization
D) starch hydrolysis

Question 11

Viral replication in cell cultures can be detected by

A) the observation of cytopathic effects.
B) hemadsorption.
C) gram stain.
D) the observation of cytopathic effects and hemadsorption.

Question 12

Which of the following cell cultures consists of transformed cells?

A) continuous cell cultures
B) semicontinuous cell cultures
C) primary cultures
D) all of the choices

Question 13

Which of the following media will permit the growth of one group of bacteria while inhibiting the growth of some other groups?

A) differential
B) selective
C) enrichment
D) characteristic

Question 14

Which of the following is not used to culture viruses?

A) growth on artificial media
B) growth in cell cultures
C) growth in embryonated hen's eggs
D) growth in whole animals

Question 15

Recommended guidelines for laboratory microbiological precautions should reflect the laboratory's ________ _________.

Question 16

Which of the following sites could be used when inoculating hen's eggs with an infectious agent?

A) the allantoic cavity
B) the amniotic cavity
C) the chorioallantoic membrane
D) all of the choices

Question 17

Standard microbiological practices include all of the following except

A) Work space should be disinfected only when contaminating spills occur.
B) Eating, drinking, manipulation of contact lenses, and the use of cosmetics, gum, and tobacco products are strictly prohibited in the lab.
C) Lab personnel should know how to use the emergency eyewash and shower stations.
D) Hair longer than shoulder length should be tied back.

Question 18

Ten percent Calcofluor White stain is often used in wet mounts of

A) bacteria.
B) parasites.
C) molds.
D) protozoa.

Question 19

Which of the following is useful in the identification of bacteria?

A) source of the culture specimen
B) growth patterns on selective and differential media
C) hemolytic, metabolic, and fermentative properties
D) all of the choices

Question 20

In the clinical laboratory, which of the following is (are) used as a rapid method of identification?

A) manual biochemical kit systems
B) mechanized/automated systems
C) immunologic systems
D) all of the choices

Question 21

Hybridoma cells and their progeny normally produce a(n)

A) monoclonal antibody.
B) polyclonal antibody.
C) radioisotopes.
D) antigens.

Question 22

Identification and characterization of ova, trophozoites, and cysts of parasites is typically accomplished by direct microscopic evaluation of the clinical specimen.

Question 23

Some viruses alter the plasma membrane of infected cells in such a way as to cause red blood cells to tightly adhere to the infected cells. This is called ___________.

Question 24

Indirect immunofluorescence involves fixing the specimen onto a slide, adding fluorochrome-labeled antibodies and then incubating before examining on the microscope.

Question 25

DNA probe technology identifies microorganisms by probing their genetic composition.

Question 26

The Gram stain is used for bacteria that have cell walls while the acid-fast stain is used primarily for wall-less bacteria.

Question 27

A clinical specimen represents a portion or quantity of human material for testing, examination, or study in order to determine the presence or absence of specific microorganisms.

Question 28

A __________ effect is an observable change that occurs in cells as a result of viral replication.

Question 29

Which of the following is/are used to detect chlamydiae in tissues and cell scrapings?

A) PCR methods
B) microscopy of Giemsa stained samples
C) immunofluorescence
D) all of the choices

Question 30

The use of rRNA gene sequences to identify bacterial strains is referred to as ___________.

Question 31

Fungal infections are often diagnosed by direct microscopic examination of specimens.

Question 32

The immunologic technique involving the transfer of proteins separated by electrophoresis to nitrocellulose sheets is

A) complement fixation.
B) direct immunofluorescence.
C) immunoblotting.
D) immunoelectrophoresis.

Question 33

Which of the following is routinely used to detect spirochetes in skin lesions in early syphilis?

A) bright-field microscopy
B) phase-contrast microscopy
C) dark-field microscopy
D) DNA fingerprinting

Question 34

Determining the susceptibility of a microorganism to specific chemotherapeutic agents is an important service performed in the clinical microbiology laboratory.

Question 35

The principle of plasmid fingerprinting is that microbial isolates of the same strain contain the same plasmids.

Question 36

PCR is considered more flexible and easier to modify than antibody-based identification technologies.

Question 37

The purpose of the clinical microbiology laboratory is to maintain cultures of microorganisms.

Question 38

Restriction endonucleases are a class of enzymes produced by prokaryotes.

Question 39

The identification of mycoplasmas in clinical specimens can be quickly done because of their rapid growth rate in culture.

Question 40

The major focus of the clinical microbiologist is to rapidly isolate and identify microorganisms from clinical specimens.

Question 41

Which of the following tests is an agglutination test for the bacterium causing typhoid fever?

A) Quellung reaction
B) API 20E system
C) Widal test
D) IMViC

Question 42

Which of the following uses a radioisotope?

A) RIA
B) ELISA
C) API 20E
D) all of these

Question 43

The indirect immunosorbent assay detects antibodies rather than antigens.

Question 44

The capsular swelling that occurs when Streptococcus pneumoniae is treated with an antiserum for its specific capsular type is called the __________ reaction.

Question 45

The immunological reaction that occurs when there is an optimal ratio of antigen and antibody, producing a lattice at the zone of equivalence is known

A) immunoblotting.
B) immunoelectrophoresis.
C) immunodiffusion.
D) immunoprecipitation.

Question 46

Which of the following uses red blood cells?

A) hemagglutination inhibition
B) MIC
C) ELISA
D) RIA

Question 47

________ can also be used to differentiate strains of microorganisms that differ in the antigenic composition of a structure or product.

Question 48

A colorless substrate acted on by the enzyme portion of the ligand to produce a colored product is known as a

A) antibody.
B) chromogen.
C) antigen.
D) serotype.

Question 49

Detection of single or multiple microorganisms based on their cell size is known as

A) flow cytometry.
B) complement fixation.
C) agglutination.
D) serotyping.

Question 50

An elevated IgM titer typically indicates an active infection while an elevated IgG titer does not distinguish between active and past infections.