Deck 13: Emotions, Stress, and Health

Question 1

Evidence that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity with which people experience certain emotions most directly refutes the

A) James-Lange theory.
B) Yerkes-Dodson law.
C) two-factor theory.
D) Cannon-Bard theory.

Answer 1

Cannon-Bard theory.

Question 2

According to the Cannon-Bard theory,the experience of an emotion

A) depends on the intensity of physiological arousal.
B) can occur only after physiological arousal.
C) occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal.
D) precedes physiological arousal.

Answer 2

occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal.

Question 3

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A) you experience fear because your heart begins pounding.
B) your heart begins pounding because you experience fear.
C) you experience fear at the same time your heart begins pounding.
D) none of these statements are true.

Answer 3

you experience fear at the same time your heart begins pounding.

Question 4

Vaseem experienced excessive fear while flying because he interpreted his rapid heart rate,shallow breathing,and heavy perspiration as a reaction to the imminent danger of a plane crash.When his psychotherapist convinced him that this physical arousal was simply a harmless reaction to acceleration,cabin pressure,and confined space,his fear of flying was greatly reduced.The reduction in Vaseem's fear is best understood in terms of the

A) James-Lange theory.
B) two-factor theory.
C) Yerkes-Dodson law
D) guilty knowledge test.

Question 5

If people who have just been aroused by watching rock videos are then insulted,their feelings of anger will be greater than those of people who have been similarly provoked but were not previously aroused.This best illustrates

A) the Yerkes-Dodson law.
B) the Cannon-Bard theory.
C) the spillover effect.
D) parasympathetic arousal.

Question 6

The suggestion that we share a friend's feelings of joy if we smile with him or her best illustrates the logic of the

A) Cannon-Bard theory.
B) Yerkes-Dodson law.
C) James-Lange theory.
D) spillover effect.

Question 7

Both the James-Lange and the two-factor theories of emotion maintain that

A) the experience of emotion grows from an awareness of our body's arousal.
B) distinct physiological differences exist among the emotions.
C) some emotions can be experienced apart from cognition.
D) all of these statements are true.

Question 8

College men given injections of epinephrine felt happiest if they were told the injection would produce ________ and if they were in the company of a person who was acting ________.

A) arousal;euphoric
B) arousal;irritated
C) no effects;euphoric
D) no effects;irritated

Question 9

Which theory states that emotion results from the cognitive labeling of our physiological arousal?

A) the James-Lange theory
B) the Yerkes-Dodson law
C) the Cannon-Bard theory
D) the two-factor theory

Question 10

When Alex and Jason were confronted by a dangerous snake,Alex experienced a much greater level of autonomic nervous system arousal than Jason.Yet both reported being equally scared by the experience.If true,this fact would be most consistent with the

A) two-factor theory.
B) Yerkes-Dodson law
C) Cannon-Bard theory.
D) James-Lange theory.

Question 11

According to the Cannon-Bard theory,bodily arousal is related to the subjective awareness of emotion in the same way as the ________ is related to the ________.

A) parasympathetic nervous system;thalamus
B) sympathetic nervous system;cortex
C) thalamus;hypothalamus
D) parasympathetic nervous system;sympathetic nervous system

Question 12

Which of the following suggests that the experience of emotion results from an awareness of our own physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event?

A) the Cannon-Bard theory
B) the Yerkes-Dodson law
C) the James-Lange theory
D) the guilty knowledge test

Question 13

Ten-year-old Vito tells his friend,"When you notice that your knees knock,your hands sweat,and your stomach is in knots,then you really get emotional." This statement best illustrates the

A) Cannon-Bard theory.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) Yerkes-Dodson law.
D) two-factor theory.

Question 14

Researchers discovered that the ________ an individual's spinal cord injury,the more feelings of anger tended to ________ in intensity following the injury.

A) higher;decrease
B) higher;increase
C) lower;decrease
D) lower;increase

Question 15

When students perceive the arousal that accompanies test-taking as energizing rather than debilitating,they experience much less anxiety.This is best understood in terms of the

A) Yerkes-Dodson law.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) polygraph principle.
D) two-factor theory.

Question 16

Which of the following can best explain the results of the experiment in which college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with either a euphoric or an irritated person?

A) the Cannon-Bard theory
B) the two-factor theory
C) the James-Lange theory
D) the Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic components of emotion identified in the text?

A) physiological arousal
B) pupil contraction
C) conscious experience
D) expressive behavior

Question 18

The spillover effect refers to the impact of lingering ________ on the intensity of any later emotional reactions.

A) subliminal stimulation
B) pupil contraction
C) physical arousal
D) facial expressions

Question 19

Which of the following would be most threatened by evidence that highly similar patterns of physiological activity are associated with uniquely different emotional states?

A) the two-factor theory
B) the Cannon-Bard theory
C) the Yerkes-Dodson law
D) the James-Lange theory

Question 20

In anger-provoking situations,sexually aroused people experience more intense hostility than those who are not sexually aroused.This best illustrates the

A) Cannon-Bard theory.
B) spillover effect.
C) Yerkes-Dodson law.
D) guilty knowledge test.

Question 21

Walking home from work late one night,Jaydra suddenly hears footsteps behind her.Her heart pounds,her muscles tense,and her mouth goes dry.These bodily responses are activated by her ________ nervous system.

A) central
B) sympathetic
C) parasympathetic
D) somatic

Question 22

In reflecting on his professional acting career,Mr.Scott notes that his worst performances typically occurred when he experienced either too little or too much autonomic nervous system arousal.His experience best illustrates the

A) James-Lange theory.
B) two-factor theory.
C) Cannon-Bard theory.
D) Yerkes-Dodson law.

Question 23

The "low road" from the thalamus to the amygdala most directly contributes to ________ emotional responses.

A) conscious
B) automatic
C) self-controlled
D) slowly developed

Question 24

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system

A) accelerates heart rate and slows digestion.
B) slows heart rate and accelerates digestion.
C) slows heart rate and slows digestion.
D) accelerates heart rate and accelerates digestion.

Question 25

Lillian will be taking an entrance exam for law school this afternoon.She is likely to ________ on the exam if her physiological arousal is ________.

A) do well;moderate
B) do poorly;moderate
C) do well;very low
D) do well;very high

Question 26

We sometimes interpret our arousal before experiencing a complex emotional reaction such as hatred.These complex emotional reactions follow a neural pathway from

A) the thalamus to the amygdala to the cerebral cortex.
B) the amygdala to the cerebral cortex to the thalamus.
C) the thalamus to the cerebral cortex to the amygdala.
D) the amygdala to the thalamus to the cerebral cortex.

Question 27

Astrid was emotionally aroused by a TV horror movie.She became extremely angry when her younger brother momentarily blocked her view of the screen.When her movie viewing was interrupted by a phone call from her boyfriend,however,she experienced unusually intense romantic feelings.Astrid's different emotional reactions to her brother and her boyfriend are best explained by the

A) Yerkes-Dodson law.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) guilty knowledge test.
D) two-factor theory.

Question 28

Which of the following emotional reactions is most likely to precede any conscious thinking?

A) hatred
B) love
C) fear
D) depression

Question 29

Whether we feel angry or depressed in response to a low exam grade depends on whether we attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or to our own low intelligence.This best illustrates that emotions are influenced by

A) physical arousal.
B) stress hormones.
C) cognitive appraisals.
D) genetic predispositions.

Question 30

During a state of emotional arousal,the adrenal glands release ________ into the bloodstream.

A) insulin
B) acetylcholine
C) norepinephrine
D) glucose

Question 31

The tendency for people to perform best on certain tasks when they are moderately aroused is known as the

A) spillover effect.
B) guilty knowledge test.
C) Yerkes-Dodson law.
D) two-factor theory.

Question 32

The emotions of anger and fear involve similar

A) subjective thoughts and experiences.
B) patterns of autonomic arousal.
C) facial expressions.
D) patterns of brain activity.

Question 33

Kitty,an inexperienced pilot,prepares for an emergency landing after her single-engine plane loses power.Kitty's emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by

A) decreased respiration.
B) pupil constriction.
C) increased blood sugar levels.
D) increased salivation.

Question 34

Who suggested that a "low road" neural shortcut enables rapid emotional responses before our conscious intellect intervenes?

A) Stanley Schachter
B) William James
C) Walter Cannon
D) Joseph LeDoux

Question 35

The insula is activated when people experience emotions such as

A) pride.
B) lust.
C) disgust.
D) any of these emotions.

Question 36

Turning in at her street,Dominique saw six fire trucks in front of her apartment building.Her heart beat wildly until someone yelled,"Just a false alarm." Her pulse then began to return to normal,due to the action of her ________ nervous system.

A) central
B) somatic
C) sympathetic
D) parasympathetic

Question 37

Observers watching fearful faces show more brain activity in the ________ than do those watching angry faces.

A) cerebellum
B) thalamus
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus

Question 38

Which division of the nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in emotionally stressful situations?

A) sympathetic
B) central
C) somatic
D) parasympathetic

Question 39

Evidence that visual input is routed from the thalamus directly to the amygdala has been used to support the claim that

A) the amygdala sends more neural projections up to the cortex than it receives back.
B) emotion tends to distort our perceptions of the world.
C) a visual stimulus always triggers a stronger emotional response than does an auditory stimulus.
D) some emotional reactions may occur without conscious thinking.

Question 40

The sympathetic nervous system is to the parasympathetic nervous system as ________ is to ________.

A) inhibition of digestion;acceleration of digestion
B) decreasing heart rate;increasing heart rate
C) decreasing blood sugar;increasing blood sugar
D) contraction of pupils;dilation of pupils

Question 41

Compared with men,women are ________ likely to report themselves open to feelings and ________ likely to express empathy.

A) less;more
B) more;less
C) less;less
D) more;more

Question 42

Studies of our ability to perceive and communicate emotions indicate that

A) the body movements and gestures used to express emotions are the same throughout the world.
B) it is difficult to use nonverbal cues to mislead others about our true emotions.
C) in a crowd of people,it's easier to detect a single angry face than a single happy face.
D) accurately identifying emotional facial expressions in people from different cultures requires personal experience with those cultures.

Question 43

Couples who are passionately in love most frequently communicate intimacy by means of

A) averted glances.
B) contraction of the pupils.
C) winking.
D) prolonged eye gazing.

Question 44

The eyebrows raised and pulled together most clearly signal

A) fear.
B) anger.
C) disgust.
D) happiness.

Question 45

Compared with men,women would probably be better at

A) detecting the emotions of two people having a discussion over lunch.
B) controlling their physiological responses to a person who is lying.
C) exhibiting a natural expression of anger.
D) avoiding the facial feedback effect.

Question 46

Mr.Hanson is strongly suspected of embezzling money from his employer.He has denied the allegation.To determine whether he is lying,investigators are most likely to ask Mr.Hanson to take a(n)________ test.

A) electrocardiograph
B) polygraph
C) myograph
D) tomograph

Question 47

In 1968,North Korea published photos of American officers they had captured from a U.S.navy ship.Three men in the photo most clearly conveyed an emotional expression of defiance toward their captors by means of

A) the facial feedback effect.
B) spontaneous remission.
C) natural mimicry.
D) gestures.

Question 48

In one study,polygraph experts interpreted the polygraph data of 100 people who had been suspects in crimes of theft.Had the polygraph experts been the judges of guilt or innocence

A) less than 5 percent of the truly guilty would have been declared innocent.
B) less than 5 percent of the truly innocent would have been declared guilty.
C) more than one-third of the truly innocent would have been declared guilty.
D) more than two-thirds of the truly guilty would have been declared innocent.

Question 49

As people experience positive emotions,an increase in brain activity is most evident in the

A) right frontal lobe.
B) left frontal lobe.
C) right temporal lobe.
D) left temporal lobe.

Question 50

Compared with the explanations we give for men's emotionality,our explanations for women's emotionality are ________ likely to focus on their personal dispositions and ________ likely to focus on their circumstances.

A) less;less
B) more;more
C) less;more
D) more;less

Question 51

Emotional disgust is to emotional delight as ________ is to ________.

A) blood sugar decrease;blood sugar increase
B) right prefrontal cortex activation;left prefrontal cortex activation
C) sympathetic nervous system;parasympathetic nervous system
D) epinephrine;norepinephrine

Question 52

One problem with the use of the polygraph for lie detection is that

A) polygraph assessments are more expensive than brain scans.
B) anxiety,irritation,and guilt feelings all prompt similar physiological reactivity.
C) emotions involve expressive behaviors as well as autonomic nervous system arousal.
D) innocent people are presumed to be guilty at the very beginning of any lie detector test.

Question 53

The most unambiguous nonverbal clue to our specific emotional state is provided by our

A) respiration rate.
B) hand gestures.
C) body posture.
D) facial muscles.

Question 54

Comparing introverts and extraverts,we can say that the nonverbal expressions of emotion conveyed by ________ are easier to read,and ________ are better at reading other people's nonverbal expressions of emotion.

A) introverts;introverts
B) extraverts;extraverts
C) introverts;extraverts
D) extraverts;introverts

Question 55

Studies of observers' ability to detect whether people are lying or telling the truth indicate that the number of observers' correct judgments are ________ than one would predict from chance.

A) dramatically greater
B) only slighter greater
C) somewhat less
D) dramatically less

Question 56

A person with arms raised,chest expanded,and a slight smile is most likely to be perceived as experiencing

A) anxiety.
B) disgust.
C) pride.
D) surprise.

Question 57

When guilty knowledge tests are used with enough specific probes

A) innocent suspects are typically judged guilty by polygraph examiners.
B) guilty suspects are always judged guilty by polygraph examiners.
C) guilty suspects are seldom judged guilty by polygraph examiners.
D) innocent suspects are seldom judged guilty by polygraph examiners.

Question 58

Increased left frontal lobe activity is most characteristic of people with

A) high levels of autonomic nervous system arousal.
B) emotionally expressive faces.
C) low levels of autonomic nervous system arousal.
D) emotionally positive personalities.

Question 59

Although newspapers reported that a murder victim had been stabbed with a knife,two police investigators knew that the actual murder weapon was a letter opener.While carefully monitoring the changes in heart rate and perspiration level of a prime suspect,the investigators asked him if he typically used a letter opener on his mail.The investigators were making use of the

A) two-factor theory.
B) Yerkes-Dodson law.
C) guilty knowledge test.
D) spillover effect.

Question 60

The polygraph measures the changes in ________ that accompany emotion.

A) blood sugar level
B) hormone secretions
C) pupil dilation
D) heart rate

Question 61

North Americans are more likely than Japanese citizens to display their feelings openly.This cultural difference best reflects the American culture's greater emphasis on

A) role playing.
B) individuality.
C) behavior feedback.
D) natural mimicry.

Question 62

In one study,people who had been angered were asked to hit a punching bag while thinking about the person who had angered them.The results of this study most clearly highlighted the dangers of

A) relative deprivation.
B) poor adaptation.
C) an emotional catharsis.
D) inadequate spirituality.

Question 63

Which of the basic emotions is facially expressed by brows raised,eyes widened,and mouth rounded in an oval shape?

A) disgust
B) joy
C) anger
D) surprise

Question 64

A television producer believes that violent TV programs provide viewers an opportunity to reduce their own anger through fantasy.The producer appears to accept the

A) concept of flow.
B) adaptation-level phenomenon.
C) relative deprivation principle.
D) catharsis hypothesis.

Question 65

Which of the basic emotions is facially expressed by eyelids lifted,mouth corners retracted,and brows level while drawn in and up?

A) anger
B) fear
C) sadness
D) disgust

Question 66

One of the 10 basic emotions isolated by Carroll Izard is

A) lust.
B) greed.
C) shame.
D) love.

Question 67

When Laura acts happy,she experiences increased feelings of cheerfulness.This best illustrates

A) morphed emotional expressions.
B) subliminal emotion.
C) feigned expressions.
D) the behavior feedback phenomenon.

Question 68

Experiencing anger tends to ________ heart rate and ________ testosterone levels.

A) reduce;increase
B) increase;reduce
C) reduce;reduce
D) increase;increase

Question 69

The facial expressions associated with particular emotions are

A) learned in early childhood.
B) different in Eastern and Western cultures.
C) the same throughout the world.
D) more similar in adults than they are in children or adolescents.

Question 70

The emotion of sadness is characterized by negative valence and ________ arousal.

A) high
B) positive
C) low
D) negative

Question 71

When research participants were asked to raise their middle finger through a motion sensor while reading a story,the behaviors they read about were perceived as more hostile.This best illustrated

A) natural mimicry.
B) the behavior feedback effect.
C) emotional literacy.
D) subtle expressiveness.

Question 72

Who suggested that a sneer retains elements of baring one's teeth so as to threaten predators?

A) Paul Ekman
B) William James
C) James Laird
D) Charles Darwin

Question 73

In which country would parents be LEAST likely to advocate catharsis as a way of helping their children reduce their anger?

A) the United States
B) Japan
C) Australia
D) France

Question 74

The catharsis hypothesis refers to the idea that

A) anger is always preceded by cognition.
B) humans tend to adapt to a given level of stimulation.
C) anger is reduced by aggressive action or fantasy.
D) anger raises our testosterone level.

Question 75

Whether you live in an African village or a European city,fast-paced music seems more ________ than slow-paced music.

A) happy
B) emotion-focused
C) hurried
D) scary

Question 76

People report that they are especially likely to experience anger when they are harmed by an event that is perceived as

A) unusual.
B) unintended.
C) unjustified.
D) unavoidable.

Question 77

Verbal and nonverbal expressions of anger can

A) calm emotions and reduce anger.
B) become habitual if they successfully reduce anger.
C) increase immediate feelings of anger.
D) do any of these things.

Question 78

Patients reportedly feel less depressed following between-the-eyebrows Botox injections that immobilize their frown muscles.This best illustrates the

A) behavior feedback effect.
B) Darwin's evolutionary theory.
C) Ekman's facial expression theory.
D) facial feedback effect.

Question 79

Researchers have found that people experience stressful situations as less upsetting while holding a pen with their teeth than while holding it with their lips.This best illustrates

A) emotional literacy.
B) natural mimicry.
C) the facial feedback effect.
D) nonverbal communication.

Question 80

As a member of the diplomatic corps,Alex was given special training in the customs,language,and religions of the nonindustrialized country where he would be living.However,Alex probably needed little training to correctly interpret his hosts' expressions of emotion as revealed by their

A) body postures.
B) facial expressions.
C) hand gestures.
D) tones of voice.