Deck 11: Emotion, Stress, and Health

Question 1

_________ is a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.

A) An attribution
B) Emotion
C) Galvanic skin response
D) Body language

Answer 1

Emotion

Question 2

Describe the research in which 1-year-old babies were placed on an ambiguous visual cliff. What did this research reveal about emotion?

Answer 2

A good answer will include the following key points.
- The ambiguous visual cliff did not drop off sharply as the traditional version did. Therefore, it did not automatically evoke fear.
- When mothers put on a happy expression, most babies crossed the cliff (74 percent).
- When mothers showed an expression of fear, no infants would cross the cliff.
- Young children do not yet have the experience to judge danger.
- Therefore, they look to their parents to determine whether they should be alarmed or not.

Question 3

When Jose complies with instructions to look angry, it is most likely that:

A) he will be amused to be simulating anger.
B) he will be unaffected because he is just pretending to be angry.
C) his positive feelings will decrease.
D) his reaction will depend on his age.

Answer 3

his positive feelings will decrease.

Question 4

What are the characteristics of Type A individuals? What part of the Type A personality is a risk factor for heart disease?

Question 5

Define primary control and secondary control. How do Eastern and Western cultures typically differ in their approach to controlling events in one's life?

Question 6

Name the seven facial expressions of emotion that Paul Ekman identified as having distinctive physiological patterns and corresponding universal facial expressions.

Question 7

Charles Darwin argued that human facial expressions are innate. What evolutionary reason did Darwin give for the evolution of these expressions?

Question 8

Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered evidence supporting the universality of _________ facial expressions of emotion.

A) five
B) six
C) seven
D) nine

Question 9

Many people who keep private journals do so because it allows them to divulge private thoughts and feelings that make them feel ashamed, worried, frightened, or sad. Is this confessional behaviour emotionally beneficial? Explain why or why not.

Question 10

Anna is the front-desk manager of a hotel. What is "emotion work" and in what ways is it necessary for Anna's job?

Question 11

Whitney says that her goal in graduate school is to specialize in psychoneuroimmunology (PNI). What does Whitney intend to study?

Question 12

In what ways can having friends improve a person's health?

Question 13

Everyone knows that feeling happy makes people smile, but can smiling make people feel happier? Explain why or why not.

Question 14

Jillian got a B on her psychology midterm and she is proud and overjoyed. But her friend, Halley, who also got a B, is absolutely furious. How does this example illustrate the importance of appraisal in emotional responses?

Question 15

Briefly explain how the HPA axis system works.

Question 16

Contrast the responses of humans and mice in situations where crowding occurs.

Question 17

Explain the ways in which poverty and powerlessness act as stressors.

Question 18

Shannon's first bee sting, when she was 7 years old, led to a trip to the emergency room after she had an allergic reaction. As she is playing at Kyla's tenth birthday party, Shannon notices a bee near her hand. Explain the phase of the general adaptation syndrome that Shannon experiences at this moment.

Question 19

Explain why the small structure in the brain, the amygdala, is considered a key structure in regard to emotion.

Question 20

Define internal locus of control and external locus of control, and explain the concepts with suitable examples.

Question 21

Darwin argued that facial expressions of emotion are:

A) biologically irrelevant.
B) learned.
C) maladaptive.
D) innate.

Question 22

"It's too bad my car was damaged by the tree that fell on it during the hurricane, but now I can get that new car I've wanted for so long." This is an example of which coping strategy?

A) reappraising the situation
B) learning from the experience
C) making social comparisons
D) cultivating a sense of humour

Question 23

Three major components that psychologists focus on when defining "emotion" are:

A) facial muscles, bodily changes, and stress.
B) physiological changes, cognitive processes, and action tendencies.
C) the alarm phase, the resistance phase, and the exhaustion phase.
D) social rules, cultural rules, and relationship rules.

Question 24

What is the key characteristic of the Type A personality that is related to heart disease?

A) working hard
B) impatience
C) hostility
D) having high standards

Question 25

Many researchers believe that mirror neurons allow humans to:

A) experience empathy.
B) coordinate complicated motor tasks.
C) develop facial expressions for basic emotions.
D) reverse left-right movements when performing a task in front of a mirror.

Question 26

When researchers showed students a series of computer-generated, fairly sex-neutral faces with a range of expressions morphing from angry to happy, the students consistently rated the angry faces as:

A) male.
B) female.
C) the opposite of the student's own gender.
D) the same as the student's own gender.

Question 27

Three major components that psychologists focus on when defining "emotion" are:

A) facial muscles, bodily changes, and stress.
B) physiological changes, cognitive processes, and action tendencies.
C) the alarm phase, the resistance phase, and the exhaustion phase.
D) social rules, cultural rules, and relationship rules.

Question 28

As Molly looks at the grade scored in her final exams, she thinks, "I did well on this exam, because my roommate helped me study." Molly's thoughts suggest that she has:

A) conscientiousness.
B) a tendency to exert primary control.
C) an internal locus of control.
D) an external locus of control.

Question 29

According to the concept of facial feedback, when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that:

A) he will be unaffected because he is just pretending to be happy.
B) he will begin to feel angry.
C) his positive feelings will increase.
D) his reaction will depend on his age.

Question 30

When 1-year-old babies in an experiment were placed on an ambiguous visual cliff and saw an expression of fear on their mothers' faces, what portion of them crossed the cliff?

A) all of them
B) about three-quarters of them
C) about one-third of them
D) none of them

Question 31

Which occupation would be more likely to require emotion work as a job requirement?

A) customer service representative
B) accountant
C) architect
D) software analyst

Question 32

Darwin argued that facial expressions of emotion are:

A) biologically irrelevant.
B) learned.
C) maladaptive.
D) innate.

Question 33

The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called:

A) primary emotional processing.
B) internal emotion work.
C) facial feedback.
D) body language.

Question 34

In most people, the __________ is specialized for withdrawal or escape.

A) somatic nervous system
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) left prefrontal cortex
D) reticular activating system

Question 35

According to Paul Ekman, which of the following is one of the universal facial expressions?

A) agitation
B) fear
C) embarrassment
D) shame

Question 36

Expression of an emotion that the person does not really feel is called:

A) facial feedback.
B) secondary emotion.
C) emotion work.
D) body language.

Question 37

_______________ is a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.

A) An attribution
B) Emotion
C) Galvanic skin response
D) Body language

Question 38

________ is a general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control or not.

A) Optimism
B) Primary control
C) Secondary control
D) Locus of control

Question 39

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer argued that two factors determine the experience of emotion. The two factors are:

A) cognitive interpretation and cultural influence.
B) physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.
C) perception and attribution.
D) physiological arousal and cultural rules.

Question 40

The ________ quickly assesses danger or threat.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) right hemisphere
C) left hemisphere
D) amygdala

Question 41

When 1-year-old babies in an experiment were placed on an ambiguous visual cliff and saw an expression of fear on their mothers' faces, what portion of them crossed the cliff?

A) all of them
B) about three-quarters of them
C) about one-third of them
D) none of them

Question 42

Facial feedback is defined as:

A) the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed.
B) a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.
C) the emotional reaction of other people to our facial expressions.
D) a set of social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions.

Question 43

The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called:

A) primary emotional processing.
B) internal emotion work.
C) facial feedback.
D) body language.

Question 44

Analysis of facial muscles during emotional displays has revealed that:

A) most individuals are able to mimic grief accurately, getting the facial muscles just right.
B) false smiles tend to last ten seconds or more, but authentic smiles last only about two seconds.
C) false expressions use the same groups of muscles that are used in authentic expressions.
D) physiological responses ensure that facial expressions convey the emotion being felt.

Question 45

In order to get around the human ability to mask emotions and more clearly define facial expressions for particular emotions, Paul Ekman and his associates:

A) developed a special coding system that analyzed and identified the numerous facial muscles.
B) developed an inter-observer system to make sure that observers defined expressions reliably.
C) interviewed all participants in order to assess unexpressed feelings and motivations.
D) monitored the brain waves of participants to determine which hemisphere had higher activation.

Question 46

If you put on an angry face, then:

A) your heart rate will rise faster than if you put on a happy face.
B) your heart rate will decelerate.
C) your parasympathetic nervous system will become active.
D) physiological change won't occur because it is a false emotion.

Question 47

In most people, the __________ is specialized for withdrawal or escape.

A) somatic nervous system
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) left prefrontal cortex
D) reticular activating system

Question 48

When Jose complies with instructions to look angry, it is most likely that:

A) he will be amused to be simulating anger.
B) he will be unaffected because he is just pretending to be angry.
C) his positive feelings will decrease.
D) his reaction will depend on his age.

Question 49

When one-year-old Olivia is placed on an ambiguous visual cliff, she looks at her mom's reassuring face. Olivia is most likely to:

A) smile back at mom, but refuse to cross.
B) cross the cliff.
C) begin crying.
D) learn to distrust her mother.

Question 50

Emily's left prefrontal cortex was damaged as the result of an automobile accident. As a result, her friends are most likely to notice that:

A) she has begun to experience excessive euphoria.
B) she can recognize them by voice but not by sight.
C) she seems to have lost her capacity for joy.
D) she "forgets" to be afraid in situations that should involve fear.

Question 51

In most people, the __________ appears to be specialized for the motivation to approach others.

A) somatic nervous system
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) left prefrontal cortex
D) reticular activating system

Question 52

According to the concept of facial feedback, when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that:

A) he will be unaffected because he is just pretending to be happy.
B) he will begin to feel angry.
C) his positive feelings will increase.
D) his reaction will depend on his age.

Question 53

The ________ quickly assesses danger or threat.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) right hemisphere
C) left hemisphere
D) amygdala

Question 54

Chastity is pretending that she is feeling sad. According to research, she is probably:

A) using the same facial muscles she would use if she were really feeling sad.
B) using different facial muscles she would use if she were really feeling sad.
C) not making eye contact.
D) speaking extremely softly while frowning.

Question 55

Ekman and his associates developed a special coding system to analyze and identify each of the nearly __________ muscles of the face, as well as the combinations of muscles associated with various emotions.

A) 70
B) 80
C) 90
D) 100

Question 56

Three-year-old Xavier sees his dad dressed up as a gorilla and Xavier screams in fear. What brain structure is probably involved in his reaction?

A) olfactory bulb
B) amygdala
C) occipital lobe
D) Wernicke's area

Question 57

Parts of the ________ are involved in the regulation of emotion, keeping us on an even keel and responding appropriately to others.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) medulla
D) sympathetic nervous system

Question 58

According to Ekman's research on facial expressions:

A) when people try to hide their feelings with an inauthentic expression, they use different groups of muscles than they do for authentic emotions.
B) authentic smiles last ten seconds or more, whereas false smiles last only about two seconds.
C) when trying to feign sadness, only about 60 percent of people manage to get the eyebrows, eyelids, and forehead wrinkle exactly right.
D) there is little support for Darwin's evolutionary theory that certain human facial expressions are innate.

Question 59

According to Paul Ekman, which of the following is one of the universal facial expressions?

A) agitation
B) fear
C) embarrassment
D) shame

Question 60

Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered evidence supporting the universality of _________ facial expressions of emotion.

A) five
B) six
C) seven
D) nine

Question 61

Schachter and Singer argued that two factors determine the experience of emotion. The two factors are:

A) cognitive interpretation and cultural influence.
B) physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.
C) perception and attribution.
D) physiological arousal and cultural rules.

Question 62

Display rules involve:

A) displaying an emotion that is not actually felt, often because of a role requirement.
B) social or cultural guidelines that regulate when, how, and where a person may express emotion.
C) emotions that are displayed, as a rule, only by certain cultures.
D) universal, biologically-based emotional displays evoked by particular emotional situations.

Question 63

Which of the following emotions is a prototypical emotion?

A) compassion
B) jealousy
C) shame
D) happiness

Question 64

________ emotions are reflected in the emotion words that young children learn first: happy, sad, mad, and scared.

A) Culturally-distinct
B) Coping
C) Attributional
D) Prototypical

Question 65

When emotions spread from one person to another, it is known as:

A) facial feedback.
B) mood contagion.
C) secondary emotion.
D) emotion work.

Question 66

________ provides the energy of an emotion, that familiar tingle, excitement, and sense of animation.

A) Melatonin
B) Epinephrine
C) Oxytocin
D) Dopamine

Question 67

According to the section in your textbook on lie detection:

A) the Computer Voice Stress Analyzer is more accurate than the polygraph.
B) the polygraph is more valid than the Computer Voice Stress Analyzer.
C) the Computer Voice Stress Analyzer and the polygraph used together result in valid lie detection.
D) at present there is no perfect way to detect lying.

Question 68

During an interrogation, an FBI agent tries to scare a suspect into making a confession by saying "You know, they have this new type of lie detector that can measure activity in different regions of the brain to determine whether a person is lying or telling the truth." What technology is the agent referring to?

A) fMRI
B) Computer Voice Stress Analyzer
C) polygraph
D) two-photon imaging

Question 69

The ________ secrete(s) epinephrine and norepinephrine when the sympathetic nervous system becomes activated.

A) left prefrontal cortex
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) amygdala
D) adrenal glands

Question 70

________ are social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or suppress) emotions.

A) Emotion prototypes
B) Display rules
C) Primary and secondary controls
D) General adaptations

Question 71

The influence of thought on emotion was studied by assessing athletes' reactions to being among the medal winners in the 1992 Olympics. The results showed that:

A) third-place winners were happier than second-place winners.
B) second-place winners were happier than third-place winners.
C) there were no significant differences in happiness between third-place and second-place winners.
D) second-place winners showed an increase in positive emotions, but third-place winners showed a decrease.

Question 72

Which of the following emotions is a prototypical emotion?

A) schadenfreude
B) happiness
C) shame
D) nostalgia

Question 73

Many researchers believe that mirror neurons allow humans to:

A) experience empathy.
B) coordinate complicated motor tasks.
C) develop facial expressions for basic emotions.
D) reverse left-right movements when performing a task in front of a mirror.

Question 74

Gina jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across campus. Her fear evaporates when she hears her boyfriend's voice saying, "What are you doing out so late, Gina?" What brain structure played a key role when Gina's fear evaporated?

A) medulla
B) hippocampus
C) cerebral cortex
D) amygdala

Question 75

Dr. Cabbot is recording from a mirror neuron in a monkey's brain. When will the neuron fire?

A) Only when the monkey is performing a specific action, but not when it sees someone else perform the same action.
B) Only when the monkey is watching someone else perform a specific action, but not when it performs the same action.
C) Only when the monkey is watching itself perform an action in front of a mirror.
D) When the monkey is performing a specific action, and also when it watches someone else perform the same action.

Question 76

Samantha jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across campus. What brain structure played a key role in Samantha's fearful reaction?

A) medulla
B) hippocampus
C) cerebral cortex
D) amygdala

Question 77

The ________ directly controls the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) right hemisphere
D) sympathetic nervous system

Question 78

The polygraph is based on the assumption that a person who is guilty and fearful will have:

A) decreased flow of epinephrine.
B) decreased flow of norepinephrine.
C) increased activity in the autonomic nervous system.
D) increased activity in the hippocampus.

Question 79

What property of some brain cells led scientists to call them mirror neurons?

A) They only fire when a person or animal looks in a mirror.
B) Their cell membranes contain a protein that makes them reflect light.
C) Their structure perfectly mirrors the structure of a neighboring neuron.
D) They fire when a person or animal observes others carrying out an action.

Question 80

Simon has experienced damage to his amygdala. It is most likely that he:

A) has difficulty experiencing fear and recognizing fear in others.
B) has lost the capacity to experience love.
C) feels excessively manic and euphoric.
D) feels excessively depressed.