Deck 4: Canadian Corrections in Practice Psychology of Criminal Behaviour

Question 1

A major tenet of restorative justice is that:

A)crime is a wound,justice should be healing
B)crime is a wrong,justice should be full punishment
C)crime is inevitable,justice should be as strong as possible
D)crime is rare,justice should be gentle

Answer 1

crime is a wound,justice should be healing

Question 2

The preferred approach in Canadian correctional facilities,called evidence-based practice,is to use theories and research to analyze and guide real-world practice.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

With respect to the death penalty,in his 40-year review for the United Nations,Hood (2002) found when comparing countries that were abolitionist,retentionist,or users with a moratorium:

A)retentionist countries had the lowest rate of capital crimes
B)users with a moratorium on the death penalty had the lowest rate of capital crimes
C)there was no difference in frequency of capital crimes
D)abolitionist countries had the lowest rate of capital crimes

Answer 3

there was no difference in frequency of capital crimes

Question 4

Psychobiological and evolutionary theories are arguably the most empirically supported and the most relevant theories to correctional intervention.

Question 5

In terms of crime desistance,most researchers uphold that:

A)it is best understood as a process of change and growth rather than a distinct event
B)is simply the absence of criminal activity
C)psychological processes do not seem to moderate the process
D)age,employment,and the development of stable relationships appear to have little impact

Question 6

Over an eight-year period,an evaluation of the efficacy of the Custody Rating Scale (CRS) demonstrated that:

A)minimum security placements increased and escape rates increased
B)minimum security placements decreased and escape rates decreased
C)minimum security placements increased and escape rates decreased
D)minimum security placements decreased and escape rates increased

Question 7

All of the following are key purposes of sentencing in Canada except:

A)denouncing unlawful conduct
B)removing offenders from society
C)providing reparation to victims
D)promoting a sense of responsibility in victims

Question 8

In a type of deterrence strategy called "punishing smarter",such as boot camps,electronic surveillance,etc.,the following has been found to be true.

A)these types of programs generally work well for female offenders
B)these types of programs generally work for most offender populations
C)intensive supervision reduces crime significantly,regardless of rehabilitation focus
D)only fines and restitution decrease criminal recidivism,albeit very slightly

Question 9

Dynamic risk assessments are valuable because they:

A)take information provided by parole officers into account
B)account for the fact that risk for crime can change over time
C)are the only type of risk assessment that examines multiple risk factors
D)only have to be conducted once

Question 10

According to McGuire (2004),what are the four dimensions of deterrence?

A)Certainty,celerity,severity,and scope
B)Certainty,celerity,importance,and duration
C)Public,private,criminal,and civil
D)Positive,negative,neutral,and mixed

Question 11

General deterrence does not reduce crime in that longer sentences and incarceration are not highly related to recidivism.

Question 12

The current approach to correctional programming is to target motivation and reduce criminogenic needs using a:

A)cognitive-behavioural model that helps offenders understand high-risk situations and improve their prosocial skills
B)psychoanalytic model that helps offenders to understand their lacking superego
C)self-help model that helps offenders to make changes to their outlook on their own time
D)harm-reduction model that helps offenders to reduce their offending in small increments

Question 13

Retribution,in terms of punishment,means that:

A)society is removing the offenders' ability to commit crimes by incarcerating them
B)the society has the right,when harmed,to harm the offender
C)punishment directly influences the behaviour
D)it is meant to address issues at the individual level

Question 14

All correctional systems screen for suicide risk at intake,given that it is a time of increased risk.

Question 15

Effective correctional practice must be informed by:

A)talking with offenders
B)theory and evidence
C)principles of classical conditioning
D)principles of operant conditioning

Question 16

When reviewing the meta-analytic findings relative to the importance of staff in changing offender behaviour,the general findings are that:

A)staff who adopt a strong and authoritative approach are more effective than staff who are overly empathic
B)staff who adopt a rehabilitative approach are more effective than staff who are overly strict
C)staff who adopt an approach of encouragement are more effective than staff who are overly authoritative
D)staff who adopt a fair but firm approach are more effective than staff who are overly authoritative or rehabilitative

Question 17

Correctional programming that is ___________ and __________based is most likely to result in decreases in reoffending.

A)psychodynamic,theory
B)psychodynamic,case
C)cognitive-behavioural,therapy
D)cognitive-behavioural,skills

Question 18

The three main factors considered for custody placement on the Custody Rating Scale are:

A)suicide risk,escape risk,and age of offender
B)institutional adjustment,escape risk,and public safety rating
C)institutional adjustment,escape risk,and sex of offender
D)public safety rating,escape risk,and age of offender

Question 19

In comparing neighboring states in the U.S.,with and without capital punishment,there was no difference in the frequency of capital crimes.

Question 20

It would appear that restorative justice programs show:

A)positive effects across all measures,including offender satisfaction
B)positive effects across a range of measures,with greatest effect in restitution compliance
C)positive effects across a range of measures,with greatest effect in recidivism
D)negative effects across most measures,even victim satisfaction

Question 21

Overall,restorative justice programs are ineffective across multiple measures and do not prove to be an effective alternative to incarceration.

Question 22

Describe the risk,needs,and responsivity (RNR) principles of correctional programming and why they are important to the success of programming.

Question 23

Social and political confidence in offender rehabilitation in Canada is very high.

Question 24

Describe the four generations of risk assessments as proposed by Bonta (1996).

Question 25

Outline the five types of restorative justice approaches..

Question 26

Identify and describe Hanson and Morton-Bourgon 's (2009) five-category classification of risk assessment tools.

Question 27

Discuss the two key decision points - pre-trial and custody classification/intake assessment - when risk assessments are used in corrections.

Question 28

In terms of crime desistance,offenders are largely similar in their criminal trajectories across their lifespan.

Question 29

The link between punishment and deterrence of crime is strong.

Question 30

Research across multiple countries and correctional agencies has demonstrated that cognitive-behavioural models for correctional programming reduce reoffending.

Question 31

Explain the major themes of retribution,incapacitation,and deterrence.

Question 32

Compared to offenders who do not complete rehabilitation programs,offenders who complete such programs are more likely to receive a discretionary release and less likely to fail following release.

Question 33

Providing programming to lower risk offenders may help decrease their likelihood of reoffending.

Question 34

Describe the Conceptual Model of Offender Transition.

Question 35

Crimes are largely committed by individuals during their adolescent and early adult years,but criminal behaviour usually ceases between the ages of 30 and 40.

Question 36

Explain the concept of restorative justice (RJ) and the main features of RJ programs.