Deck 18: Life Cycle Nutrition: Adulthood and the Later Years

Question 1

What minimum reduction from the usual intake of energy in people brings about measurable improvements in body fat, blood pressure, insulin response, and blood lipids?

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 40 percent
D) 50 percent

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Approximately what percentage of a person's life expectancy is dependent upon his personal behaviour?

A) 0 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Studies of adults show that longevity is related, in part, to which of the following?

A) weight gain
B) irregularity of meals
C) short periods of sleep
D) no or moderate alcohol intake

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is a finding from studies of diet restriction in rats?

A) Restriction of specific nutrients exerted anti-aging effects.
B) Energy-restricted diets led to life extension in 90 percent of the rats.
C) Energy-restricted diets led to lowering of the metabolic rate and body temperature.
D) Restriction of food intake only after rats reached maturity, but not before, resulted in extension of life span.

Question 5

Which of the following features of energy intake and longevity is true?

A) Improvements in longevity depend on reducing energy intake but not on the amount of body fat.
B) Restriction of energy intake in genetically obese animals does not seem to improve longevity.
C) Biochemical markers for longevity in humans are improved only when energy intake is reduced by at least one-third.
D) The activities of the genes of older mice on energy-restricted diets are similar to those of mice on standard diets.

Question 6

In people who practice energy restriction to prolong life, hunger becomes persistent when kcalorie intake first drops by what percentage?

A) 30 percent
B) 40 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 60 percent

Question 7

What is the most important predictor of a person's mobility in the later years?

A) BMI
B) alcohol use
C) chronological age
D) regular physical activity

Question 8

What was the average life expectancy of Canadians born in the year 1900?

A) 47-50 years
B) 51-55 years
C) 56-61 years
D) 64-68 years

Question 9

People who persistently restrict energy intake by 30 percent for 30 years can expect to increase longevity by up to how many years?

A) 3 years
B) 6 years
C) 9 years
D) 12 years

Question 10

What fraction of the Canadian population is projected to be at least 65 years old in the year 2031?

A) 1/100
B) 1/30
C) 1/5
D) 1/3

Question 11

Which of the following is a characteristic of body weight in older people?

A) A higher body weight reduces the risk of sarcopenia.
B) Being overweight at age 75 does not reduce longevity.
C) Being obese may not carry health risks.
D) A moderately high body weight may be more detrimental than a low one.

Question 12

Which of the following appears to be most influential in slowing the physical limitations that accompany aging?

A) physical activity
B) eating well
C) moderate alcohol intake
D) energy restriction

Question 13

Which of the following features of the stress response in men and women is true?

A) Women's general reactions to stress are different than those of men.
B) The ability to respond is weaker in older women compared with older men.
C) The secretion of epinephrine is suppressed in elderly women compared with elderly men.
D) Psychological stressors such as divorce or death of a loved one are handled much less well by elderly men compared with elderly women.

Question 14

What is the fastest-growing age group in Canada?

A) 21-30 years
B) 35-50 years
C) Over 65 years
D) Over 85 years

Question 15

What would be the physiological age of a 75-year-old woman whose physical health is equivalent to that of her 50-year-old daughter?

A) 25 years
B) 50 years
C) 70 years
D) 125 years

Question 16

Approximately what percentage of a person's life expectancy is under control of her genes?

A) 0 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 17

Approximately how many years is the maximum human life span?

A) 75 years
B) 100 years
C) 115 years
D) 130 years

Question 18

Which of the following is a proposed mechanism for energy restriction and improved longevity in animals?

A) reduced oxidative stress
B) increased metabolic rate
C) enhanced lipid oxidation
D) reduced DNA repair

Question 19

What is the life expectancy of males and females in Canada?

A) 70-77 years
B) 78-85 years
C) 85-89 years
D) 90-93 years

Question 20

What is the life expectancy of white males and females?

A) 62-68 years
B) 76-81 years
C) 82-86 years
D) 87-90 years

Question 21

Atrophic gastritis notably impairs the absorption of which nutrient?

A) vitamin B-6
B) vitamin B-12
C) thiamin
D) riboflavin

Question 22

Which of the following describes the nutrient needs of older people?

A) Nutrient needs vary according to individual histories.
B) Nutrient needs remain the same as in young adult life.
C) Nutrient needs increase; therefore, supplementation is required.
D) Nutrient needs decrease for vitamins and minerals due to changes in body composition.

Question 23

Mary is 75 years old and has been getting sick recently and losing weight. After assessing all symptoms, her doctor diagnoses atrophic gastritis and prescribes an antibiotic. Which one of the following symptoms is associated with this condition?

A) diarrhea
B) acid reflux
C) weight loss
D) stomach pain

Question 24

Which one of the following features of elderly people and water metabolism is true?

A) Elderly people do not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth.
B) Elderly people have a higher total body water content compared with younger adults.
C) Elderly people show increased frequency of urination, which results in higher requirements.
D) Elderly people frequently show symptoms of overhydration such as mental lapses and disorientation.

Question 25

The relationship of overweight and health risks diminishes with age, starting after which of these ages?

A) 45 years
B) 55 years
C) 65 years
D) 75 years

Question 26

Dietary interventions for dysphagia:

A) are highly individualized
B) provide solid-textured foods
C) include clear liquids
D) include vitamin and mineral supplements

Question 27

What is the highest age group recognized in the Dietary Reference Intakes?

A) 40 years and over
B) 50 years and over
C) 65 years and over
D) 71 years and older

Question 28

Marie is an 80-year-old woman with a BMI of 27 who has been admitted to the hospital for dehydration. She lives alone, her diet is very high in desserts and sweets, and she only drinks diet colas. On morning hospital rounds, the attending physician asked the group of interns what they recommend for the patient. With which intern should you DISAGREE?

A) Intern A: Try to lose enough weight to achieve a desirable BMI.
B) Intern B: Try to incorporate soft fruits and cooked vegetables into the diet.
C) Intern C: Try to avoid sodas that contain caffeine as they may contribute to dehydration.
D) Intern D: Try to drink at least 6 glasses of water a day (or the equivalent in fruit juices).

Question 29

What is the total water per day recommendation for males over 50 years of age?

A) 1300 mL
B) 2500 mL
C) 3700 mL
D) 5000 mL

Question 30

Which of the following characteristics of tooth loss in the elderly is true?

A) People without teeth have adequate intakes of fibre and vitamins.
B) Properly-fitted dentures are just as effective as natural teeth.
C) People without teeth commonly consume adequate fruits and vegetables.
D) The consumption of applesauce instead of apples and creamed corn instead of corn on the cob reduces nutrient bioavailability and impairs nutritional health.

Question 31

Which of the following signs typically characterizes atrophic gastritis?

A) inflamed stomach mucosa
B) excessive secretion of hydrochloric acid
C) decreased bacterial growth in the stomach
D) adequate secretion of pepsinogen and gastrin

Question 32

Which of the following terms describes an immune system that is inefficient and overactive in the aged?

A) inflammaging
B) dysphagic cell mass
C) sarcopenic undermining
D) endentulous-induced wasting

Question 33

A person who is edentulous has which of the following disadvantages?

A) no teeth
B) low immunity
C) difficulty swallowing
D) diminished muscle mass

Question 34

A person with dysphagia has which of the following disadvantages?

A) no teeth
B) low immunity
C) difficulty swallowing
D) diminished muscle mass

Question 35

Which of the following characteristics of aging and the immune system is true

A) Immunity in older people does not seem to be affected by regular exercise.
B) In Canada, infectious diseases are a minor cause of deaths in the elderly.
C) Immune function does not decline with age in people who maintain good nutrition.
D) Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating older people who have deficient immune systems.

Question 36

Approximately what percentage decline in basal metabolism is seen in an 80-year-old person compared with a 40-year-old?

A) 1-2 percent
B) 2-4 percent
C) 4-8 percent
D) 8-16 percent

Question 37

Approximately what percentage decline in total energy expenditure is seen in a 70 year old versus a 30 year old?

A) 2 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 20 percent
D) 30 percent

Question 38

A person with a pressure ulcer has damage to which of the following areas?

A) skin
B) colon
C) mouth
D) stomach

Question 39

Which of the following describes sarcopenia?

A) loss of central visual activity
B) loss of muscle mass and strength
C) aging-induced chronic inflammation of the stomach
D) intestinal dysmotility from excessive use of laxatives

Question 40

Among the elderly, malnutrition is most common in those living under which of the following circumstances?

A) in nursing homes
B) with their children
C) at home with others
D) at home by themselves

Question 41

Which of the following is a condition that increases the likelihood of iron deficiency in older people?

A) lack of intrinsic factor
B) loss of iron due to menopause
C) blood loss from yearly physical testing procedures
D) poor iron absorption due to reduced stomach acid secretion and/or use of antacids

Question 42

Which of the following is a characteristic of age-related macular degeneration?

A) It is a rare form of vision loss in older people.
B) Risk factors include sunlight-induced oxidative stress.
C) Dietary omega-6 fatty acids may be protective.
D) Therapy includes elimination of purine-containing foods.

Question 43

Jimmy is 33 years old and his obese parents each have cataracts in both eyes. They rarely eat fruits or vegetables and prefer a meat and potatoes existence. To reduce his risk of developing cataracts, which of the following should Jimmy incorporate into his lifestyle?

A) taking vitamin D supplements
B) eating a variety of foods that contain carotenoids
C) eating a variety of foods that contain iron
D) getting enough sleep at night to preserve the integrity of his eyes

Question 44

A doctor suspects the numbness in John's hands is because he is not producing enough hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. The doctor encourages John to eat more foods containing vitamin B₁₂. Why is this advice unlikely to alleviate John's symptoms?

A) John can absorb vitamin B₁₂ from foods despite his lack of intrinsic factor.
B) Intrinsic factor is not associated with vitamin B₁₂ and eating more foods containing the vitamin would have no effect on John's health.
C) It is improbable that a lack of hydrochloric acid production and intrinsic factor are associated with the numbness that John is experiencing.
D) Because John has no intrinsic factor, he cannot efficiently utilize vitamin B₁₂ from natural sources.

Question 45

Which of the following is a feature of arthritis?

A) The immune system is not involved in rheumatoid arthritis.
B) Weight loss intensifies the pain in the hands from osteoarthritis.
C) Weight-bearing exercises often aggravate the pain from osteoarthritis.
D) Supplements of glucosamine and chondroitin seem to reduce the pain of arthritis.

Question 46

Which of the following practices are known to be effective in preventing and treating the high incidence of constipation in the elderly?

A) eating more red meat
B) drinking more water
C) limiting physical activity
D) taking vitamin B₁₂ injections

Question 47

Which of the following types of diets has been shown to prevent or reduce arthritis inflammation?

A) high in simple sugars, low in canned fruit
B) high in animal protein, low in canned fruit
C) low in polyunsaturated fat, high in oleic acid
D) low in saturated fat, high in omega-3 fatty acids

Question 48

Which one of the following is a characteristic of vitamin B₁₂ nutrition in older people?

A) The RDA for vitamin B₁₂ is different for younger adults.
B) Older adults are advised to obtain most of their vitamin B₁₂ from fortified foods and supplements.
C) Up to 45 percent of those over 50 years of age are at risk of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency due to atrophic gastritis.
D) The DRI Committee recommends that older people increase their meat intake to provide adequate vitamin B₁₂.

Question 49

Which of the following statements describes zinc nutrition in older people?

A) A low zinc intake is common.
B) Medications often enhance the absorption of zinc.
C) Zinc toxicity can depress appetite.
D) Medications often reduce the excretion of zinc.

Question 50

Which of the following is a feature of osteoarthritis?

A) Low BMI is a risk factor.
B) Nicotine intake reduces inflammation and increases flexibility.
C) It is the most common type of arthritis that disables older people.
D) Jogging worsens the symptoms in weight-bearing joints.

Question 51

Although many health-care professionals do not recommend a daily multivitamin-mineral supplement, the need for which of the following nutrients is usually met from supplement use?

A) iron
B) zinc
C) vitamin D
D) magnesium

Question 52

Which of the following statements describes one aspect of mineral nutrition of older adults?

A) Zinc intake is adequate for about 95 percent of this group.
B) Iron absorption is reduced due to low stomach acidity.
C) Calcium intakes of females are near the RDA for this group.
D) Calcium allowances for this group have recently been increased by the Committee on Dietary Reference Intakes.

Question 53

Which of the following features of calcium nutrition in the elderly is true?

A) The DRI is 800-1000 mg.
B) Calcium intakes are well below recommendations.
C) Calcium supplements are not effective sources of calcium due to poor digestibility.
D) Calcium from food is not well absorbed due to the intake of calcium-binding laxatives.

Question 54

Which of the following nutrients appear to be protective of cataract formation?

A) iron and calcium
B) chromium and zinc
C) vitamin B₁₂ and folate
D) vitamin C and vitamin E

Question 55

Which of the following foods seems to benefit rheumatoid arthritis in some people?

A) milk
B) olive oil
C) iodized salt
D) refined cereals

Question 56

Which of these organs is/are affected by macular degeneration?

A) bone
B) eyes
C) liver
D) kidneys

Question 57

What are the thickenings that occur to the lenses of the eye, thereby affecting vision, especially in the elderly?

A) retinitis
B) keratoids
C) cataracts
D) rhodolipids

Question 58

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in the elderly is least likely to occur from which of the following?

A) intestinal bacterial overgrowth
B) insufficient intake of vitamin B₁₂
C) reduced output of intrinsic factor
D) reduced output of hydrochloric acid

Question 59

Which of the following is a recent finding on vitamin D nutrition in the elderly?

A) The capacity to self-synthesize vitamin D is high.
B) The skin's capacity to synthesize vitamin D is reduced.
C) The presence of atrophic gastritis reduces bioavailability of vitamin D.
D) Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency include dermatitis and diminished taste acidity.

Question 60

Which of the following features of vitamin D nutrition in the elderly is true?

A) Most elderly receive near-RDA amounts of vitamin D.
B) Aging reduces the kidneys' ability to convert vitamin D to its active form.
C) The RDA for vitamin D in the elderly is lower due to less excretion by the kidneys.
D) Most elderly rely primarily on self-synthesis of vitamin D due to their greater time spent outdoors.

Question 61

Which of the following is a principal reason that congregate meals are preferable to Meals on Wheels?

A) The cost of administering congregate meals is lower.
B) There are more social benefits to congregate meals.
C) Nutritional benefits are greater with congregate meals.
D) More meals per week are served with congregate meals.

Question 62

Which of the following factors is known to be related to the appearance of Alzheimer's disease?

A) a decrease in free radicals
B) an increase in beta-amyloid
C) an increase in acetylcholine synthesis
D) a decrease in homocysteine synthesis

Question 63

Which of the following features of food choices and eating habits of older people is true?

A) The quality of life among older people has not improved since 1995.
B) Older people spend less money on foods to eat at home than younger people.
C) People over 65 are less likely to lose weight by dieting than are younger people.
D) Most older people think of themselves as generally unhappy and in poor health.

Question 64

Which of the following features of the Meals on Wheels program is true?

A) The meals are delivered by volunteers.
B) It operates at least 7 days a week.
C) It provides the same social benefits as community meals.
D) Only adults over the age of 60 years qualify.

Question 65

Which of the following known consequences of taking a single 2-tablet dose of aspirin is true?

A) It inhibits monoamine oxidase activity.
B) It doubles the bleeding time of wounds.
C) It increases production of prostaglandins that enhance fever.
D) It is excreted very rapidly in people taking vitamin C supplements.

Question 66

What percentage of Canadian adults is affected by Alzheimer's disease?

A) 0.5 percent
B) 1 percent
C) 1.5 percent
D) 5 percent

Question 67

Which of the following food purchase strategies can help a single person keep food costs down?

A) Buying cannned vegetables instead of in-season vegetables
B) Buying family-sized packages of meat and freezing portions
C) Buying ready-to-serve meals
D) Buying shredded cheese rather than block cheese

Question 68

Rose is a 73-year-old spunky, energetic woman who is wheelchair bound. She cannot go to the grocery store and has no family members nearby. Which of the following would be the most appropriate suggestion for ensuring that Rose is obtaining adequate nutrition?

A) Suggest she attend congregate meals.
B) Sign her up for the Meals on Wheels program.
C) Suggest that Rose enter a nursing home that will cater to her every need.
D) Have a volunteer buy in bulk from a grocery warehouse once a month and deliver the food to Rose.

Question 69

According to a recent study by the Canadian Institute for Health Information, what percentage of community-dwelling seniors in six Canadian provinces take five or more prescription drugs?

A) 10
B) 30
C) 50
D) 60

Question 70

Glucosamine and/or chondroitin supplements are used by some people to treat symptoms of which of these conditions?

A) arthritis
B) sarcopenia
C) pressure ulcers
D) mild memory loss

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a common feature of gout?

A) It affects mostly men.
B) It is a form of arthritis.
C) It results from uric acid crystals in the joints.
D) It is treated by reducing intake of milk products.

Question 72

Which of the following characteristics of Alzheimer's disease is true?

A) It affects 60 percent of those over 80 years of age.
B) It is responsive to dietary choline supplementation.
C) It is associated with stability of brain nerve cell number.
D) It is associated with clumps of beta-amyloid protein in the brain.

Question 73

Which of these is the primary action of the medication megestrol acetate?

A) It relieves depression.
B) It promotes weight loss.
C) It promotes weight gain.
D) It lowers blood pressure.

Question 74

What is a congregate meal?

A) a meal provided for the elderly in a place such as a community centre
B) a meal prepared for the elderly that meets one-third of the Dietary Recommended Intakes
C) a meal prepared for disadvantaged people of all ages to encourage communal gathering of diverse population groups
D) a meal provided through the Nutrition Screening Initiative for the elderly and served primarily to church congregations

Question 75

What is the main reason for dieting in the elderly?

A) to economize when food prices increase
B) to improve appearance among their peers
C) to pursue a medical goal such as reducing blood glucose
D) to reduce risks for development of atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia

Question 76

Which of the following characteristics of gout is true?

A) It has a higher prevalence in women.
B) Seafood seems to be protective.
C) It is considered a form of arthritis.
D) It results from low deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints.

Question 77

Which of the following is thought to promote the development of brain senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles?

A) oxidative stress
B) excess acetylcholine
C) dietary deficiency of choline
D) low blood levels of homocysteine

Question 78

Which of the following does the tool Seniors in the Community: Risk Evaluation for Eating and Nutrition (SCREEN) measure?

A) weight change
B) the cost of nutritious meals
C) opportunity for social interactions
D) counselling and referral to social services

Question 79

Which of the following is a characteristic of aspirin use?

A) Aspirin acts as a pro-clotting agent.
B) Aspirin should not be taken before surgery.
C) Aspirin works faster when taken on an empty stomach.
D) Aspirin irritates the stomach lining, especially on an empty stomach.

Question 80

How does aspirin reduce inflammation and pain?

A) It acts as a sedative and barbiturate.
B) It promotes wound healing and blood clotting.
C) It interferes with the synthesis of prostaglandins.
D) It binds to nerve receptors involved in pain perception.