Deck 13: Nutrients for Bone Health

Question 1

The bones, the intestines, and which of the following organ systems responds to maintain calcium homeostasis?

A) liver
B) pancreas
C) kidneys
D) brain

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Tiffany is a strict vegan and does not consume calcium-rich plant foods or supplements of calcium. Which of the following substances is most responsible for maintaining her blood calcium levels in the normal range?

A) calcitonin
B) calmodulin
C) hydroxyapatite
D) parathyroid hormone

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following foods are significant sources of oxalates?

A) seeds and nuts
B) processed cheeses
C) fermented dairy products
D) spinach and sweet potatoes

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following regulates the level of calcium in the blood?

A) calcium and magnesium
B) glucagon and epinephrine
C) phosphorus and calcitonin
D) parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

Question 5

Which of the following terms describes the process by which bones become stronger and more rigid?

A) bone density
B) calcification
C) mineralization
D) remodelling

Question 6

Which of the following abnormalities is a risk of consuming calcium supplements above the UL?

A) calcium tetany
B) atrophic gastritis
C) vitamin D deficiency
D) kidney stone formation

Question 7

Which of the following describes calmodulin?

A) a calcium-binding protein
B) a drug that treats osteoporosis
C) a calcium supplement with high bioavailability
D) a form of calcium used in fortifying soy products

Question 8

Approximately what percentage of the body's calcium is found in the blood?

A) 1 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 15 percent
D) 25 percent

Question 9

The muscle stiffness that results from abnormally high calcium levels in the blood is termed which of the following?

A) calcium rigour
B) calcium tetany
C) myosinotoxicosis
D) calmodulin dysfunction

Question 10

Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of which of the following substances?

A) fibre
B) lactose
C) phytic acid
D) oxalic acid

Question 11

Which of the following terms describes a measure of bone strength?

A) bone mineral density
B) bone mineral structure
C) bone composition
D) bone system composition

Question 12

At one time in one's life should one start to make choices that will benefit one's bones?

A) during infancy
B) during childhood
C) during adulthood
D) regardless of age

Question 13

Which of the following describes a hydroxyapatite?

A) abnormal cellular structures seen in osteoporosis
B) the calcium-rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones
C) a calcium regulatory hormone secreted from the trabecular region of bone
D) a compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits absorption

Question 14

Which of the following is known to enhance calcium absorption from the GI tract?

A) lactose
B) oxalates
C) phytates
D) lack of stomach acid

Question 15

Which of the following dietary substances is known to adversely affect calcium balance?

A) a low-fibre diet
B) lactose in the diet
C) ascorbic acid in the diet
D) limited phosphorus in the diet

Question 16

Which of the following processes directly involves calcium?

A) pH regulation
B) maintenance of blood glucose
C) hydration of cells
D) maintenance of heart beat

Question 17

How much calcium would typically be absorbed by a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1000 mg?

A) 100 mg
B) 300 mg
C) 600 mg
D) 950 mg

Question 18

Almost all (99 percent) of the calcium in the body is used for which of the following purposes?

A) to provide energy for cells
B) to provide rigidity for the bones and teeth
C) to regulate the transmission of nerve impulses
D) to maintain the blood level of calcium within very narrow limits

Question 19

Approximately what percentage of bone are made up of inorganic matter in the form of mineral crystals?

A) 45 percent
B) 55 percent
C) 65 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 20

Calcium-binding protein acts within which body area?

A) kidneys
B) intestines
C) cortical bone
D) trabecular bone

Question 21

At what age do adults normally begin to lose bone mass?

A) 30-40 years
B) 40-50 years
C) 50-60 years
D) 60-70 years

Question 22

Certain green leafy vegetables have a very low calcium bioavailability due to the presence of which of the following substances?

A) low calcium content
B) low vitamin D content
C) naturally occurring binders
D) high magnesium content, which lowers calcium absorption

Question 23

Which of the following ages is typically associated with people having the densest bone?

A) 15 years
B) 28 years
C) 35 years
D) 46 years

Question 24

Which of the following foods are good sources of dietary calcium?

A) fruits
B) breads
C) enriched grains
D) certain green vegetables

Question 25

Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the body's synthesis of vitamin D?

A) cholesterol
B) tryptophan
C) beta-carotene
D) eicosapentanoic acid

Question 26

What is the animal version of vitamin D known as?

A) ergocalciferol
B) foliocalciferol
C) cholecalciferol
D) phyllocalciferol

Question 27

Which of the following is a characteristic of phosphorous in nutrition?

A) Low dietary intakes have no adverse effects.
B) About 65 percent of the body's phosphorus is located in bones and teeth.
C) The phosphoric acid in cola drinks has little effect on bone content.
D) The ratio of phosphorus to calcium in the diet is important for bone maintenance.

Question 28

The plant version of vitamin D known as?

A) ergocalciferol
B) foliocalciferol
C) cholecalciferol
D) phyllo-calciferol

Question 29

What is the approximate percentage of phosphorous that is stored in bones and teeth?

A) 85 percent
B) 75 percent
C) 65 percent
D) 55 percent

Question 30

What is the calcium RDA for all adults?

A) 500 mg
B) 800 mg
C) 1000 mg
D) 1500 mg

Question 31

Approximately how many people in Canada are afflicted with osteoporosis?

A) 500,000
B) 1 million
C) 1.5 million
D) 2 million

Question 32

Which of the following minerals is least likely to be deficient in anyone's diet?

A) iron
B) calcium
C) chromium
D) phosphorus

Question 33

Which of the following is the UL for calcium?

A) 2000 mg
B) 2500 mg
C) 3000 mg
D) 3500 mg

Question 34

Which of the following foods shows the highest bioavailability for calcium?

A) milk
B) spinach
C) broccoli
D) pinto beans

Question 35

Which of the following is a good plant source of calcium for the body?

A) spinach
B) almonds
C) rutabaga
D) sesame seeds

Question 36

Which of the following green vegetables shows the lowest bioavailability of calcium?

A) kale
B) spinach
C) broccoli
D) mustard greens

Question 37

Which of the following shows the highest vitamin D activity?

A) cholecalciferol
B) 7-dehydrocholesterol
C) 25-hydroxy vitamin D
D) 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D

Question 38

Which one of the following organs are required for the complete synthesis of activated vitamin D?

A) pancreas
B) heart
C) kidney
D) intestines

Question 39

On a per kcalorie basis, which of the following foods are the best sources of calcium?

A) meats
B) fruits
C) breads
D) vegetables

Question 40

Which of the following minerals is involved in the transportation of lipids through the body's lymph and blood systems?

A) iron
B) sodium
C) calcium
D) phosphorus

Question 41

In what system would the effects of a vitamin D deficiency be most readily observed?

A) nervous system
B) skeletal system
C) muscular system
D) circulatory system

Question 42

Which vitamin is likely deficient in a child with bowed legs?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin K
C) vitamin E
D) vitamin D

Question 43

You have just moved to Nunavut, and you work during the daytime when there is little sunlight.. Which of the following foods should you regularly purchase at the grocery store?

A) whole-grain bread
B) vitamin D-fortified milk
C) vitamin A-fortified carrot juice
D) omega-3 fatty acid-fortified milk

Question 44

John does not drink milk. What other food is a good natural source of vitamin D for John to consume?

A) whole-grain breads
B) carrots and sweet potatoes
C) oily fish such as salmon or sardines
D) pork chops and ham

Question 45

Which of the following may result from excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults?

A) increased bone density
B) increased bone calcification
C) deformity of leg bones, ribs, and skull
D) mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney

Question 46

In what tissue(s) must a molecule of vitamin D be chemically altered to yield a compound that is fully active?

A) liver and kidney
B) liver and intestines
C) kidney and stomach
D) intestines and stomach

Question 47

Along with bowed legs, what is the other common sign of rickets in children?

A) brittle hair
B) mottled teeth
C) beaded ribs
D) anemia

Question 48

Which of the following compounds is known to function as a hormone?

A) vitamin D
B) vitamin K
C) phylloquinone
D) alpha-tocopherol

Question 49

Which of the following conditions or diseases are known to be caused by a deficiency of the same nutrient?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) xerophthalmia and breath pentane release
C) kwashiorkor and fibrocystic breast disease
D) hemolytic anemia and large-cell type anemia

Question 50

Which of the following is known to promote vitamin D deficiency in the elderly?

A) consumption of little or no yogurt or cheese
B) excessive use of hypertension medications
C) increased consumption of caffeinated beverages
D) diminished capacity of liver and kidney synthesis of activated vitamin D

Question 51

The major target organs for activated vitamin D include all the bones and which one of the following organs?

A) liver
B) pancreas
C) kidney
D) gallbladder

Question 52

What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults?

A) rickets
B) osteomalacia
C) keratomalacia
D) hyperkeratosis

Question 53

Which of the following factors may limit vitamin D synthesis?

A) wearing perfumes on the skin
B) contracting cancers of the skin
C) going to tanning beds
D) too much sun exposure

Question 54

Which one of the following is a characteristic of vitamin D nutrition?

A) Increased intake may lead to altered bone composition.
B) Excessive intake may lead to mineral deposits in the gallbladder
C) Fortified milk is the major dietary source in the Canadian population.
D) The requirement is increased in most people who are exposed to the sun.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a feature of vitamin D deficiency?

A) It causes a magnesium deficiency.
B) It causes excess iron absorption.
C) It leads to overt signs quite regularly.
D) It leads to low blood calcium which in turn promotes seizures.

Question 56

What is/are the main function(s) of vitamin D?

A) promoting secretion of calcitonin
B) promoting synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol
C) promoting synthesis of carotenoids and controlling absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
D) promoting calcium and phosphorus absorption and promoting calcium mobilization from bone

Question 57

Which of the following terms is another name for vitamin D?

A) calmodulin
B) calcitonin
C) cholecystokinin
D) calcimar

Question 58

What population group is at highest risk for osteomalacia?

A) infants
B) elderly men
C) adult women
D) children ages 2-12 years

Question 59

Which of the following can the body use to synthesize vitamin D?

A) bone
B) carotene
C) tryptophan
D) exposure to sunlight

Question 60

Which of the following symptoms would indicate a vitamin D deficiency?

A) bowed legs
B) rupture of red blood cells
C) frequent respiratory infections
D) abnormally high blood calcium level

Question 61

In which part of the body is the precursor for vitamin D made?

A) the liver
B) the pancreas
C) the brain
D) the kidneys

Question 62

The magnesium present in mineral water has a bioavailability of about which of the following amounts?

A) 5 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 63

What is the RDA for vitamin D in adults aged 19 - 70 years?

A) 600 IU/day
B) 650 IU/day
C) 700 IU/day
D) 750 IU/day

Question 64

Which of the following minerals is required in the enzymatic phosphorylation of ATP?

A) iron
B) copper
C) sodium
D) magnesium

Question 65

Vitamin D is more commonly known by which of the following terms?

A) the milk vitamin
B) the sunshine vitamin
C) the bones vitamin
D) the sunlight vitamin

Question 66

Vitamin D deficiency is particularly common in which season of the year?

A) summer
B) fall
C) winter
D) spring

Question 67

Approximately how many grams of magnesium are found in the body of a 60 kg individual?

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 68

Jody has taken her daughter to the doctor, because Suzie has been experiencing strange facial muscle movements and difficulty in swallowing. Upon further examination, what mineral deficiency does Suzie have?

A) blood clotting
B) muscle contraction
C) prevention of dental caries
D) production of red blood cells

Question 69

Which of the following enables much of the world's population to maintain adequate vitamin D status?

A) outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight
B) wide availability of low-cost fish products
C) wide availability of food assistance programs
D) World Health Organization distribution of vitamin D capsules

Question 70

Which of the following is a major function of magnesium?

A) transport of oxygen
B) prevention of anemia
C) catalyst in energy metabolism
D) production of thyroid hormone

Question 71

Julie asks your advice about sunscreen. You tell her that sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of this number or higher can reduce vitamin D synthesis. What is this number?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 72

Which of the following is a function of magnesium?

A) urinary system function
B) regulation of thyroid system function
C) maintenance of reproductive system function
D) immune system function

Question 73

Which of the following is an excellent and sometimes unusual food source of magnesium?

A) fresh blueberries
B) poached eggs
C) roasted pumpkin seeds
D) white rice

Question 74

Which of the following practices is known to lead to formation of mineral deposits in the blood vessels and kidney?

A) excessive intake of vitamin D
B) inadequate intake of vitamin D
C) excessive intake of tocopherols
D) inadequate intake of tocopherols

Question 75

Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet?

A) meat
B) fortified milk
C) fruits and vegetables
D) enriched breads and cereals

Question 76

A friend shows you a newspaper article titled "Magnesium's Role in ATP Synthesis." After reading the article, what comments do you make?

A) Magnesium does not play a role in ATP synthesis.
B) It is not magnesium but manganese that plays the role in ATP synthesis.
C) Magnesium serves as a catalyst in the reaction that adds the last phosphate to ATP.
D) There are three magnesium groups within the ATP structure that help it do its work.

Question 77

Which of the following is a naturally occurring food source of vitamin D?

A) egg yolks
B) red meats
C) tomato juice
D) whole-wheat bread

Question 78

Which of the following characteristics is shared by copper and fluoride?

A) may be obtained from drinking tap water
B) serves as cofactor for a number of enzymes
C) not involved in the integrity of bones and teeth
D) not known to be toxic at intakes of 10 times the estimated safe and adequate dietary intake

Question 79

Where is the majority of the body's magnesium found?

A) bones
B) teeth
C) fatty tissue
D) cells of soft tissue

Question 80

Which one of the following conditions can develop from a number of disorders, including vitamin D deficiency?

A) hypocalcemia
B) hypocalcitonitis
C) hypercalcemia
D) hypercalcitonitis