Deck 8: Vitamins

Question 1

Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins differ in which way?

A) Water-soluble vitamins are best absorbed in the presence of dietary fat.
B) Fat-soluble vitamins have much less potential for toxicity.
C) Water-soluble vitamins are stored, whereas fat-soluble vitamins are excreted readily.
D) Water-soluble are less likely to be toxic.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

All of the following are true statements regarding fat malabsorption except

A) results in decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
B) increases the risk of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency.
C) increases the risk of developing pellagra or beriberi.
D) increases the risk of developing hypovitaminosis A, rickets, or osteomalacia.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is true about the forms of vitamin A?

A) Retinoids are found in plant foods.
B) Carotenoids are found in animal foods.
C) Carotenoids can be converted to retinoids.
D) Retinoids can be converted to carotenoids.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is true about the intake of vitamins?

A) Occasional lapses in vitamin intake should cause no harm.
B) Vitamins consumed in excess are excreted.
C) Supplemental vitamins are better than those from food.
D) It is hard to get all the vitamins we need from food.

Question 5

Megadoses are defined as vitamin intakes ________ times the estimated human needs to prevent a deficiency.

A) 1 to 3
B) 3 to 5
C) 2 to 10
D) 50

Question 6

If you wanted to add significant quantities of vitamins to your diet from the food you eat, a good choice would be

A) a doughnut made with enriched white flour.
B) apple juice.
C) a fortified breakfast cereal such as Total Raisin Bran.
D) a banana.

Question 7

Drying of the cornea due to vitamin A deficiency is called

A) apnea.
B) dysphagia.
C) xerophthalmia.
D) cachexia.

Question 8

Which of the following does NOT describe fat-soluble vitamins?

A) They are stored in the body.
B) Excesses are excreted in the urine.
C) They are transported via special carriers in the bloodstream.
D) They tend to exist in several biologically active forms.

Question 9

Which of the following is true about the absorption, transport, and storage of fat-soluble vitamins?

A) They enter the bloodstream directly from the small intestine.
B) Fat in the digestive contents is not important for their absorption.
C) They are not stored to any great extent.
D) They are stored in the liver and fatty tissue.

Question 10

The safest way to meet vitamin A needs is by

A) use of a vitamin A supplement.
B) consuming a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables.
C) consuming organ meats on a daily basis.
D) heavy use of fortified foods.

Question 11

Vitamin A supplements are needed by

A) pregnant women.
B) people with severe fat malabsorption.
C) anyone trying to fend off a winter cold.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 12

Which of the following criteria qualifies a compound as a vitamin?

A) The compound is required for optimal health.
B) The body is unable to synthesize the compound.
C) The compound is necessary for health, but the body is unable to synthesize enough of the compound to maintain health.
D) The compound prevents chronic disease and is soluble in fat or water.

Question 13

Which fat-soluble vitamins are most toxic if consumed in excess amounts over long periods of time?

A) Vitamins D and K
B) Vitamins A and E
C) Vitamins A and D
D) Vitamins E and K

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT accounted for in the calculation of RAEs?

A) Preformed vitamin A
B) Beta-carotene
C) Other carotenoids
D) Cysteine

Question 15

Which statement about vitamins is true?

A) Cannot be stored by the body
B) Are inorganic
C) Help regulate chemical reactions in the body
D) Directly supply energy

Question 16

Overconsumption of vitamins A and E can do all the following except

A) lead to accumulation in the liver.
B) result in toxicity.
C) cure colds and prevent cancer.
D) lead to debilitating side effects.

Question 17

Vitamin content of fruits and vegetables is preserved by all of the following methods EXCEPT

A) storing fruits and vegetables in moisture-proof, airtight containers.
B) storing fruits and vegetables in a cool place, such as the crisper drawer of the refrigerator.
C) using cooking methods such as steaming, stir-frying, or microwaving.
D) trimming and peeling fruits and vegetables soon after purchase.

Question 18

Which fat-soluble vitamin is important for the health of epithelial cells because it promotes mucus production?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin E
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin D

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a fat-soluble vitamin?

A) Riboflavin
B) Vitamin B-12
C) Vitamin A
D) Vitamin B-6

Question 20

Which of the following is true about our current knowledge about vitamins?

A) We are sure there are more vitamins to be discovered for humans.
B) We cannot effectively feed individuals intravenously for long periods of time because we do not know about all the vitamins that must be included.
C) Most scientists believe we have discovered all vitamins relevant to humans.
D) We know that there are more fat-soluble vitamins to discover.

Question 21

Which of the following is a good source of provitamin A?

A) Orange
B) Apricot
C) Cauliflower
D) Potatoes

Question 22

In green vegetables, such as broccoli, the orange pigments of provitamin A carotenoids are masked by

A) lycopene.
B) chlorophyll.
C) lutein.
D) anthocyanin.

Question 23

The leading cause of blindness among older Americans is macular degeneration. Eating a diet rich in can decrease the risk of this condition.

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin E
C) vitamin C
D) carotenoids

Question 24

Which of the following vitamins has been helpful in large doses as a treatment for acne?

A) A
B) C
C) D
D) E

Question 25

Consuming carotenoids may reduce the risk for all of the following except

A) acne.
B) cataracts.
C) age-related macular degeneration.
D) cardiovascular disease.

Question 26

Consuming excessive carotenoids may cause

A) fetal malformations.
B) yellowing of the skin.
C) chlorosis.
D) scurvy.

Question 27

Which of the following is converted to vitamin A in the body?

A) Retinol
B) Carotenoids
C) Cholesterol
D) Phenylalanine

Question 28

All of the following are true about the toxicity of vitamin A EXCEPT

A) one can experience toxic effects from consuming too much beta-carotene.
B) fetal malformation can occur.
C) one is unlikely to get toxic doses from eating food.
D) most adverse effects disappear after excessive doses stop.

Question 29

Which of the following foods has the largest amount of preformed vitamin A?

A) Broccoli
B) Pork chop
C) Chicken breast
D) Liver

Question 30

The bioavailabilty of carotenoids is affected by

A) cooking.
B) consumption with meat products.
C) soil mineral content.
D) exposure to acid.

Question 31

The major effect of taking high doses of vitamin D is

A) excessive acne.
B) calcium deposits in the kidneys and other organs.
C) limb paralysis.
D) a flaky skin rash.

Question 32

George wants to increase his consumption of vitamin A for the possible cancer risk-reducing effects. Which of the following foods should he choose?

A) Spinach
B) Salmon
C) Pears
D) Potato

Question 33

The ability of the skin to synthesize vitamin D is decreased by

A) use of sunscreen.
B) excessive dietary calcium intake.
C) excessive dietary phosphorus intake.
D) use of a tanning bed.

Question 34

Lycopene is found in

A) grapes.
B) carrots.
C) tomatoes.
D) whole grain products.

Question 35

Vitamin D is unique among the vitamins because

A) it is absorbed and transported via the lymphatic system.
B) absorption requires bile and fat.
C) it can be formed in the body by skin exposure to the sun.
D) it can be stored.

Question 36

Most vitamin A is stored in the

A) kidneys.
B) small intestine.
C) liver.
D) adipose tissue.

Question 37

Soft bones resulting from a deficiency of vitamin D in adulthood is known as

A) osteopenia.
B) osteomalacia.
C) osteoporosis.
D) osteopathy.

Question 38

All the following are characteristics of vitamin D except

A) it facilitates calcium absorption from the small intestine.
B) it is activated by the liver and kidney.
C) it causes the kidney to excrete less calcium in the urine.
D) it prevents osteoporosis.

Question 39

Vitamin D is converted to its active form by the

A) liver and kidneys.
B) bones.
C) pancreas.
D) skin.

Question 40

A typical serving of which food provides the most vitamin A?

A) Yellow squash
B) Egg
C) Liver
D) Apricot

Question 41

High doses of vitamin D

A) excessive acne.
B) calcium deposits in the kidneys and other organs.
C) limb paralysis.
D) a flaky skin rash.

Question 42

Vitamin D toxicity is most likely a result of

A) consuming beef liver.
B) megadoses of vitamin D supplements.
C) excessive sun exposure.
D) consuming more than 3 servings of vitamin D-fortified dairy products per day.

Question 43

Vitamin ______ can be produced in the skin in response to ultraviolet light.

A) A
B) C
C) D
D) E

Question 44

The most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet is

A) poultry.
B) whole-grain cereals.
C) yellow squash.
D) fortified milk.

Question 45

When a cell membrane is damaged by free radicals, which specific component of the cell membrane is damaged?

A) cholesterol
B) phospholipid
C) polysaccharide
D) saturated fat

Question 46

The childhood deficiency disease for vitamin D is called _______________.

A) osteopenia
B) osteomalacia
C) rickets
D) osteoporosis

Question 47

Which of the following groups is at highest risk for negative consequences of marginal vitamin E status?

A) Vegetarians
B) Preterm infants
C) Athletes
D) Older adults

Question 48

In North America, the major dietary source of vitamin ______ is fortified dairy products.

A) A
B) C
C) D
D) K

Question 49

Vitamin E functions as

A) a coenzyme.
B) an antioxidant.
C) a hormone.
D) an enzyme.

Question 50

Free radical damage has been implicated in increasing the risk of

A) sinus infections.
B) HIV.
C) atherosclerosis.
D) sickle cell disease.

Question 51

A condition characterized by soft bones resulting from a vitamin D deficiency in adulthood is called __________.

A) rickets
B) osteoporosis
C) osteomalacia
D) osteopenia

Question 52

Antioxidants

A) promote the formation of free radicals.
B) donate electrons to free radicals.
C) are reduced in chemical reactions.
D) damage cell membranes.

Question 53

Which of the following is a situation in which a person should consider vitamin D supplementation?

A) Strict vegan diet
B) Allergy to milk protein
C) Kidney disease
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 54

Which of the following would be the best source of vitamin D for person following a vegan diet?

A) Fish oil
B) Vitamin D-fortified soymilk
C) Spinach
D) Whole grain products

Question 55

Vitamin E is thought to be helpful in the prevention of heart disease because it

A) enhances vitamin K activity.
B) prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol.
C) relaxes blood vessel walls.
D) prevents sodium retention.

Question 56

Which of the following statements is true?

A) As we age, we need more vitamin D and more kilocalories.
B) As we age, we need more vitamin D and fewer kilocalories.
C) As we age, we need less vitamin D and fewer kilocalories.
D) As we age, we need less vitamin D and more kilocalories.

Question 57

Which of the following vitamins serves as an antioxidant in cell membranes?

A) Vitamin K
B) Vitamin D
C) Niacin
D) Vitamin E

Question 58

In general, the richest sources of vitamin E are _______________.

A) green leafy vegetables
B) plant oils
C) citrus fruits
D) yellow and orange vegetables

Question 59

The fat-soluble vitamin that can lead to calcification of soft tissue, such as the kidney, when consumed in large quantities, is _______________.

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin E
D) vitamin K

Question 60

The main form of vitamin E in the body is

A) alpha-tocopherol.
B) gamma-tocopherol.
C) beta-tocopherol.
D) delta-tocopherol.

Question 61

Vitamin D and vitamin K share which of the following characteristics?

A) Both can be synthesized to some extent in the body.
B) Both affect intestinal absorption of calcium.
C) Both are involved in blood clotting.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 62

Which of the following serves as an antioxidant in cell membranes, protecting them and DNA inside cells, from damage?

A) Vitamin K
B) Vitamin D
C) Niacin
D) Vitamin E

Question 63

An important role of vitamin K is the synthesis of

A) alpha-tocopherol.
B) rhodopsin.
C) retinol.
D) prothrombin.

Question 64

Vitamin K is required for optimal bone health due to its role in activating

A) vitamin D in the kidneys.
B) vitamin D in the liver.
C) clotting factors in the blood.
D) proteins that bind calcium.

Question 65

Enrichment of grains was started in the 1930s. Enrichment was expanded to include in 1998.

A) niacin
B) thiamin
C) iron
D) folic acid

Question 66

_______________ is a fat-soluble, antioxidant vitamin that protects cell membranes, especially of red blood cells, from damage.

A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin D
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin K

Question 67

Which of the following food combinations provides the most vitamin K?

A) Spinach salad with strawberries, blueberries, and oil and vinegar dressing
B) Ham and cheese on a whole wheat English muffin
C) Low-fat yogurt with granola and fresh berries
D) Sirloin steak, steamed green beans, and baked potato

Question 68

When the intake of is low, vitamin E aids in its absorption.

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin D
C) iron
D) zinc

Question 69

All of the following people are at risk for vitamin E deficiency except

A) those who follow a vegetarian diet.
B) those who smoke cigarettes.
C) premature infants.
D) people with fat malabsorption.

Question 70

Excessive use of antibiotics can negatively impact bone health through its effects on

A) calcium absorption.
B) vitamin D synthesis.
C) vitamin K synthesis.
D) phosphorus excretion.

Question 71

Vitamin E functions as a(n)

A) coenzyme.
B) antioxidant.
C) hormone.
D) enzyme.

Question 72

The most bioavailable source of vitamin E is

A) plant oil.
B) fish oil.
C) alpha-tocopherol supplements.
D) mixed-tocopherol supplements.

Question 73

Replacing animal fats with plant oils in the diet would not only cut saturated fat intake, but would also increase

A) vitamin A intake.
B) vitamin C intake.
C) vitamin E intake.
D) selenium intake.

Question 74

A rich source of vitamin E is

A) oranges.
B) chicken breast.
C) corn oil.
D) prime rib.

Question 75

In milling grains to make refined products, seeds are crushed and the germ, bran, and husk layers are discarded, leaving just the starch-containing _________________ in the refined grains.

A) endosperm
B) cereal
C) cellulose
D) fiber

Question 76

In the United States, bread and cereal products made from milled grains are enriched with the vitamins ______________________________ and with the mineral iron.

A) A, D, and E
B) thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin
C) A, C, and K
D) folate, choline, and B-12

Question 77

Which of the following populations is most susceptible to vitamin K deficiency?

A) Vegans
B) Preschool children who are picky eaters
C) Children with cystic fibrosis
D) Older adults

Question 78

In North America, which of the following populations is most susceptible to deficiencies of B vitamins?

A) Vegans
B) Pregnant women
C) Preschoool children
D) Alcoholics

Question 79

Cell membranes are susceptible to damage by free radicals because

A) they are composed primarily of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
B) they are composed primarily of saturated fatty acids.
C) they have so many unpaired electrons.
D) they are the site of cellular respiration.

Question 80

Food processing

A) enhances vitamin E absorption from foods.
B) increases vitamin E content of foods.
C) decreases vitamin E content of foods.
D) has no effect on vitamin E in foods because it is a stable compound.