Deck 9: Prejudice: Disliking Others

Question 1

________ is a negative attitude,whereas ________ is a negative behavior.

A)Discrimination;racism
B)Racism;stereotyping
C)Discrimination;prejudice
D)Prejudice;discrimination

Answer 1

Prejudice;discrimination

Question 2

People who are overweight:

A)face less discrimination than minority racial groups.
B)face more discrimination than minority racial groups in employment settings.
C)are perceived as happy and content.
D)marry more often and make more money than others.

Answer 2

face more discrimination than minority racial groups in employment settings.

Question 3

Prejudice is different from discrimination in that prejudice is a negative:

A)behavior.
B)conduct.
C)attitude.
D)demeanor.

Answer 3

attitude.

Question 4

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n):

A)effect.
B)behavioral tendency.
C)illusion.
D)stereotype.

Question 5

If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees,the practice could be called:

A)racism.
B)feminism.
C)misogyny.
D)linguicism.

Question 6

In making its historic 1954 decision declaring segregated schools unconstitutional,the Supreme Court found it noteworthy that when the Clarks gave African American children a choice between Black dolls and White dolls,most:

A)chose the Black dolls.
B)chose the White dolls.
C)refused to choose between them.
D)used the dolls in aggressive symbolic play.

Question 7

Recent research confirms that prejudiced and stereotyped evaluations:

A)are more widespread than formerly believed.
B)remain extremely high for females and extremely low for males.
C)do not stem from socialization,but are innate characteristics that we are born with.
D)can occur outside one's conscious awareness.

Question 8

According to Lyons et al.(2010),since the Iraq war,Americans with a strong national identity expressed the most disdain for:

A)Arab immigrants.
B)Turks.
C)Orthodox Christians.
D)Jews.

Question 9

Identify a region in the brain that underlies fear and aggression and facilitates such automatic responding.

A)the inferior frontal gyrus
B)the superior frontal gyrus
C)the cerebellum
D)the amygdala

Question 10

Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)effects.
B)inclinations to act.
C)cognitions.
D)behaviors.

Question 11

Greenwald and his colleagues (2003)asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight.The results of this study showed that the participants more often misperceived the object and mistakenly shot harmless targets who were Black.This shows that:

A)to show prejudice people,must be aware of their attitudes.
B)automatic,implicit prejudice exists.
C)people are not prejudiced.
D)prejudice is neither implicit nor explicit.

Question 12

Although Marcia says she is not prejudiced against Blacks,she votes against interviewing a job applicant with an African name.She is most likely exhibiting:

A)overt discrimination.
B)homophobia.
C)modern racism.
D)jingoism.

Question 13

A state police force has set a height requirement of 5 feet 10 inches for all officers.This requirement is irrelevant to job effectiveness but generally excludes Hispanics and Asians from the force.Such a requirement most clearly reflects:

A)racism.
B)scapegoating.
C)disablism.
D)linguicism.

Question 14

In the context of the motivational sources of prejudice,which of the following theories states that people shield themselves from the threat of their own death by derogating those whose challenges to their worldviews further arouse their anxiety?

A)socioemotional selectivity theory
B)terror management theory
C)drive theory
D)schemata theory

Question 15

In the context of prejudice,which of the following illustrates stereotyping?

A)Miguel tends to depend primarily on a single source of information when making important decisions.
B)Seán believes that his friend Angel is a good athlete because she is from Africa and all Blacks are good at sports.
C)Myra sympathizes with her brother when he gets poor scores in science because he was ill on the day of the exam.
D)Ella believes that she will win a jackpot this year because she had won a lottery the previous year.

Question 16

Jay believes that all Muslims are violent extremists.This is an example of:

A)discrimination.
B)a stereotype.
C)a behavioral tendency.
D)groupthink.

Question 17

Mr.Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of ________.His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example of ________.

A)a prejudice;a stigma
B)discrimination;a prejudice
C)a stereotype;discrimination
D)racism;a prejudice

Question 18

A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called:

A)speculation.
B)disposition.
C)stigma.
D)prejudice.

Question 19

An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given gender is called:

A)sexism.
B)sadism.
C)racism.
D)linguicism.

Question 20

In the context of prejudice,which of the following exemplifies discrimination?

A)Pierre tends to ignore problems rather than find solutions to them.
B)Beatriz refuses to share her hostel room with a girl belonging to a minority population.
C)Piyush prefers to have juice rather than coffee on a summer day.
D)Michelle sees to it that her brother receives special care as he suffers from a genetic anomaly.

Question 21

A belief in the superiority of one's own cultural group and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups is called:

A)misogyny.
B)egalitarianism.
C)ethnocentrism.
D)groupthink.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true of gender stereotypes?

A)Strong gender stereotypes are nonexistent.
B)The members of a stereotyped group accept gender stereotypes.
C)The average man and woman do differ in intelligence.
D)Attitudes toward women have remain unchanged unlike racial attitudes.

Question 23

Eagly's (1994)women-are-wonderful effect is an example of:

A)an overt prejudice.
B)a favorable stereotype.
C)hostile sexism.
D)antagonistic sexism.

Question 24

According to Hideg and Ferris (2016),benevolent sexism,though sounding positive,may still impede gender equity by ________.

A)questioning women's decisions when they choose motherhood over career
B)preventing women from socializing with the members of minority groups
C)criticizing women when they want to get married late rather than early
D)discouraging the hiring of women in traditionally male-dominated occupations

Question 25

People high in social dominance orientation tend to support policies that ________ hierarchies and oppose policies that ________ hierarchies.

A)compromise;threaten
B)threaten;compromise
C)maintain;undermine
D)undermine;maintain

Question 26

Norms are ________;stereotypes are ________.

A)descriptive;prescriptive
B)prescriptive;descriptive
C)implicit;explicit
D)explicit;implicit

Question 27

People high in social dominance orientation are most likely to:

A)support social work.
B)avoid expressing negative attitudes toward minority groups.
C)prefer professions such as politics and business.
D)indulge less in prejudiced behavior

Question 28

We tend to ________ the competence of those high in status and ________ those who agreeably accept a lower status.

A)like;respect
B)devalue;admire
C)respect;like
D)admire;ignore

Question 29

Finn is the manager of a firm.He tends to give more opportunities to female employees than to male employees.He believes that women do their work more honestly than men.He also makes remarks such as "Women are highly intuitive" and "Women possess beauty with brains." As a result,the male employees in Finn's firm suffer from inferiority complex.In the context of prejudice,this scenario illustrates ________.

A)frequency illusion
B)ethnocentrism
C)benevolent sexism
D)scapegoating

Question 30

Which of the following illustrates the concept of stereotyping?

A)Greta considers reading a useful pastime.
B)Russell believes that all men love adventure.
C)Oscar enrolls himself in a mediocre college as his friend has done so.
D)Laila recalls her childhood as being better than it really was.

Question 31

Around the world,people tend to prefer having:

A)baby boys,except in the United States where girls are preferred.
B)baby boys.
C)baby girls,except in China where boys are preferred.
D)baby girls.

Question 32

Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991)and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994)suggests:

A)that most people have gut-level negative emotions about women even though they describe them favorably.
B)that most people like women more than men.
C)that women are more intelligent than men.
D)that both men and women are viewed as understanding and helpful.

Question 33

A motivation to have one's group control other social groups or have higher status is called:

A)egalitarianism.
B)social comparison.
C)groupthink.
D)social dominance orientation.

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism?

A)"Women have a superior moral sensibility."
B)"Once a man commits,she puts him on a tight leash."
C)"Women are less skilled in mathematics than men."
D)"On the whole,women make worse political leaders than men."

Question 35

People's ideas about how men and women ought to behave are called ________,whereas people's beliefs about how women and men do behave are called ________.

A)gender-role norms;gender stereotypes
B)gender stereotypes;gender-role norms
C)gender preferences;gender roles
D)sexist attitudes;sexist stereotypes

Question 36

Francesco,an 18-year-old,believes his social group enjoys a high status.He mostly avoids interacting with minority students in his class.He also keeps away from activities that involve providing aid to disadvantaged social groups.His psychology professor identifies him as an individual high in social dominance.In the context of the social sources of prejudice,which of the following professions is Francesco likely to avoid choosing as his career?

A)business
B)politics
C)social work
D)management

Question 37

Identify the true statement about gay-lesbian prejudice.

A)The prejudice regarding gay people and lesbian people across cultures is the same and consistent.
B)In Western countries,support for same-sex marriage has increased dramatically over the past two decades.
C)In the United States,communities where anti-gay prejudice is commonplace are communities with low rates of gay-lesbian suicide.
D)Over time,the prejudice against gay people and lesbian people gets worse.

Question 38

Historical examples abound.Where slavery was practiced,prejudice ran strong.This fact is consistent with the principle that ________ breeds prejudice.

A)frustration
B)unequal status
C)conformity
D)linguicism

Question 39

Averaging data from 27 countries,John Williams and his colleagues (1999,2000)found that people everywhere perceive women as more ________ and men as more ________.

A)agreeable;outgoing
B)outgoing;agreeable
C)intelligent;emotional
D)emotional;intelligent

Question 40

Identify a true statement about prejudice.

A)Prejudiced evaluations always occur consciously.
B)Prejudice illustrates one's dual attitude system.
C)Prejudice is negative behavior.
D)All oppression springs from prejudice.

Question 41

Studies of Whites by Pettigrew in South Africa and the American South in the 1950s revealed that those who ________ were also the most prejudiced.

A)had the most education
B)conformed most to other social norms
C)were the most disadvantaged
D)had the greatest amount of social power

Question 42

African Americans in the South were lynched after the Civil War.Between 1882 and 1930,more lynchings occurred in years when cotton prices were low and economic frustration was presumably high.This suggests that prejudice can be partly explained by ________.

A)chauvinism.
B)the just-world hypothesis.
C)displaced aggression.
D)antisemitism.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true of the social sources of prejudice?

A)Groups that enjoy social superiority justify their privileged positions by denying prejudicial beliefs.
B)Prejudice springs from equal,rather than unequal,social status.
C)People high in social dominance orientation prefer jobs that undermine hierarchies.
D)Social institutions sometimes support prejudice through overt policies or through unintentional inertia

Question 44

In the context of the social sources of prejudice,identify a true statement about individuals high in social dominance orientation.

A)They frequently express negative attitudes toward majority persons.
B)They typically prefer jobs,such as social work,that undermine hierarchies.
C)They oppose policies such as tax cuts for the well-off.
D)They prefer being on the top of a hierarchy.

Question 45

On examining photographs of people in magazines and newspapers,Archer and his associates (1983)discovered that about two-thirds of the average male photo,but less than half of the average female photo,________.

A)was devoted to the face
B)emphasized the body
C)included the situational context
D)displayed a standing posture

Question 46

According to studies conducted by Hoffman (1977),children of ________ have expressed less stereotyped views of men and women.

A)authoritarian parents
B)employed women
C)devoutly religious parents
D)stay-at-home mothers

Question 47

Kayla's grandparents emigrated from Europe.Kayla holds a strong belief that the people of her group and descent are superior to all others.She can accurately be described as a(n):

A)homophobic person.
B)affiliative person.
C)ethnocentric person.
D)introspective person.

Question 48

Elena's boss fires her because he is downsizing his company.When she gets home in the evening,she criticizes her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner.What term best describes Elena's behavior?

A)chauvinism
B)just-world action
C)displaced aggression
D)authoritarian regression

Question 49

The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises:

A)when groups share a common goal.
B)when people believe that they get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
C)between groups who fail to communicate clearly with each other.
D)when groups compete for scarce resources.

Question 50

A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup is called a(n):

A)ingroup.
B)outgroup.
C)intragroup.
D)personal group.

Question 51

In the context of the realistic group conflict theory in evolutionary biology,Gause's law states that maximum competition will exist between species with:

A)identical needs.
B)abundant resources.
C)multiple leaders.
D)differing values.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true about religious and racial prejudice?

A)Faithful church attenders are more prejudiced than occasional attenders.
B)Those who scored highest on Gallup's "spiritual commitment" index were less accepting of a person of another race moving in next door.
C)Those for whom religion is an intrinsic end in itself express less prejudice than those for whom religion is more a means to other ends.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 53

A consistent finding concerning North American Christianity is that White church members have expressed ________ than nonmembers.

A)more racial prejudice
B)less racial prejudice
C)more sexism but less racism
D)more conformity but less authoritarianism

Question 54

The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call:

A)our self-realization.
B)our social identity.
C)an impact group.
D)a social stigma.

Question 55

Gordon Allport concluded,"The role of ________ is paradoxical.It makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice."

A)power
B)religion
C)self-esteem
D)education

Question 56

When the cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown,we often redirect our hostility.This phenomenon is known as:

A)chauvinism.
B)displaced aggression.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)desegregation.

Question 57

In the context of the social sources of prejudice,a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status is known as a(n)________.

A)neurotic personality
B)melancholic personality
C)charismatic personality
D)authoritarian personality

Question 58

Cheng is 90 years old and is the oldest member in his family.He believes that his culture is superior to all other cultures and ethnic groups.He strictly adheres to his cultural traditions and expects other family members to do the same.He dislikes weakness and encourages his grandchildren to obey and respect authority.In the context of prejudice,this scenario illustrates

A)hostile sexism
B)face perception
C)ethnocentrism
D)masochism

Question 59

John fails a chemistry test.He goes back to his apartment and criticizes his roommate's choice of music.What term best describes John's behavior?

A)chauvinism
B)just-world action
C)displaced aggression
D)xenophobia

Question 60

In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice,if one defines religiousness as church membership,then the more religious people have ________.

A)laid down the religious roots of modern civil rights
B)refused to agree even superficially with traditional religious beliefs
C)been more racially prejudiced than others
D)been active in advocating anti-apartheid movements

Question 61

In the context of social identity,a group of people who share a sense of belonging,or a feeling of common identity,is called a(n):

A)ingroup.
B)outgroup.
C)control group.
D)intragroup.

Question 62

You are Black,and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery.This is an example of:

A)an impact bias.
B)the looking-glass self.
C)an own-race bias.
D)a distinctive case.

Question 63

According to Ellemers et al.(1997)and Moscatelli et al.(2014),we are more prone to ingroup bias when our group is ________ and ________ relative to the outgroup.

A)large;differs in status
B)large;is the same in status
C)small;differs in status
D)small;is the same in status

Question 64

What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice?

A)People with a high self-image tend to be more prejudiced.
B)In Europe,prejudice is often greater among those whose positive self-image is threatened.
C)There is no connection between a person's self-image and their levels of prejudice.
D)People whose statuses are secure express more prejudice to feel superior to others.

Question 65

Which of the following statements is true of categorization?

A)Categorization can provide useful information about people with minimal effort.
B)Categorization,by itself,is considered prejudice.
C)Categorization provides no cognitive foundation for prejudice.
D)Categorization always leads to discrimination.

Question 66

In the context of the cognitive sources of prejudice,which of the following statements is true of similarities and differences among groups?

A)The less one's familiarity with a social group,the more one sees its diversity.
B)The less one's familiarity with a social group,the less one stereotypes.
C)People tend to see objects within a group as being less uniform than they really are.
D)People assume that other groups are more homogeneous than their own.

Question 67

In the context of social identity,according to Myers,many disadvantaged youths find pride and identity in gang affiliations.This is their way of:

A)justifying their racial discrimination.
B)justifying their religious discrimination.
C)establishing social dominance.
D)seeking self-esteem.

Question 68

The phrase "they are all alike;we are diverse" reflects:

A)an intragroup bias.
B)the outgroup homogeneity effect.
C)the false consensus effect.
D)an illusion of transparency.

Question 69

What happens when people's personal and social identities become fused?

A)People start fighting within their groups.
B)Boundaries between self and group increase.
C)People become more willing to die for their group than otherwise.
D)Th violation of group norms increases.

Question 70

The perception that the members of a different group as more similar to one another than are ingroup members is known as ________.

A)the social desirability bias
B)the "women-are-wonderful" effect
C)the outgroup homogeneity effect
D)the group attribution error

Question 71

Betty and Tina are in the third grade.They have been chosen for their school team to participate in a math competition against other local schools.They are excited on the morning of the competition because they both believe that their team is going to win since they are the better team.The girls' belief best illustrates:

A)the just-world phenomenon.
B)ingroup bias.
C)the fundamental attribution error.
D)outgroup bias.

Question 72

The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of members from their own group than those from other groups is known as ________.

A)belief perseverance
B)an illusory correlation
C)an own-race bias
D)benevolent sexism

Question 73

A tendency to favor one's own group is called:

A)intergroup bias.
B)ingroup bias.
C)outgroup bias.
D)groupthink bias.

Question 74

The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race is called the:

A)anti-racism effect.
B)looking-glass self.
C)cross-race effect.
D)glass ceiling effect.

Question 75

Your new roommate is from Ireland.She is a skydiver as well as a tennis player.In the context of distinctiveness,you are most likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as:

A)a tennis player.
B)a skydiver.
C)Irish.
D)your roommate.

Question 76

Noah,an anthropologist,conducts a psychology experiment with a group of Black participants.The participants are shown images of individuals belonging to different ethnic groups on a projector screen.After an hour,the participants are shown the photographs of the same individuals as shown earlier.Noah notices that the participants recognize the faces of Blacks in the photographs better than the faces of the individuals of other ethnicities.In the context of the cognitive sources of prejudice,this scenario exemplifies ________.

A)an own-race bias
B)an illusory correlation
C)hostile sexism
D)modern prejudice

Question 77

Identify a true statement about distinctive events and illusory correlations.

A)People predominantly lack sensitivity to distinctive events.
B)The co-occurrence of two distinctive events is barely noticeable.
C)Under illusory correlation,the co-occurrence of two unusual events is less noticeable than each of the times the unusual events do not occur together.
D)Attention to unusual occurrences creates illusory correlations.

Question 78

In the context of distinctiveness,Crocker and McGraw (1984)and S.E.Taylor et al.(1979)found that a Black person in an otherwise White group,a man in an otherwise female group,or a woman in an otherwise male group seems:

A)less prominent than the others in the group.
B)less influential.
C)insignificant to the group.
D)more prominent and influential.

Question 79

Your co-worker tells you that she has both a pet snake and a pet dog at home.In the context of distinctiveness,you are most likely to describe her to new office employees as a:

A)snake owner.
B)dog owner.
C)senior executive.
D)co-worker.

Question 80

Devine and her colleagues (2005)note that automatic prejudices subside when ________.

A)people believe prejudice is right as well as just
B)people are motivated externally to avoid prejudice
C)people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal
D)people do not want others to think badly of them