Deck 6: The Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research

Question 1

Jason is an author who works for a variety of publishing companies. One of them recently informed him that they will no longer be using his services, and this creates a financial hardship for family. Jason responds by contacting the other publishers and accepting additional projects to compensate for the lost income. Jason has dealt with this stressor by using a(n)___________ strategy.

A) emotion-focused
B) avoidance
C) withdrawal
D) problem-focused

Answer 1

problem-focused

Question 2

One team of researchers found that medical students who relied on___________ had better physical heath during the first year of med school.

A) active coping
B) self-centered coping strategies
C) defensive coping
D) avoidance strategies

Answer 2

active coping

Question 3

A friend comes to you with a problem. You determine that there is nothing she can do to solve the problem but also that it is not going to go away any time soon. According to research, you can best help your friend by recommending a(n)___________ strategy.

A) emotion-focused
B) problem-focused
C) avoidant
D) defensive

Answer 3

emotion-focused

Question 4

Research on reactions to stressful stimuli finds that people typically use coping strategies to reduce anxiety

A) when trained to do so by the experimenter.
B) when reminded to do so by the experimenter.
C) when given no instructions about coping strategies by the experimenter.
D) very rarely, unless the stimulus is extremely anxiety-provoking.

Question 5

Sam is facing a difficult midterm exam and is feeling stressed out about it. As the exam date approaches and his anxiety increases, Sam starts thinking about ways to study more effectively. He schedules a large portion of time for active study of the material on the test so that he is prepared. In terms of coping, Sam is employing a(n) ___________strategy.

A) avoidance
B) emotion-focused
C) problem-focused
D) repression

Question 6

Researchers who examined student's reactions to traumas like car accidents and health issue found that students

A) low in coping flexibility experienced less stress as a result of the traumas.
B) low in coping flexibility experienced no stress from the traumatic events.
C) high in coping flexibility experienced less stress as a result of the traumas.
D) high in coping flexibility experienced less avoidance of future traumas.

Question 7

Freud wrote about several different types of anxiety. They included all except___________ anxiety.

A) reality
B) neurotic
C) moral
D) performance

Question 8

A woman is frustrated by a person at work. Instead of attacking the coworker who is frustrating her, she yells at her best friend. According to the frustration aggression hypothesis, the woman is

A) not really frustrated.
B) more likely to act aggressively after yelling at her friend.
C) demonstrating displacement.
D) demonstrating projection.

Question 9

According to Freud, we all have an instinctive desire to destroy ourselves. This aggressive instinct, which he called___________ , is then directed at others as a defensive reaction by the ego.

A) the shadow
B) libido
C) thanatos
D) catharsis

Question 10

Research has found that one gender difference in coping strategies is that

A) women take steps to solve problems directly more than men.
B) men use emotion-focused strategies more than women.
C) women use emotion-focused strategies more than men.
D) men and women are equally likely to engage in avoidance strategies.

Question 11

Researchers find that avoidance coping strategies

A) are usually less effective than active-role strategies.
B) are particularly effective with severe trauma.
C) are about as effective as emotion-focused strategies.
D) are most effective with long-term problems.

Question 12

Researchers find that men are more likely to use ___________coping strategies than women and women are more likely to use ___________coping strategies than men.

A) emotion-focused? problem-focused
B) active? avoidant
C) avoidant? active
D) problem-focused? emotion-focused

Question 13

According to Freud, a person would be most likely to feel guilty as a result of experiencing ___________anxiety.

A) reality
B) neurotic
C) moral
D) performance

Question 14

Freud conceived of the concept of neurotic anxiety. Which statement is the most accurate with regard to this sort of anxiety?

A) It is experienced when id impulses are dangerously close to breaking into consciousness.
B) It prevents the ego from utilizing defense mechanisms that are urgently needed.
C) It is created when id impulses violate society's moral code and the ego cannot counteract these urges.
D) People experiencing neurotic anxiety usually are aware of what is making them anxious.

Question 15

Under which circumstances might an emotion-focused strategy be more effective in reducing anxiety than a problem-focused strategy?

A) When the source of the anxiety is likely to last for a long time.
B) When the person does not possess the tools to correct the situation.
C) When the anxiety level is not particularly high.
D) When the person is very emotional.

Question 16

Which of the following is true about the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A) Frustration is one cause of aggression.
B) Frustrated people act more aggressively than nonfrustrated people.
C) Aggressive responses are more likely when a frustrated person is close to their goal.
D) All of these options are true

Question 17

Researchers often organize the many kinds of coping strategies into categories. One of the most useful distinctions drawn by these researchers is between___________ and___________ strategies.

A) conscious? unconscious
B) childish? adult
C) active-role? avoidance
D) primary? secondary

Question 18

Suppose you have a shy friend who gets anxious whenever there are popular people nearby. The anxiety is so bad that your friend cannot speak around others. Freud would argue that your friend is experiencing ___________anxiety.

A) reality
B) neurotic
C) moral
D) superego

Question 19

Because different coping strategies work under different situations, researchers often call the ability to know when to apply which strategy

A) anxiety-reduction style.
B) the avoidance approach.
C) copying effectiveness.
D) coping flexibility.

Question 20

The psychologists who developed the frustration aggression hypothesis borrowed which of the following concepts from Freudian theory?

A) Projection
B) Death instinct
C) Reaction formation
D) Catharsis

Question 21

In one research study, participants were either (a) subjected to frustration or (b) not subjected to frustration. They then had the opportunity to deliver shocks to the person who had frustrated them or to an innocent stranger. In which situation were the most shocks delivered?

A) A frustrated participant was shocking a stranger.
B) A nonfrustrated participant was shocking a stranger.
C) A frustrated participant was shocking the person who had frustrated them.
D) A nonfrustrated participant was shocking the person who had frustrated them.

Question 22

Researchers find that acting aggressively often increases the likelihood of acting aggressively in the future. Researchers have used all of the following concepts except___________ to explain this finding.

A) disinhibition
B) cues for aggression
C) memories
D) catharsis

Question 23

Participants in one experiment were either frustrated or not frustrated. They then were given what they thought was an opportunity to administer electric shocks to either the person who had frustrated them or a stranger. This experiment was designed to test which part of the frustration aggression hypothesis?

A) Catharsis
B) Displacement
C) Sublimation
D) Reinforcement

Question 24

To explain why aggression sometimes decreases, many researchers have adopted the Freudian concept of

A) the Oedipus complex.
B) repression.
C) the superego.
D) catharsis.

Question 25

According to the original frustration aggression hypothesis, what is needed to reduce the likelihood of aggression in a frustrated person?

A) Removal of the frustrating agent
B) Reduced awareness of the frustrating agent
C) Catharsis
D) Repression

Question 26

Frustrated research participants are sometimes given an opportunity to administer an electric shock to another person. Experimenters conducting this research generally find that

A) contrary to prediction, participants do not experience a change in their arousal levels following the administration of the shocks.
B) participants experience an increase in arousal following the administration of the shocks.
C) participants experience a decrease in arousal following the administration of the shocks.
D) participants experience a rapid increase followed by a rapid decrease in arousal following the administration of the shocks.

Question 27

The psychologists who developed the frustration aggression hypothesis used or adapted all of the following concepts from Freudian theory except one. Which one?

A) Displacement
B) Sublimation
C) Catharsis
D) Reinforcement

Question 28

Which of the following appears to happen when a frustrated person is allowed to act aggressively?

A) His or her need to aggress against others is decreased.
B) He or she gets more aroused, thus increasing future aggression.
C) The tension release reinforces the aggression.
D) He or she becomes more inhibited about aggressing against people in the future.

Question 29

According to object relations theory, a child's relationship with his or her parents

A) is not as important as the child's relationship with peers.
B) affects the way the child thinks of others in future relationships.
C) is more important as the child grows older, especially in the adolescent years.
D) is not as important as neo-Freudian theorists originally claimed.

Question 30

Participants in one study were either frustrated or not frustrated. They then were given what they thought was an opportunity to administer electric shocks to another person. Sometimes this other person was the one who had frustrated them, and sometimes it was a stranger. The researchers found that

A) frustration increased aggression but only against the person who frustrated the participants.
B) frustration increased aggression against both the person who had frustrated the participants and the stranger.
C) frustration led to an increase in aggression against the person who had frustrated the participants, but a decrease in aggression against the stranger.
D) frustration did not affect aggression levels in this experiment.

Question 31

Which of the following concepts did some of the developers of the original frustration aggression hypothesis use to explain why frustrated people sometimes fail to show signs of aggression?

A) Reaction formation and displacement
B) Displacement and sublimation
C) Sublimation and denial
D) Repression and denial

Question 32

According to research on attachment theory, a mother who is attentive and responsive to her infant is most likely to develop a___________ relationship with the child.

A) secure
B) anxious-ambivalent
C) avoidant
D) dependent

Question 33

In contrast to Freud's theory, object relations theorists

A) focus on internal drives and conflicts.
B) are interested in the intellectual and emotional development of the infant.
C) are interested in an infant's relationship with his or her parents.
D) do not believe that children develop unconscious representations of significant objects in their environment.

Question 34

Research on frustration and aggression generally has found that

A) frustration always leads to aggression.
B) frustration sometimes leads to aggression.
C) frustration rarely leads to aggression.
D) frustration always leads to aggression but sometimes in indirect or displaced forms.

Question 35

Which of the following is predicted from the original frustration aggression hypothesis?

A) Aggression is always caused by frustration.
B) Aggression is sometimes caused by frustration.
C) Frustration is the only one of many causes of aggression.
D) Catharsis always leads to frustration.

Question 36

According to research on the frustration aggression hypothesis, we would expect a frustrated man who is allowed to act aggressively to experience

A) catharsis and reduce his aggression.
B) catharsis and increase his aggression.
C) no catharsis and reduce his aggression.
D) no catharsis and increase his aggression.

Question 37

The concept known as "triggered displaced aggression" refers to displacement that is

A) an overreaction.
B) targeted toward a specific person.
C) generalized aggression to unfamiliar situations.
D) rare in response to frustration, if ever, in the personality.

Question 38

In which scenario is a person demonstrating sublimation as a defensive response to frustration?

A) Carly yells at her husband after having a very difficult day at work.
B) Matthias storms out of his office after a customer cancels a major work contract.
C) Geno has an intense workout punching his punching bag after his girlfriend breaks up with him.
D) Melinda throws the remote control at the television when it isn't working properly.

Question 39

Researchers in one study compared the responses of people when someone cut in front of them in line. The researchers expected more aggressive reactions when the people were near the front of the line than near the back of the line. The researchers were testing the effects of ___________on aggression.

A) crowd influence
B) modeling
C) arousal level
D) frustration

Question 40

Researchers have identified attachment styles that affect how people relate to romantic partners. According to attachment theory, these adult styles are primarily determined by

A) differences in self-esteem.
B) adolescent relationships.
C) relationships with parents when the person was an infant.
D) inherited temperament.

Question 41

Francisco has fallen in love many times but has difficulty finding long-term happiness in any of his relationships. He desperately wants to find a romantic partner. Francisco probably has which kind of adult attachment style?

A) Secure
B) Anxious-ambivalent
C) Avoidant
D) Dependent

Question 42

In general, avoidance coping strategies are more effective in helping people with a wide variety of stressors than active strategies.

Question 43

Individuals who see themselves as unworthy of love is characteristic of which of the following categories of adult attachment?

A) Secure
B) Avoidant
C) Dismissing
D) Disoriented

Question 44

One explanation for why aggression leads to more aggression is that it is reinforced by the cathartic release of tension.

Question 45

State the early version of the distinction between active-role and avoidant coping strategies. Give some examples of a person's response to stress from each end of the dimension. Distinguish further the coping strategies that are problem-focused from emotion-focused strategies. State the relative effectiveness of these different strategies.

Question 46

A four-category model of adult attachment styles divides people along which two dimensions?

A) Fear of abandonment and fear of closeness
B) Feelings about one's mother and feelings about one's father
C) Fear of closeness and fear of love
D) Images of one's self-worth and belief in one's abilities

Question 47

Although she is involved in a steady romantic relationship, Jackie has an avoidant attachment style. This week she is stressed about an upcoming medical operation. Studies suggest the stress will cause Jackie to

A) seek comfort from her partner.
B) pull away from her partner.
C) seek comfort from many people.
D) become excessively dependent on her partner.

Question 48

Of the following individuals, which was not a figure in the development and advancement of the object-relations approach?

A) Alfred Adler
B) Donald Winnicott
C) Heinz Kohut
D) Margaret Mahler

Question 49

Karen Horney agreed with Freud that unconscious conflicts often trigger anxiety.

Question 50

A woman is uncomfortable getting close to others and has difficulty trusting potential romantic partners. She probably has which kind of adult attachment style?

A) Secure
B) Anxious-ambivalent
C) Avoidant
D) Dependent

Question 51

Carol is having difficulty with her romantic relationship. She is afraid of losing her partner, so she gives in to her partner's wishes to keep him happy. Carol probably has which kind of attachment style?

A) Secure
B) Anxious-ambivalent
C) Avoidant
D) Dependent

Question 52

An attachment style inventory was completed by couples waiting in an airport, their behavior was then observed until departure. Results from this research showed that

A) avoidant individuals showed signs of stress over flying.
B) most secure participants left the waiting area before their partners departed.
C) avoidant couples directly expressed anxiety to the researchers.
D) secure participants showed signs of closeness to their partner while waiting.

Question 53

In terms of the four-category model of adult attachment, dismissing people have feelings that they are unworthy while they tend to see others as trustworthy.

Question 54

Research consistently finds that any of the coping strategy types discussed in the textbook have the same effectiveness at reducing anxiety.

Question 55

In terms of the four-category model of adult attachment, preoccupied people

A) see themselves as unworthy of love and doubt a romantic relationship would be satisfying.
B) have feelings that they are unworthy while they tend to see others as trustworthy.
C) shy away from close relationships.
D) seek out intimate relationships because of curiosity.

Question 56

A person who describes his or her relationships with family members as distrustful and emotionally distant most probably has an avoidant style of attachment.

Question 57

Think of a time when you have been under an extreme amount of anxiety (you may make one up if you prefer). Describe how you might have dealt with this anxiety using a problem-focused strategy, an emotion-focused strategy, and an avoidance strategy .Which would have most likely produced the best outcome?

Question 58

A man worries that his romantic partner does not really love him. He becomes demanding and sometimes overwhelming in his effort to secure his partner's love. The man probably has which kind of attachment style?

A) Secure
B) Anxious-ambivalent
C) Avoidant
D) Dependent

Question 59

People with which kind of adult attachment style are least likely to fall in love?

A) Secure
B) Anxious-ambivalent
C) Avoidant
D) Dependent

Question 60

Discuss how Freud's original frustration-aggression hypothesis influenced research by behavioral psychologists on the topic. Give evidence that frustration is one cause of aggression. Define displacement and catharsis and specify their roles in aggressive behavior.

Question 61

Between sublimation, displacement, and catharsis which would you prefer to use in moments if extreme frustration? Why? What are the disadvantages of the options that you did not select?

Question 62

Describe three kinds of parent-child attachment relationships. Contrast with examples of each of the four categories of adult attachment styles. What are the implications for children in each of the three relationships when they are adults?