Deck 16: Therapy

Question 1

A source of hope for a sustainable future is

A) increasing technological efficiency and agricultural productivity.
B) controlling consumption.
C) decreasing population.
D) all of the above.

Answer 1

all of the above.

Question 2

What is NOT seen as an environmental change?

A) Extreme weather events are increasing.
B) Plant and animal species are migrating to higher elevations.
C) There is more atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane than before.
D) Ice and snow packs have stopped melting.

Answer 2

Ice and snow packs have stopped melting.

Question 3

Birth rates in less-developed nations have

A) dropped.
B) increased.
C) stabilized.
D) continued to double each year.

Answer 3

dropped.

Question 4

Global warming effects do NOT include

A) increasing heat waves.
B) rising seas.
C) decreasing greenhouse gases.
D) acidifying oceans.

Question 5

In 1960, the earth carried 3 billion people and 127 million cars. Today, it has more than _____ billion people and _____ billion cars.

A) 4; 75
B) 5; 100
C) 6; 300
D) 7; 1

Question 6

Support for new energy policies will require

A) stronger and stricter laws.
B) an increase in annual average consumption of fuel.
C) an economy with a taxless structure base.
D) a shift in public consciousness similar to the civil rights and women's movements.

Question 7

In the context of communicating climate change to people, when climate educators use slogans such as "the Earth has a fever" in raising the awareness of climate change, they are using _____.

A) vivid and memorable messages
B) credible communication channels
C) green defaults
D) a think local strategy

Question 8

Identify a true statement about climate change and public opinion.

A) There exists a gulf between the scientific and the U.S. public understanding of climate change.
B) Opinions about climate change are not affected by the availability heuristic of an individual.
C) Resistance to understanding climate change is easily overcome by motivated reasoning.
D) Intuitive judgements, vivid and recent experiences have no influence on the opinions formed about climate change.

Question 9

In the context of climate change, which of the following is most likely to cause domestic violence and civil conflicts?

A) rainfall extremes
B) cold seasons
C) taxless economic structure
D) incentivized vehicle lanes

Question 10

Increased consumption has contributed to

A) global warming.
B) the advance of polar icecaps.
C) decreased greenhouse gases.
D) increased birth rates in industrialized nations.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true about climate change across the world?

A) The sea and air temperatures all over the world are at the lowest rates since the sixteenth century.
B) There is more atmospheric carbon dioxide than before industrial times.
C) Extreme weather events are becoming less intense.
D) Average annual weather-related losses have reduced significantly.

Question 12

Technological advances will help sustain the planet because of

A) reduced cost.
B) increased consumption.
C) efficient use of energy and resources.
D) greater availability of goods.

Question 13

Exploding populations and increasing consumption have produced serious interrelated problems of all of the following EXCEPT

A) deforestation.
B) climate destabilization.
C) decreased carbon monoxide.
D) depletion of wild fish.

Question 14

One way to moderate consumption by those who can afford to overconsume is through

A) public policies.
B) punishments.
C) training programs.
D) public warnings.

Question 15

Social psychology can help point the way to greater well-being by doing all of the following EXCEPT

A) suggesting ways to reduce consumption.
B) continuing to show that economic growth does not automatically improve human morale.
C) helping people understand why materialism and wealth fail to satisfy.
D) developing new plans to conserve resources.

Question 16

_____ agree that money buys happiness, whereas _____ agree that a little more money will make one a little happier.

A) Most; few
B) All; none
C) Few; most
D) None; all

Question 17

A source of hope for a sustainable future is

A) taxless economies.
B) reduced consumption.
C) removal of "smart meters" technology.
D) high birth rates in technologically advanced countries.

Question 18

Which of the following statements regarding global climate change is NOT true?

A) Plant and animal species are migrating north.
B) Sea levels are rising due to melting ice.
C) There is a decrease in temperatures.
D) The ten warmest years on record have occurred since 1998.

Question 19

With the growing population and consumption have come

A) afforestation.
B) depletion of wild fish stocks.
C) climate stabilization.
D) decreasing temperatures.

Question 20

Humanity can prepare for a sustainable future by increasing

A) global warming.
B) human population.
C) technological efficiency.
D) energy consumption.

Question 21

Among entering collegians, the proportion considering it "very important or essential" that they become "very well-off financially" has _____ between 1970 and 2014.

A) declined
B) risen slightly
C) remained stable
D) risen dramatically

Question 22

Which of the following does NOT characterize Americans over the last 40 years?

A) increased personal income
B) increased long-term returns of satisfaction
C) increased rates of depression
D) increased consumption

Question 23

Donna has been short of money and worried about her job security. Yesterday she was surprised to find she was being promoted and given a 10 percent raise. The adaptation-level phenomenon suggests that she will

A) soon be worried again about her finances.
B) have much better self-esteem from now on.
C) behave much less aggressively from now on.
D) be a much more ambitious, achievement-oriented worker now that she sees that her past behavior has paid off.

Question 24

The tendency to judge our experience (for example, of sounds, temperatures, or income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience is known as _____.

A) social comparison
B) the adaptation-level phenomenon
C) relative deprivation
D) Parkinson's second law

Question 25

Identify a true statement about the attitude of collegians towards materialism and wealth.

A) Spirituality among the collegians today is the highest than in the 1950s.
B) Raising a family is the primary objective among collegians in this decade.
C) Becoming very well-off financially was highest among collegians in the 1970s.
D) Developing a meaningful philosophy of life was the primary goal among collegians during the 1960s.

Question 26

The tendency to adapt to a given level of stimulation and thus to notice and react to changes from that level is called the _____.

A) confirmation bias
B) achievement motivation syndrome
C) social prestige principle
D) adaptation-level phenomenon

Question 27

For today's collegians, the goal of _____ has been at the top of their list in recent years.

A) developing a meaningful philosophy of life
B) becoming very well-off financially
C) helping others in difficulty
D) raising a family

Question 28

In the context of materialism, which of the following is an example of an extrinsic goal?

A) engaging in activities that lead to the growth of the community
B) focusing on close relationships
C) emphasizing one's wealth and beauty
D) exhibiting greater concern for nature

Question 29

Which of the following statement about materialism and wealth is NOT true?

A) Materialism is down, spirituality is up.
B) Economic growth has provided no apparent boost in human morale.
C) Since 1957, Americans are twice as rich but not happier.
D) We excel at making a living and often fail at making a life.

Question 30

When we seek _____ goals we tend to experience a higher quality of life.

A) extrinsic
B) monetary
C) intrinsic
D) financial

Question 31

People with more money

A) perceive more control over their lives.
B) have a higher stress level.
C) are less happy in poor countries.
D) are more likely to reduce their consumption.

Question 32

People who strive for extrinsic goals

A) focus more on caring for Earth.
B) experience the highest quality of life.
C) are more likely to engage in ecological beneficial activities.
D) are more prone to anxiety and depression.

Question 33

In affluent countries, increased life satisfaction

A) increases continuously with higher levels of income.
B) is positively correlated with income levels regardless of the increase of income levels.
C) increased rapidly among Americans when their income levels go beyond $100.
D) is affected by diminishing long-term returns on their incomes.

Question 34

Jacob, a freshman in college, reported on a survey that it is essential to develop a meaningful philosophy of life and that being well-off financially is hardly important. Based on his attitude towards materialism and wealth, Jacob would have most likely entered college in

A) 1965.
B) 1985.
C) 1995.
D) 2015.

Question 35

In the context of materialism, which of the following is most closely associated with those who strive for intrinsic goals?

A) wealth
B) beauty
C) prestige
D) personal growth

Question 36

Which statement is NOT true about wealth being a determinant of individual well-being?

A) There is hardly any correlation between national wealth and well-being.
B) In nations that reach $20 GDP per person, higher levels of national wealth were not predictive of increased well-being.
C) Where low income threatens basic needs, being relatively well-off does predict greater well-being.
D) In affluent countries people with money perceive more control over their lives.

Question 37

Steve strives for intimacy, personal growth, and ways to contribute to his community, whereas Ben works at "getting ahead" financially. In all likelihood

A) they will be equally happy.
B) Steve is most likely to be happier.
C) Ben is most likely to be happier.
D) we cannot predict who will be happier.

Question 38

The elation of winning something really important evaporating more rapidly than one's expectation is best explained by

A) the confirmation bias.
B) the adaptation-level phenomenon.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) Parkinson's second law.

Question 39

Identify a true statement about the relationship between wealth and well-being.

A) Rich people within a country are not happier than working-class people in a country.
B) After a comfortable income level is reached, more and more money produces diminishing long-term returns.
C) People who are super-rich have reported significantly greater happiness than average.
D) People in rich nations report same level of happiness and life satisfaction as those in poor nations

Question 40

In affluent countries, once a comfortable income level is reached, more money _____ long-term rewards.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) correlates positively with
D) does not affect

Question 41

Rising affluence in China has not produced increased happiness there because

A) people are intrinsically motivated.
B) income inequality has grown.
C) economic growth is not good.
D) of greater health problems among baby boomers.

Question 42

Csikszentmihalyi refers to the state wherein we are unselfconsciously absorbed in a mindful challenge as

A) trance.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) flow.
D) individual hypnosis.

Question 43

Which statement is NOT true of social comparison?

A) Downward social comparisons facilitate contentment.
B) Downward comparison to a hypothetical worse-off self enhances contentment.
C) Realizing that others have it worse helps us count our blessings.
D) Upward social comparisons facilitate happiness and satisfaction.

Question 44

Social comparison is

A) evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.
B) our tendency to compare a given level of stimulation with an earlier level.
C) a tendency to adapt to social events.
D) often used to recalibrate adaptation levels.

Question 45

Findings from the National Opinion Research Center surveys of 50 Americans report 26 percent of those who rarely or never attend religious services say they are _____, while 48 percent of those attending multiple times weekly said they are _____.

A) unhappy; happy
B) happy; unhappy
C) unhappy; unhappy
D) very happy; very happy

Question 46

Tina, a single mom, just making ends meet, feels most dissatisfied with her current material circumstances after watching an episode of "The Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous." Her feelings are best understood in terms of

A) impact bias.
B) reactance theory.
C) relative deprivation.
D) downward social comparison.

Question 47

According to impact bias, after some event that is good or bad, people generally _____ the enduring impact of the event.

A) underestimate
B) overestimate
C) can't guess
D) can accurately predict

Question 48

One way that social psychology can help our world is by helping us understand that

A) upward social comparisons reap the highest level of inner satisfaction.
B) downward social comparisons facilitate contentment.
C) we really have a good life.
D) compared to others, we don't have much.

Question 49

A shift to postmaterialist values will gain momentum as people, governments, and corporations take all of the following steps EXCEPT

A) face the implications of population and consumption growth for climate change and environmental destruction.
B) put more time in learning the problems and issues facing our world.
C) realize that extrinsic, materialist values make for less happy lives.
D) identify and promote the things in life that can enable sustainable human flourishing.

Question 50

Bogota, Colombia's former mayor believes in all of the following EXCEPT

A) building more parks.
B) increasing school enrollment.
C) that a city is successful not when it's rich, but when its people are happy.
D) having more income from visitors.

Question 51

Relative deprivation or dissatisfaction is frequently the result of

A) upward social comparison.
B) downward social comparison.
C) hindsight bias.
D) impact bias.

Question 52

Gallup surveys are useful in gathering information about well-being. What is NOT true about their research and findings?

A) People in some high-income countries such as Israel and Saudi Arabia report lower levels of positive emotion than those in low-income countries such as Kenya and India
B) The best days of the year are weekends and holidays
C) They have surveyed people in more than 150 countries
D) Americans don't like to respond to their surveys, so the numbers of responders are decreasing.

Question 53

Koo and her colleagues (2008) had people write about how they might never have met their romantic partner. Compared to others who wrote about meeting their partner and imagining not having the relationship they expressed

A) dissatisfaction.
B) anger.
C) satisfaction.
D) sadness.

Question 54

What does NOT enhance the quality of life?

A) close, supportive relationships
B) faith communities
C) positive thinking habits
D) materialism

Question 55

Joseph has just received a 5 percent increase in his salary. However, after learning that his coworkers have all received 10 percent increases, Joseph becomes upset with his employer and dissatisfied with his raise. Joseph's dissatisfaction is a result of

A) an upward social comparison.
B) the impact bias.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) the hydraulic model of aggression.

Question 56

Identify the motto of Britain's New Economics Foundation.

A) A city is successful not when it's rich, but when its people are happy.
B) We believe in economics as if people and the planet mattered.
C) When the economy is good, people are happy.
D) We believe that people come first.

Question 57

In the context of sustainability and survival, the King of Bhutan believes

A) his country should become more like America.
B) his poor country can become happy by working harder.
C) upward social comparison is best in enhancing contentment.
D) gross national happiness is more important than gross national product.

Question 58

Because people have the capacity to _____ and to _____ comparisons, the emotional impact of life's significant events dissipates sooner than most people suppose.

A) adapt; adjust
B) filter; eliminate
C) forget; adjust
D) remember; make

Question 59

Oswald (2006) is an economist who believes

A) economists' faith in the value of growth is diminishing.
B) economists still look towards the financial issues as key indicators of success.
C) social psychology can help in efforts to help the world.
D) individuals are the key to making changes in the economy.

Question 60

What does NOT enhance the quality of life?

A) close, supportive relationships
B) upward social comparison
C) positive thinking habits
D) experiencing nature

Question 61

Which of the following best predicts whether first-year college students will be happy with their housing assignment?

A) location
B) physical appearance of the building
C) a sense of community in the dorm itself
D) size of the rooms

Question 62

What major phenomenon encompasses all the following phenomena of reduction in size of the polar ice caps, migration of plants and animals toward the poles and higher elevations, increase in rain days and longer rainy seasons, and permafrost thawing?

A) population growth
B) industrialization
C) erosion
D) global warming

Question 63

Which of the following has NOT been linked to the decrease in birth rates in less-developed countries?

A) food security
B) the education of women
C) global warming
D) the empowerment of women

Question 64

All of the following have been linked to an enhanced quality of life EXCEPT

A) having close, supportive relationships.
B) experiencing nature.
C) having extrinsic goals.
D) being involved in less expensive leisure activities.

Question 65

Which statement about happiness and wealth is true?

A) In affluent countries, where most can afford life's necessities, affluence doesn't matter anymore.
B) People who win lotteries experience a permanent increase in overall happiness.
C) As the United States has become more affluent, its citizens have also become happier.
D) Compared to financial satisfaction, having one's psychological needs met better predicts positive, happy feelings.

Question 66

Downward social comparison facilitates

A) guilt.
B) contentment.
C) depression.
D) empathy.

Question 67

Identify a true statement about the relationship between climate and conflict.

A) Cold climate amplifies ethnic aggression.
B) Conflicts are least frequent in cities that experience high temperatures.
C) Violence is more common during hotter summers.
D) For social stability, climate does not matter.

Question 68

Both the social comparison and the adaptation-level phenomenon imply that the quest for happiness through material achievement requires

A) that other people do poorly.
B) that other people view us as wealthy.
C) that other people envy us.
D) that we continuously expand our own affluence.

Question 69

Which of the following is a way climate educators can apply social psychology's principles in overcoming misinformation and motivated reasoning?

A) Avoid connecting message to the audience's values.
B) Ensure the values have political color.
C) Nudge people by using "green defaults."
D) Avoid thinking local.

Question 70

People respond more to threats that are near in place or in time. In this case, the psychological principle used by climate educators to overcome misinformation and motivated reasoning is that of

A) credible communicators.
B) thinking local.
C) using "green defaults."
D) making vivid and memorable messages.

Question 71

When asked if he believes in global warming, Steve says, "no way - I had to dig my car out of 5 ice storms last winter." Steve is basing his opinion on

A) the availability heuristic.
B) the representativeness heuristic.
C) overconfidence.
D) an illusion of control.

Question 72

Happiness is relative to our comparisons with others especially with

A) members of our ingroup.
B) people better off than we are.
C) people worse off than we are.
D) members of an outgroup.

Question 73

Today's college students, when asked to identify their reasons for going to college, stress

A) becoming well-off financially.
B) the value of learning.
C) developing a meaningful philosophy of life.
D) learning how to raise a family and care for others.

Question 74

Bill is getting back to back promotions in his new company. According to social comparison phenomenon, as he climbs the ladder, Bill is LEAST likely to compare his progress with

A) people at his current level.
B) people who are above his current level.
C) people who are below his current level.
D) people who earn more than him.

Question 75

According to Zhang et al. (2011), economic downturns and war can be traced back to

A) population growth.
B) climate fluctuations.
C) increased consumption.
D) social inequalities.

Question 76

Frank has been feeling a great deal of stress lately because he has been struggling to meet his monthly expenses. Naturally, then, he is ecstatic when he receives a raise at work. After a few weeks, though, he again finds himself struggling to make his credit payments. Frank's situation is an example of

A) the adaptation-level phenomenon.
B) social comparison.
C) the ingroup bias.
D) the misinformation effect.

Question 77

Who is most likely to report experiencing a higher quality of life?

A) Chris, a psychology professor who focuses on his marriage, personal growth, and his volunteer efforts with the homeless
B) Sally, an attorney who is saving up for a condo on the beach, a nose job, and a new Mercedes
C) Ryan, a house painter who is just trying to make ends meet every month.
D) Miguel, an accountant who also works as a part time salesman to ensure that he earns more than all his peers

Question 78

Susie has just seen her test grade on her latest psychology exam on the grade sheet posted by her professor. She was disappointed to see that she received 75%. She feels better, however, when she looks further down the list and finds that she did better than 60% of her classmates. Susie is engaging in

A) the backfire effect.
B) social comparison.
C) confirmation bias.
D) the misinformation effect.

Question 79

Which of the following statements is true of wealth and well-being?

A) There is a correlation between national wealth and well-being.
B) There is no correlation between national wealth and well-being.
C) There is no correlation between happiness and financial status in third-world countries.
D) Americans are happier today than in the 1950s.

Question 80

The Guidelines for National Indicators of Subjective Well-Being and Ill-Being have questions available for assessing all of the following issues EXCEPT

A) life satisfaction.
B) quality of life.
C) domain satisfaction.
D) anger levels.