Deck 11: What Drives Us: Hunger, Sex, Friendship, and Achievement

Question 1

One factor that will increase the likelihood that a friendship between two people will develop is

A) behavioral confirmation.
B) how often their paths cross.
C) avoiding repetitious exposure.
D) gender.

Answer 1

how often their paths cross.

Question 2

The fact that people prefer letters appearing in their own name illustrates the

A) belongingness effect.
B) proximity effect.
C) mere exposure effect.
D) matching effect.

Answer 2

mere exposure effect.

Question 3

Functional distance refers to

A) the natural geographic route between two locations.
B) how often people meet their loved ones.
C) how often people's paths cross.
D) the direction and route of travel one undertakes when deliberately seeking out a given person.

Answer 3

how often people's paths cross.

Question 4

After learning about a former co-worker who recently passed away due to cancer, you call a loved one. In the context of attraction and intimacy, this is an example of how reminders of death

A) make us depressed.
B) encourage solitude.
C) heighten our need to belong.
D) cause social tension.

Question 5

Even when people have no strong feelings about a product or a candidate, _______ can increase sales or votes.

A) proximity
B) perception
C) repetition
D) appearance

Question 6

Paula has just arrived as a new student on campus and does not know anyone. All else being equal, is she most likely to become friends with Joni who lives next door, with Kristy who lives two doors down, with Beth who lives three doors down, or with Heidi who lives in the room directly above hers?

A) Joni
B) Kristy
C) Beth
D) Heidi

Question 7

If you are new in the office and want to make new friends, your best bet is to get a desk

A) that is smaller than that of anyone else.
B) in the quietest corner of the office.
C) near where people hang out.
D) next to the air conditioner.

Question 8

Darley and Berscheid (1967) gave university women ambiguous information about two other women. Asked how much they liked these people, the participants reported feeling more attracted to the person whom they

A) expected they would probably not meet.
B) expected they would eventually meet.
C) had read about first.
D) had read about second.

Question 9

The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them is referred to as

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the novelty phenomenon.
C) display liking.
D) the effect of repetition.

Question 10

Which statement is NOT true of the need to belong?

A) We are social animals with a need to belong.
B) With close, intimate relationships, we tend to be healthier.
C) Humans in only some cultures use ostracism to regulate behavior.
D) Happiness is feeling connected, free, and capable.

Question 11

A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions is the definition of

A) association anxiety.
B) the need for attachment.
C) the need to belong.
D) affiliative predisposition.

Question 12

On the basis of his research on the mere exposure effect, Robert Zajonc argued that our emotions are often more _______ than our thinking.

A) sophisticated
B) instantaneous
C) subtle
D) complex

Question 13

Social ostracism evokes a brain response similar to that triggered by

A) psychosis.
B) physical pain.
C) feelings of love.
D) panic attacks.

Question 14

Research suggests that randomly assigned college roommates who interact frequently

A) will most likely become friends.
B) will likely be unhappy about the assignment and come to dislike each other.
C) are as likely to become enemies as they are to become friends.
D) will show initial attraction that fades over time.

Question 15

You feel obligated to vote in the next election, especially because you are usually the first one to complain about the incumbent president. However, you have not had the time to research the positions taken by the candidates. Social psychologists would confidently predict that you are likely to choose the candidate

A) whom you find physically attractive.
B) whose name you have heard most often.
C) who resembles someone you know.
D) who resembles someone you like.

Question 16

You are a regular contributor to an Internet chat room. One day the other participants seem to ignore every comment you make. Research on cyberostracism suggests you will likely

A) send rude and nasty comments to the chat room.
B) become more independent and less conforming to others.
C) lash out at your younger sibling once you finish your chat session.
D) experience stress and a depressed mood.

Question 17

Research on proximity and social attraction generally supports the view that

A) proximity merely breeds contempt.
B) proximity leads to liking.
C) proximity leads to affection and animosity with equal frequency.
D) distance makes the heart grow fonder.

Question 18

Anticipatory liking-expecting that someone will be pleasant and compatible-increases the chance of

A) becoming involved in an inequitable relationship.
B) a dysfunctional, co-dependent relationship.
C) being exploited in the early stages of a relationship.
D) forming a rewarding relationship.

Question 19

Williams and Nida (2001) found that when ostracized during an online game, players were _____ to conform to others' wrong judgments on a subsequent perceptual task.

A) less likely
B) more likely
C) not willing
D) too hesitant

Question 20

In an experiment by Zajonc and his colleagues, participants were exposed to brief novel passages of music while they focused their attention on other tasks. Results indicated that mere exposure led to liking

A) only when the exposed stimulus was task-related.
B) only when people were consciously attending to the exposed stimulus.
C) even when people were unaware of what they had been exposed to.
D) unless background stimuli created a distraction and interfered with the processing of the task.

Question 21

The relationship between the extent to which we are in love with someone and how physically attractive we find that person to be is

A) positive.
B) inversely related.
C) negative.
D) neutral.

Question 22

Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. Their relationship is best understood as an example of

A) the ingratiation effect.
B) complementarity.
C) the mere-exposure effect.
D) the matching phenomenon.

Question 23

When people describe themselves in personal ads, women often offer _____ and seek _____.

A) companionship; attractiveness
B) attractiveness; status
C) status; companionship
D) commitment; excitement

Question 24

Which of your friends is most likely to report a preference for a mate who is homely and warm over one who is attractive and cold?

A) your teenaged brother
B) your middle-aged co-worker Ben
C) your best friend Carol
D) your classmate Tom

Question 25

Kenrick and his colleagues (1989) found that to men who have recently been gazing at centerfolds, average women or even their own wives seem _____.

A) more passionate
B) extremely beautiful
C) less attractive
D) very feminine

Question 26

A stranger rides the same bus you do to school every day. According to the mere exposure effect, as the days pass you are most likely to view the stranger

A) merely as another student.
B) more unfavorably.
C) more critically.
D) more favorably.

Question 27

Ruth is quite attractive (a 4 on a 5-point scale), but Naomi is strikingly attractive (a 5 on a 5-point scale). Research suggests that if Ruth makes $35,000 a year on her job, Naomi will probably make _____ doing the same job.

A) slightly less money
B) the same amount
C) more money
D) significantly less money

Question 28

Research has shown that, other things being equal, we guess _____ people are happier, sexually warmer, more outgoing, and successful.

A) friendly
B) beautiful
C) intelligent
D) funny

Question 29

Physically attractive people tend to be all of the following EXCEPT

A) more popular.
B) more humorous.
C) more outgoing.
D) more gender typed.

Question 30

Roszell and her colleagues (1990) found that in a national sample of Canadians, those that others rated as more attractive earned, on average

A) around $100 less annually.
B) around $100 more annually.
C) around $2,000 less annually.
D) around $2,000 more annually.

Question 31

Who is likely to receive the most responses to his personal ad?

A) Mark, who emphasizes his physical attractiveness
B) Bill, who emphasizes his income and education
C) David, who emphasizes his kind and sensitive nature
D) Tony, who emphasizes his athletic accomplishments

Question 32

All of the following are examples of implicit egotism EXCEPT

A) we are more likely to marry someone whose first or last name resembles our own.
B) women named Virginia disproportionately live in Virginia.
C) we want to name our children using family names.
D) America's dentists are almost twice more likely to be named as Dennis than the two other most popular names.

Question 33

Which of the following best expresses the meaning of the physical attractiveness stereotype?

A) What is beautiful is good.
B) What is beautiful is unpredictable.
C) What is beautiful is superficial.
D) What is beautiful is untouchable.

Question 34

_____ rank attractiveness as important in a mate, while _____ assign importance to honesty, humor, and dependability.

A) Men; women
B) Women; men
C) Both men and women; neither
D) Neither men nor women; both

Question 35

Studies on computer composites of faces show that

A) perfectly average is quite attractive.
B) perfectly average is quite unattractive.
C) modest caricatures of attractive features are quite unattractive.
D) symmetry is unimportant.

Question 36

Hatfield and her colleagues (1966) matched University of Minnesota freshmen for a Welcome Week dance. When the students were asked to evaluate their dates, what determined whether they liked each other?

A) similarity of values
B) similarity of academic competence
C) physical attractiveness
D) common family background

Question 37

Gangestad and his colleagues (2004) found that during ovulation, women show a heightened preference for men with

A) feminine features.
B) masculine features.
C) a nice smile.
D) long hair.

Question 38

Kalick (1977) had Harvard students indicate their impressions of eight women, judging from photos taken before or after cosmetic surgery, and found that

A) pre-surgery women were judged to be more genuine, honest, and appealing.
B) post-surgery women were judged to be kinder and more likable.
C) pre-surgery women were judged to be more intelligent and competent.
D) post-surgery women were judged to be more independent and insensitive.

Question 39

The evolutionary view of physical attractiveness is supported by research showing that men in many cultures worldwide prefer female characteristics that signify

A) high energy.
B) social acceptance.
C) reproductive capacity.
D) maturity and dominance.

Question 40

Implicit egotism is our tendency to

A) like things that are liked by others.
B) make friends with people older than us.
C) prefer attractive people.
D) like what we associate with ourselves.

Question 41

At a party, Ellie meets Rob and Blake. The three get involved in a philosophical discussion that lasts through the evening. By the end of the evening, Ellie has discovered that she and Blake see things eye-to-eye, whereas she and Rob see things differently. All else being equal, Ellie will probably like

A) Rob better.
B) Blake better.
C) Rob and Blake equally.
D) neither Rob nor Blake.

Question 42

The popularly supposed tendency, in a relationship between two people, for each to complete what is missing in the other is called _____.

A) accentuation
B) equivalency
C) complementarity
D) reciprocity

Question 43

We like people those whose behavior is gratifying to us or whom we associate with gratifying events. This fact is consistent with the _____ theory of attraction.

A) cognitive dissonance
B) reward
C) two-factor
D) James-Lange

Question 44

_____ includes strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor.

A) Social elicitation
B) Deindividuation
C) Social penetration
D) Ingratiation

Question 45

Mary, a talkative, extraverted young woman, is strongly attracted to Shane, a quiet, introverted, middle-aged man. Mary's attraction to Shane would be predicted by the

A) exchange theory.
B) matching phenomenon.
C) equity principle.
D) complementarity hypothesis.

Question 46

Spouses are more likely than random paired people to share common attitudes, beliefs, and values. The _____ the similarity, the _____ they are.

A) greater; happier
B) greater; healthier
C) lesser; healthier
D) lesser; happier

Question 47

"Negative information carries more weight because being less usual, it grabs more attention." This statement is an example of the

A) good is stronger than bad principle.
B) cognitive miser principle.
C) bad is stronger than good principle.
D) equity principle.

Question 48

According to Aronson, "as a relationship ripens toward greater intimacy, what becomes increasingly important is _____."

A) the absence of conflict
B) consistent praise
C) autonomy
D) authenticity

Question 49

In a study of whether or not mimicry increases rapport, van Baaren and his colleagues (2003) found that restaurant servers earned higher tips if they

A) agreed with the customers.
B) possessed similar degrees of physical attractiveness.
C) had common interests.
D) repeated the order back to the customer.

Question 50

Brent is a White man who has been given a choice to work with Darwin or Ken. Darwin is a Black man who shares many of Brent's values and attitudes, and Ken is a White man who shares little in common with Brent. Who will Brent like and want to work with most?

A) Darwin
B) Ken
C) All else being equal, his liking will be equally high for both Darwin and Ken.
D) Brent will probably choose to work alone.

Question 51

Baumeister and others (2001) sum up research by noting in everyday life, _____ events have stronger and more lasting consequences than _____ events.

A) good; bad
B) bad; good
C) fun; sad
D) sad; fun

Question 52

Which of the following proverbs is clearly NOT supported by the research findings?

A) "Opposites attract."
B) "Familiarity breeds fondness."
C) "Out of sight, out of mind."
D) "Even virtue is fairer in a fair body."

Question 53

Jen is more in love with Stan today than the day she married him. According to research on the relationship between love and perceived attractiveness,

A) Jen probably finds Stan to be more attractive today than the day she married him.
B) Jen probably finds Stan to be less attractive today than the day she married him.
C) Stan probably finds Jen less attractive today than the day he married her.
D) Stan and Jen probably see each other as equally attractive.

Question 54

The advice to continue having romantic dinners, trips to the theatre, and vacations once married would most probably be offered by the

A) mere exposure theory.
B) triangle theory.
C) equity theory.
D) reward theory of attraction.

Question 55

The relationship between mimicry and rapport is

A) positive.
B) negative.
C) neutral.
D) curvilinear.

Question 56

In the context of similarity versus complementarity, according to research conclusions reached by Singh and his colleagues (2000), which of the following is TRUE?

A) Dissimilar attitudes depress liking more than similar attitudes enhance liking.
B) Similar attitudes depress liking more than dissimilar attitudes enhance liking.
C) Dissimilar and similar attitudes are equally powerful.
D) Attitudes have little effect on liking.

Question 57

Which theory provides the best explanation for the effects of proximity, similarity, and attractiveness on liking?

A) triangle theory
B) reward theory
C) disclosure theory
D) attachment theory

Question 58

When comparing ourselves and others to models and "beautiful" people in the media, we

A) tend to think we are OK.
B) devalue our potential mates and ourselves.
C) know those images are unobtainable.
D) tend to experience the false uniqueness effect.

Question 59

The tendency for opposites to mate or marry

A) has only been documented among teenage couples.
B) has increased in the United States since 1960.
C) is just as powerful as the similarity-attraction connection.
D) has never been reliably demonstrated.

Question 60

Which statement regarding liking those who like us is FALSE?

A) Liking is usually mutual.
B) Proximity influences initial attraction.
C) Similarity influences long-term attraction.
D) Attractiveness doesn't influence initial attraction.

Question 61

Which theory suggests that love is a function of physiological arousal along with the label that we give to our arousal?

A) triangle theory
B) two-factor theory of emotion
C) correspondent inference theory
D) reward theory

Question 62

According to the two-factor theory of emotion, being aroused by _____ should intensify passionate feelings.

A) pornography on video or in magazines
B) sight and smell
C) any source
D) exercise

Question 63

Self-disclosure involves

A) protecting oneself by closing off part of oneself from others.
B) stopping oneself from getting involved in an intimate relationship.
C) revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
D) closing down emotionally.

Question 64

Research on the two-factor theory of love supports which of the following conclusions?

A) "Absence makes the heart grow fonder."
B) "Arousal requires emotion."
C) "Birds of a feather flock together."
D) "Adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder."

Question 65

Hatfield defines _____ as a state of intense longing for union with another.

A) attraction anxiety
B) commitment
C) passionate love
D) intimate attraction

Question 66

Which adult attachment style is marked by individuals being less invested in relationships and more likely to engage in one-night stands?

A) secure
B) anxious
C) preoccupied
D) avoidant

Question 67

In comparison to women, men fall in love more _____ and out of love more _____.

A) readily; readily
B) slowly; slowly
C) readily; slowly
D) slowly; readily

Question 68

Those involved in relationships marked by long-term equity

A) depend on tit-for-tat exchanges.
B) are unconcerned with short-term equity.
C) make sure they reciprocate favors as soon as possible.
D) give more than they get.

Question 69

In studies at the University of Maryland, Clark and Mills found that tit-for-tat exchanges _____ people's liking for each other when _____.

A) diminished; their relationship was relatively formal
B) diminished; they sought true friendship
C) boosted; they sought true friendship
D) had no effect on; they sought true friendship

Question 70

Melanie believes that her boyfriend enjoys far more benefits from their relationship than she does, even though she invests more time, effort, and resources. Clearly, Melanie believes that her relationship with her boyfriend lacks

A) equity.
B) attachment.
C) disclosure reciprocity.
D) loyalty.

Question 71

In the context of components of love, the first step in scientifically studying romantic love is to

A) decide how to define and measure it.
B) manipulate it.
C) control all other factors that might influence it.
D) study the factors that might influence it.

Question 72

Psychologist Robert Sternberg views love as a triangle whose three sides include all of the following EXCEPT

A) attachment.
B) passion.
C) commitment.
D) intimacy.

Question 73

When benefits are proportional to contributions in a relationship,

A) acceptance exists.
B) mutuality exists.
C) equity exists.
D) companionate love exists.

Question 74

In terms of adult attachment styles, individuals with _____ attachment seem to be possessive and jealous, while individuals with _____ attachment are less invested in relationships and more likely to leave them.

A) secure; insecure
B) anxious; avoidant
C) avoidant; preoccupied
D) insecure; apathetic

Question 75

Twelve-month-old Joshua enters an unfamiliar laboratory playroom with his mother. When she leaves, he gets distressed. When she returns, he runs to her and hugs her close. After this intense reunion, he returns to playing. Joshua demonstrates the characteristics of _____ attachment.

A) secure
B) insecure
C) avoidant
D) anxious

Question 76

In the context of components of love, researchers report that sustained eye contact, nodding, and smiling are indicators of

A) companionate love.
B) passionate love.
C) secure attachment.
D) physical arousal.

Question 77

In Rubin's research, "strong-love" couples differed from "weak-love" couples in that they

A) talked more to each other.
B) gazed more into each other's eyes.
C) smiled less at each other.
D) displayed more jealousy.

Question 78

The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined is called

A) companionate love.
B) romantic love.
C) secure attachment.
D) committed friendship.

Question 79

Seven in ten infants exhibit _____ attachment.

A) avoidant
B) anxious
C) secure
D) insecure

Question 80

Schafer and Keith (1980) conducted surveys of several hundred married couples and found that spouses who perceived inequity in their marriage felt more

A) distressed and depressed.
B) hostility.
C) altruistic satisfaction.
D) motivated to work on the marriage.