Deck 18: B: Revolutions of Industrialization 1750-1914

Question 1

What were the major destinations for European immigrants in the nineteenth century,and how did they affect the places where they settled?

Answer 1

•The majority of Europeans settled in the Americas.In Latin America,Argentina and Brazil absorbed most of the European immigrants,where "whiteness" was privileged over other races.In the United States,the immigrant experience was turned into a national myth (the melting pot),which emphasized assimilation.However,new immigrants were often marginalized.
•Australia and New Zealand became settler colonies as the overwhelming number of European immigrants pushed out the native populations.
•Russian immigrants also contributed to the Europeanization of Siberia.
•A few Europeans settled in the various colonies in Africa,where their presence introduced a sharp racial divide.

Question 2

How did industrialization in the United States differ from industrialization in Britain?

Answer 2

•The U.S.government played an important role in industrialization.
•Tax breaks,land grants,favorable legislation,and an absence of regulation fostered the rise of very large business enterprises in the United States,while family businesses still predominated in Britain.
•Unlike Britain,no major political party emerged in the United States to represent the interests of the working class.
•Ideas of socialism,and especially Marxism,did not appeal to American workers nearly as much as they did to workers in Britain.
•Because of the relative conservatism of American labor organizations,America's more heterogeneous population,and the fact that white-collar workers in the United States outnumbered factory laborers,America's workers possessed less class solidarity and less political power than did their counterparts in Britain.
•Wages and living standards for workers were generally higher in America than in Britain.

Question 3

Compare and contrast the Russian and Mexican revolutions.

Answer 3

•Both occurred in the early twentieth century.
•Both broke out in countries where industrialization had benefited very few but contributed to the impoverishment of many.
•Both were local protests that erupted into nationwide revolutions.
•In both,workers and peasants joined forces to overthrow an oppressive government.
•Both transformed the respective country by creating new political structures,expanding the franchise,redistributing land,undermining church authority,extending rights to workers,and limiting foreign investment.
•The Russian Revolution was inspired by Marxism and led by the Bolsheviks,who retained control and consolidated the new state after the revolution.
•The Mexican Revolution had no similar unifying ideology.Factionalism and local interests limited the state's ability to retain control after the revolution.
•The Russian Revolution had a wider international impact.
•The impact of the Mexican Revolution was limited to Mexico and a few places in Central America and the Andes.

Question 4

How did industrialization shape the nature and form of social protest in the nineteenth-century world?

Question 5

How did social class affect how women experienced the Industrial Revolution?

Question 6

What role did Latin American countries play in the global economy in the nineteenth century?

Question 7

What factors limited the influence of Marxism in Britain?

Question 8

Why did the Industrial Revolution occur first in Europe?

Question 9

What problems emerged in Latin America following the revolutions that secured the region's political independence?