Deck 8: The Expansion of Europe,950–1100

Question 1

One response to the Viking invasions of the tenth century was the development of:

A) feudalism.
B) keeps.
C) castles.
D) standing armies.
E) city-state alliances.

Answer 1

castles.

Question 2

During the eleventh century,the most spectacular developments in long-distance trade took place in:

A) northern Italy.
B) the North Sea.
C) the Rhineland.
D) Sicily.
E) England.

Answer 2

northern Italy.

Question 3

The two fundamental factors driving the high medieval European economy were:

A) population growth and an increasingly efficient market for goods.
B) long-distance trade and investments in church building.
C) technological innovations in agriculture and new styles of ships that could carry more.
D) newly discovered precious metal deposits and the resulting inflation.
E) long-distance trade and the newly designed ships to carry the trade goods.

Answer 3

population growth and an increasingly efficient market for goods.

Question 4

Major towns and cities in the High Middle Ages:

A) grew exponentially after the agricultural and trade improvements of the age.
B) sustained their population only through continuous immigration from the countryside.
C) were built of stone and were largely impervious to fire.
D) were grimly aware of crowd diseases and emphasized proper sanitation where possible.
E) were controlled by either a local noble or monastery.

Question 5

Serfs were treated like slaves in parts of medieval Europe with a major exception:

A) serfdom was not hereditary.
B) serfs could not be fined by their lords.
C) serfs could not be tried in local "manorial" courts.
D) serfs could not be sold apart from their historic lands.
E) the aristocracy was required to see to the serfs' education and well-being.

Question 6

A major source of mechanical power in medieval Europe after 1050 was the:

A) four-wheeled cart, which was pulled by horse or oxen.
B) water mill, which was used to grind grain, crush paper pulp, and press oil.
C) windmill, which was used primarily to process cloth.
D) steam engine, which was used to produce cloth goods.
E) open-hearth furnace, which was used to forge iron.

Question 7

During the High Middle Ages,fields were rotated over a _________ cycle to increase overall agricultural production 50-67 percent.

A) twelve-month
B) two-year
C) three-year
D) seven-year
E) ten-year

Question 8

One factor that contributed to the growth of some urban centers such as Paris and London was:

A) the growth of the universities associated with each city.
B) their ability to draw on the wealth of the immediate area around the city.
C) the development of an international trade zone surrounding each city.
D) that they had retained a larger population throughout the period of the dissolution of the Roman Empire.
E) their status as the capital of nation-states formed during the early medieval period.

Question 9

Under the patronage of Otto,men and women of talent found a refuge,such as the first known female playwright,Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim,who wrote plays that:

A) dealt with classical themes she took from her reading of Homer and Virgil.
B) blended Roman comedy with stories of early Christian martyrs.
C) defended women against the misogynistic claims of men.
D) attacked the failures of the Church to protect women against abuses of men.
E) were tales venerating the Virgin Mary.

Question 10

Although the term feudalism has been defined in many ways by historians,Chapter 8 defines it as:

A) a political system in which public powers are exercised by private lords.
B) a legal system of land tenure formalized by a contract.
C) an aristocratic social order bound together by mutual ties of land holding.
D) a mode of production (or economic system) in which wealth is overwhelmingly agricultural.
E) an economic system by which the peasantry is allowed to accumulate wealth other than agricultural products.

Question 11

Self-governing elites most frequently developed in areas of western Europe where:

A) royal authority was either weak or nonexistent.
B) kings founded new cities and gave them special charters.
C) bishops were effective feudal lords over the cities in their area.
D) there was a strong tradition of democracy such as Greece.
E) the Church was strong and Latin was the common language.

Question 12

One factor that contributed to the increase in agricultural output in the medieval period was:

A) diminished rainfall that allowed for more time to be able to work the fields.
B) a slight cooling of the average temperature that caused a shift to higher yield crops.
C) a rise in average temperature that allowed for a longer growing season.
D) increased rainfall causing a shift in crops grown that had larger yields.
E) the development of the seeder plow paired with the use of manure for fertilizer.

Question 13

Ruling from their castles,lords claimed the right to:

A) collect taxes.
B) administer justice.
C) wage war.
D) mint money.
E) all of these

Question 14

Many factors contributed to the growth of towns and cities in the early medieval period; among these was:

A) the agricultural revolution.
B) the establishment of monasteries.
C) initiatives taken by local lords.
D) increasing trade along overland routes.
E) all of these

Question 15

The rotation of crops:

A) provided insurance against loss from natural disasters.
B) made new types of food available.
C) spread labor evenly over the course of the year.
D) allowed for a great deal of experimentation with plants.
E) all of these

Question 16

Despite the potential advantages of the manorial system,_________ played the dominant role in creating it.

A) peasants
B) serfs
C) lords
D) kings
E) clerics

Question 17

In northern Europe,increasing use of the heavy-wheeled plow between 800 and 1050 coincided with:

A) the increasing use of horses as traction animals.
B) rising alcohol consumption among the peasantry.
C) fundamental changes in patterns of peasant settlement.
D) rapidly improving road systems.
E) the first use of oxen as traction animals.

Question 18

The medieval economy was based primarily on:

A) manufacturing.
B) cottage industry.
C) mining.
D) agriculture.
E) fishing.

Question 19

Although moneylending was an important factor in the success of early Italian merchant activity:

A) merchants had to procure loans from Muslim bankers, as such wealth was not available in Europe.
B) Saint Bonaventura thought all merchants were beyond God's favor.
C) high medieval towns prospered instead, because of the traditional landed aristocracy.
D) the papacy refused to borrow money in the Middle Ages.
E) the Western Christian church condemned the practice as usurious.

Question 20

Between 1000 and 1300 in western Europe:

A) social mobility increased and social inequality decreased.
B) social mobility decreased and social inequality increased.
C) social mobility and social inequality both increased.
D) social mobility and social inequality both decreased.
E) social mobility and social inequality remained roughly constant.

Question 21

Compared to their Carolingian predecessors,the kings of tenth- and eleventh-century Germany:

A) did not exercise much control over the church within their kingdom.
B) did not have any soft frontiers where they could pursue easy conquests.
C) all had set lines of succession, which allowed for the peaceful transfer of power.
D) did not have a sophisticated administrative system.
E) all of these

Question 22

When Alexius Comnenus asked for Western help against the Seljuq Turks,he was hoping for:

A) a crusading army that would recapture Jerusalem.
B) a large army of foot soldiers to drive the Turks from Anatolia, the Byzantine heartland.
C) a force of heavily armored knights to deploy against the lightly armored Turkish cavalry.
D) a group of Norman mercenaries to serve as his palace guard.
E) a conquering army he could lead against the Muslims and thus unite all of Christendom.

Question 23

The expansion of the Byzantine empire during the tenth and early eleventh centuries was assisted by:

A) Christian missionary activity in Russia and the Balkans.
B) Christian missionary activity among the Abbasids.
C) Muslim opposition to commerce.
D) the First Crusade, which captured Jerusalem.
E) the Fourth Crusade, which destroyed Venice.

Question 24

Central to the establishment of feudal monarchies was the:

A) personal relationship between individuals at each level of feudal society.
B) relationship of each lord to the religious authority in his territory.
C) personal relationship that developed between the monarchs of the various countries.
D) blessing given by the pope to his chosen lord in each country.
E) ability of the monarch to protect and provide for the common people in his realm.

Question 25

The compromise that ended the Investiture Conflict was known as the:

A) Second Ecumenical Council.
B) Schism with the Byzantine church.
C) 1059 Electoral Decree of Pope Nicholas II.
D) Fourth Lateran Council.
E) Concordat of Worms.

Question 26

The term feudal comes from the Latin feudum,which refers to:

A) the relationship that exists between serfs from different manors.
B) the work owed to a lord by the serfs bound to the land he owns.
C) a village not under the direct control of a lord.
D) a contractual relationship existing between a giver and a receiver.
E) the contractual relationship existing between a patron and an artist.

Question 27

One of the many reforms undertaken by the Clunaic monasteries was to enforce the monastic vow of celibacy on all priests.Some segments of the Church rejected this reform claiming:

A) there was no biblical source for such a vow.
B) there had never been any rule against priests being married.
C) secular priests needed to experience life as their parishioners did.
D) that the biblical injunction to "be fruitful and multiply" should apply to everyone.
E) church fathers, such as Ambrose, had been married.

Question 28

Many Christians believed in the special protective and curative powers of objects associated with saints such as a fragment of bone or cloth from their garment.Some claimed that praying to such relics:

A) amounted to idol worship: praying to an object rather than to God.
B) demonstrated a growing spirituality of medieval people.
C) showed the great devotion people had toward the Church.
D) prompted incidents of "holy theft."
E) all of these

Question 29

Relations between Muslims and Christians in the area Christians referred to as the Holy Lands were upset when Jerusalem was captured in 1071 by the:

A) Saracen Turks.
B) Seljuq Turks.
C) Akko Turks.
D) Abbasid Turks.
E) Fatimid Turks.

Question 30

The tenth century was known for ineffective kingship throughout Europe and:

A) the momentous Investiture Conflict.
B) the beginning of the Christian Crusades against Muslims.
C) a very effective and powerful papacy.
D) local bishops who were surpassing nobles in power and authority.
E) an incompetent and largely corrupt papacy.

Question 31

Which of the following was NOT a goal expressed by Pope Urban II for the First Crusade?

A) to establish peace at home by sending violent knights abroad
B) to capture Jerusalem
C) to reunite the Byzantine and Latin Christian churches under the command of the pope
D) to slay Christ's enemies wherever they could be found, especially Jews and Muslims
E) to demonstrate the superiority of western military and spiritual might over that of the East.

Question 32

The monastic reform movement that began at Cluny in Burgundy was unique in that it:

A) rejected the ideals of poverty, chastity, and obedience popular in other monasteries.
B) undertook the establishment of a large number of subordinate "daughter houses" also free of control by local lords.
C) stressed political and economic independence from the pope in Rome.
D) led to the Norman Conquest of England.
E) became the leading religious force in eastern Europe, establishing some monasteries in Russia.

Question 33

The first successful attempt to restore the spiritual authority of the Latin Church can be traced to the establishment of a new kind of monastery at:

A) Toulouse in Burgundy.
B) Lorraine in Alsace.
C) Cluny in Burgundy.
D) Tours in the Île de France.
E) Orléans in Burgundy.

Question 34

In the eleventh century,the struggle for power in central Europe was,for the most part,between:

A) king and pope.
B) king and nobility.
C) nobility and bishops.
D) bishops and pope.
E) king and bishops.

Question 35

At Canossa in the winter of 1077:

A) King Henry IV humiliated himself before Pope Gregory VII.
B) King Henry IV humiliated Pope Gregory VII.
C) Pope Gregory humiliated himself before King Henry IV.
D) King Henry IV arrived, but Pope Gregory VII refused to see him.
E) Pope Gregory VII received Henry IV and they resolved their differences peacefully.

Question 36

Taken literally,what did the term lay investiture mean to medieval Christians in the eleventh century?

A) the legal procedure associated with making a pious Christian man or woman a saint
B) buying an ecclesiastical office with money, such as the position of bishop or cardinal
C) the practice of appointing a bishop or abbot and dressing him with the symbols of his office
D) a business investment in monastic property with the expectation of a return
E) the Church practice of giving new clergy their vestments

Question 37

William the Conqueror was politically innovative in that he:

A) claimed England in the name of the Roman papacy.
B) rewarded his Norman followers with cash payments rather than English land.
C) used the highly centralized English administrative authority combined with the feudal structures of France.
D) negotiated an advantageous peace agreement with King Harold of England without resorting to physical violence.
E) managed to retain the English crown while becoming the heir to the French throne.

Question 38

The importance of the Investiture Conflict was that it:

A) formally, although not in practice, separated the "church" and the "state" in European politics.
B) signaled the decline of the papacy in western Europe.
C) created a lasting conceptual distinction between religion and politics in western Europe.
D) established the cult of the Virgin Mary in medieval Christianity.
E) represented the triumph of the Church over secular authority.

Question 39

In 1059,Pope Nicholas II issued a new decree on papal elections,which gave the power to elect future popes to the:

A) Holy Roman Emperor.
B) German imperial court.
C) leading abbots of Cluniac monasteries.
D) College of Cardinals.
E) monarchs of England, France, and Germany.

Question 40

Compared to the Benedictine monasteries of the sixth and seventh centuries,the Cluniac monasteries of the eleventh century were more:

A) focused on missionary activity.
B) independent from their local benefactors.
C) interested in leading lives of poverty, chastity, and service.
D) obedient to the pope in Rome.
E) strict in the appointment of new abbots.

Question 41

From the Islamic world come some of the best-known poetry in the world,among which is the poetry of:

A) Ibn Rushd.
B) Umar Khayyam.
C) Ibn S na.
D) Ibn Abacus.
E) Umar Imam.

Question 42

A commune was an informal association of citizens who undertook governmental functions.

Question 43

One of the greatest Islamic philosophers of the medieval period was:

A) Ibn Rushd.
B) Umar Khayyam.
C) Ibn S na.
D) Ibn Abacus.
E) Umar Imam.

Question 44

When preaching the First Crusade,some churchmen in western Europe offered crusaders:

A) sainthood as a reward for military service.
B) a well-equipped flotilla of ships for their transport across the Mediterranean.
C) true accounts of the atrocities committed by Muslims in the East.
D) a plenary indulgence, promising that those who died would immediately go to heaven.
E) all of these

Question 45

The First Crusade:

A) strengthened Byzantine control over trade in the eastern Mediterranean.
B) weakened Byzantine control over trade in the eastern Mediterranean.
C) disrupted Byzantine trade along the Silk Road to China.
D) had little impact on Byzantine trade because the Crusaders were primarily motivated by religion, not commercial gain.
E) disrupted the trade routes between Byzantium and western Europe.

Question 46

None of the new political entities arose in Europe as a direct result of the Viking raids of the previous century.

Question 47

The agricultural revolution was the foundation on which the commercial revolution of the High Middle Ages rested.

Question 48

Due to the expansion of commerce and the availability of cheap and nutritious food,the largest European cities boasted populations in excess of over one million people by 1300.

Question 49

Although it represented a monumental struggle for power at the upper levels of society,the Investiture Controversy was a largely private affair that had little impact or interest in the average person's life.

Question 50

The Ottonian emperors were the first to be able to exercise actual control in the areas they claimed to rule.

Question 51

Beginning in the tenth century,the Church was beginning to assert its independence from secular rulers as had been the case under Charlemagne.

Question 52

The Muslim world was far advanced over Europe in the area of medicine as evidenced by the writings of:

A) Ibn Rushd.
B) Umar Khayyam.
C) Ibn S na.
D) Ibn Abacus.
E) Umar Imam.

Question 53

The Muslim philosopher known in Europe as Averroès attempted to resolve a perceived problem in philosophy of:

A) reconciling the apparent contradiction between the apparent rational principles that govern the world and the unpredictability of the world.
B) understanding how Aristotle's logic applied to real-world problems.
C) understanding Aristotle's philosophy as it was changed and modified by Neoplatonism.
D) reconciling the Greek idea of the freedom individuals had in the world and the view that God determined everything that happens in the world.
E) reconciling the Greek idea of the eternity of the world with the Islamic idea of the limited nature of the world.

Question 54

The greatest strength of the Capetian rulers was their uninterrupted succession for over three hundred years.

Question 55

The literary world created by Islam was not limited to Muslims alone.One of the greatest scholars and writers of the period was:

A) Edward Fitzgerald.
B) Umar Khayyam.
C) Averroès.
D) Moses Maimonides.
E) Mishneh Almohads.

Question 56

The Crusades marked a fundamental turning point in the relationship between:

A) Byzantium and western Europe.
B) the Islamic world and the Byzantine empire.
C) the Islamic world and western Europe.
D) western Europe and the Far East.
E) all of these

Question 57

The medieval epic,The Song of Roland,is similar to Homer's Iliad as both were the product of a long oral tradition rather than having been composed in a written form.

Question 58

During the Fourth Crusade of 1201-1204,the Venetian navy,aided by the crusading knights:

A) attacked the Muslim homeland at Mecca.
B) finally broke through Muslim defenses and reclaimed Jerusalem.
C) transported Richard the Lionhearted and Frederick Barbarossa to the Holy Land.
D) attacked Jewish settlements in Cologne and Speyer.
E) sacked Constantinople and returned with an enormous booty.

Question 59

The European political structure in the tenth and eleventh centuries was typified by social mobility and egalitarianism.

Question 60

The most devastating consequence of the Crusades was:

A) the new religious and political ethos that informed the reconquest of Iberia.
B) the development of Islamic and Christian doctrines of holy war.
C) the underlying justification of the English wars against the Welsh and Scots.
D) the justification for the massacre and dispossession of the "heretics" of southern France.
E) all of these

Question 61

What effect did Islam have on the culture and society of Christian Europe?

Question 62

What events led to the loss of Byzantium's power and ultimately to Alexius's request for help?

Question 63

How were the Norman kings responsible for the rise of administrative kingship?

Question 64

Of the three heirs to the Roman Empire,Europe was the most prosperous by 1000.

Question 65

Crusading knights needed a minimum of two years' revenues in hand to go on crusade.

Question 66

What issues were central in the Cluniac reform?

Question 67

For Muslims,the loss of Jerusalem was an economic affront much more than a religious one.

Question 68

What reforms did the papacy undertake in the eleventh century?

Question 69

Outside Sicily,Venice,and Spain,few Europeans knew Arabic,Greek,or Latin.

Question 70

The Crusades take their name from the symbol of the Christian religion.

Question 71

Why did people go on crusade?

Question 72

What technological advances were made in the High Middle Ages,and how did they change Europe?

Question 73

What was the impact of the Crusades on the West?

Question 74

What was manorialism,and what advantages did it hold for each class?

Question 75

What issues lay at the heart of the Investiture Conflict,and how were they resolved?