Deck 9: The Consolidation of Europe,1100–1300

Question 1

Europe was transformed radically in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries because of:

A) the emergence and growth of universities.
B) technological innovations.
C) new vernacular literature.
D) the emergence of large-scale territorial monarchies.
E) all of these

Answer 1

all of these

Question 2

By the end of the thirteenth century,_________ had become the largest and most influential Spanish kingdom.

A) Portugal
B) Granada
C) Castile
D) Aragon
E) Catalonia

Answer 2

Castile

Question 3

In the twelfth century,the central focus for Christianity was:

A) crusading.
B) confession.
C) the mass.
D) pilgrimages to holy sites.
E) support of monasteries.

Answer 3

the mass.

Question 4

The rapid growth of monastic houses,such as the Cistercians,in the twelfth century meant that more men were becoming monks and that:

A) the papacy had finally abandoned any spiritual connection with the monasteries.
B) the severe asceticism of the monasteries was widely popular in Europe.
C) a religiously engaged laity was supporting the Church through the donation of money and lands.
D) the observance of the Benedictine rule had become somewhat lax in the monasteries.
E) as a result, the monasteries became increasingly impoverished from the drain on their resources.

Question 5

The Fourth Lateran Council:

A) defined the central dogmas of the Church.
B) set rules for the behavior of priests.
C) established distinctive apparel for non-Christians.
D) established free primary schools in major European cities.
E) all of these

Question 6

King Henry II's important dispute with Archbishop Thomas Becket was related to:

A) the preaching of indulgences before the First Crusade.
B) the authority of the Catholic Church in matters relating to faith.
C) the process of electing or "investing" archbishops in England.
D) whoever ultimately had legal jurisdiction over priests and church courts.
E) a personal argument between the two men unrelated to religious concerns.

Question 7

King Frederick II of Germany:

A) sought to create a Muslim style of kingship over his empire, complete with a harem and dancing girls.
B) ignored Italy in favor of Germany.
C) pursued his grandfather's policy of supporting the German princes while enforcing imperial rights throughout the empire.
D) established the Lombard League to cement his control over northern Italy.
E) continued his father's dream of leading a crusade to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.

Question 8

To the territories he inherited from his father,Frederick Barbarossa,King Henry VI added:

A) northern Italy.
B) Sicily.
C) Rome and central Italy.
D) Saxony.
E) the Papal States.

Question 9

The tradition of French administration that balanced local diversity of custom with bureaucratic centralization in Paris began with:

A) Charlemagne.
B) Philip II, "Augustus."
C) Louis VIII, "the Lion."
D) Louis IX, "St. Louis."
E) Philip IV, "the Fair."

Question 10

The Magna Carta was signed by King John:

A) as a concession to the English peasants who had risen up during the English Peasants' Revolt.
B) to placate the Church and relieve them of the taxes on Church property.
C) to conclude a treaty between England and France to end the war caused by the Norman invasion.
D) to define the rights of nobles and limit his power, doing so only because his barons forced him into it.
E) in order to complete the abdication of his brother, Richard the Lionheart, and his accession to the throne.

Question 11

Innocent III was the most successful pope in the High Middle Ages because he:

A) defended papal power and excommunicated Henry IV.
B) successfully disciplined kings and heretics, and defined the central dogmas of the Church.
C) established the canon law collection known as The Concord of Discordant Canons.
D) moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon to limit the influence of Italian cardinals.
E) moved the papacy from Avignon to Rome to limit the influence of French cardinals.

Question 12

Compared to the popes active in the early Middle Ages,popes in the High Middle Ages were:

A) less concerned about the power and influence of kings in the secular sphere.
B) less willing to control existing monastic orders and create new ones.
C) more concerned with missionary activity and conversion.
D) more concerned about protecting and increasing their power as secular rulers.
E) more concerned with defining orthodoxy and rooting out heresy.

Question 13

The French kingdom of the Capetians had shrunk dramatically under the rule of _________,who lost his wife and lands to the English king.

A) Louis VII
B) Philip II
C) Louis VIII
D) Saint Louis
E) Philip Augustus

Question 14

The High Middle Ages witnessed the birth of a new political structure known as:

A) the city-state in Italy and the Low Countries.
B) the multicultural, multilingual empire.
C) the nation-state.
D) the national monarchy.
E) the theocracy, a church-state.

Question 15

Frederick Barbarossa:

A) was elected German emperor.
B) was one of the three kings on the Third Crusade.
C) was king of Sicily.
D) created the Holy Roman Empire.
E) all of these

Question 16

The emphasis on visible works of Christian piety and devotion in the High Middle Ages served to:

A) clearly distinguish Christian groups from their non-Christian neighbors.
B) introduce a sense of brotherhood among all medieval Europeans, regardless of religious and ethnic affiliations.
C) run counter to the interests of the Roman papacy.
D) minimize the importance of rituals such as confession and the Eucharist.
E) identify heretics who did not participate in such activities.

Question 17

By the early fourteenth century,the English Parliament had emerged as:

A) a representative assembly.
B) a legislative body.
C) a political body.
D) a financial body.
E) all of these

Question 18

The codification of canon law and the extension of papal powers and authority had,at least in part,its germination in:

A) the dispute between Henry II and Thomas Becket.
B) the annulment dispute involving Eleanor of Aquitaine and Louis VII.
C) an interpretation of Scripture that held the pope to be the supreme secular and spiritual authority.
D) the annulment dispute between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
E) the dispute between Henry IV and Innocent III.

Question 19

In which country did certain nobles successfully claim and exercise the right to elect their king,regardless of the claims of hereditary succession to the throne?

A) Germany
B) France
C) Castile
D) England
E) Russia

Question 20

To preserve their political independence,the popes of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries:

A) tried to balance the kingdom of Sicily against the German empire in northern Italy.
B) tried to defend themselves against the Normans in southern Italy by allying themselves with France.
C) fled to France and abandoned Italy to the Staufen emperors of Germany.
D) maintained a large standing army, which they supported with unpopular taxation from the churches of western Europe.
E) forged a military alliance with the Byzantine rulers in Constantinople.

Question 21

The term university originally meant a:

A) corporation or guild.
B) forum for discussing philosophy.
C) place of worship.
D) book where universal matters were discussed.
E) cathedral and the building surrounding it.

Question 22

The author of the important medieval theological work Book of the Sentences was:

A) Robert Grosseteste.
B) Thomas Aquinas.
C) Peter Lombard.
D) Peter Abelard.
E) Anselm of Bec.

Question 23

Modern universities can trace their origin ultimately back to the:

A) elementary schools established by the Church.
B) cathedral schools.
C) Sorbonne established by Charlemagne.
D) monastery schools that trained priests.
E) English public schools.

Question 24

By 1200,access to some form of education was:

A) restricted to the sons of the nobility.
B) open to all who wanted an education.
C) available only to those who intended to become priests.
D) open to women.
E) mandatory for all children under the age of 12.

Question 25

Compared to Saint Augustine,Saint Thomas Aquinas seems to have:

A) participated more aggressively in the pursuit of heretics.
B) placed less value on creating works of systematic theology.
C) demonstrated the impossibility of reconciling Greek thought with Christian dogma.
D) found major inspiration in the writings of the Greek philosopher Plato.
E) placed a higher value on the ability of humans to participate in their own salvation.

Question 26

The seven liberal arts that the universities of Europe established as their curriculum was comprised of the:

A) trivium and quadrivium.
B) third and fourth forms.
C) study of the levels of Purgatory.
D) elementary and secondary studies.
E) dogma of the Church.

Question 27

Chivalry:

A) was the term used to describe the relationship between women and men during the medieval period.
B) was limited to the specific orders established in England and France to reward service to the king.
C) was a means of legitimizing social positions acquired through either bravery or skill.
D) simply was a title given to the chief aide to a king during a time of war.
E) comes from a Latin word meaning an archer held in reserve during battle.

Question 28

Which Christian figure became the center of a rapidly expanding "cult" in the twelfth century and the namesake of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris as well as other places?

A) Saint Francis of Assisi
B) Hildegard of Bingen
C) Jesus of Nazareth
D) the Virgin Mary
E) Saint Augustine of Hippo

Question 29

In the second half of the eleventh century,educated Westerners vastly increased their knowledge when:

A) medieval scientists began conducting scientific experiments and circulating the results.
B) important works of Greek and Arabic literature were translated into Latin.
C) the Englishman Robert Grosseteste invented the telescope.
D) the works of Plato were discovered in Europe and made widely available.
E) Latin versions of the scientific works of Aristotle were discovered and widely distributed.

Question 30

The growth of schools in twelfth-century Europe can be attributed primarily to:

A) the rediscovery of Aristotle's works.
B) a rapid increase in literacy beginning in the eleventh century.
C) the general economic revival and the emergence of strong government.
D) the benevolent legislation of several reform-minded popes.
E) the establishment of national schools by strong national monarchs.

Question 31

Anselm argued that:

A) human beings can know nothing beyond the world in which they live.
B) God cannot exist if evil exists in the world.
C) since human beings name objects of which they conceive, then God must be a human creation.
D) God, as a perfect being, must exist simply by definition.
E) God's existence is simply beyond any human ability to comprehend.

Question 32

Waldes's reform movement in the late twelfth century was considered heretical by the Church because the Waldensians did not:

A) submit to the rule of absolute poverty.
B) believe in the teachings of the Church regarding celibacy.
C) believe in the saints of the Church.
D) support the rise and influence of medieval universities.
E) accept the Church's authority and directives on the issue of lay preaching.

Question 33

The increasing persecution of European Jews in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries should be interpreted in the context of:

A) recent Jewish settlements in central Europe, such as those in Italy and Poland.
B) a widespread interest in Hebrew language, culture, and religious texts.
C) contemporary crimes by Jews, such as poisoning wells and the ritual murder of children.
D) general Christian concerns about heresy and the growing suspicion of Jews at all levels of society.
E) the control of the Christian holy sites in Jerusalem by Jews under the protection of the Ottomans.

Question 34

Medieval scholastics taught that:

A) there was a fundamental compatibility between human reason and experience and the divine teachings in the Bible.
B) the Bible, as a divinely inspired source, is largely incompatible with the philosophical ideas and systems of humans.
C) careful study of the Bible shows that it contains fundamental inconsistencies.
D) science is more useful than religion, because the Christian faith cannot be defended by reason.
E) science and religion can never be reconciled and religion must always be accepted as true.

Question 35

In addition to the expansion of "Inquisition" trials,what mechanism did the Latin Church use to control popular heresy in the thirteenth century?

A) Pope Innocent III met with Waldes and authorized the Waldensian order.
B) Pope Gregory VII strengthened the connection between the seven sacraments and God's grace at the Fourth Lateran Council.
C) The Church launched a full-scale internal crusade against the Cathars.
D) The Church established regional seminaries and sought to reform and educate parish priests.
E) Nothing else: the trials of the Inquisition were the only means used.

Question 36

The rise of lay education in twelfth- and thirteenth-century Europe was important because through it:

A) cathedral schools became the main centers of European education.
B) the Bible was translated into the medieval forerunners of French, Italian, and German.
C) the West was able to attain the best of Greek and Arabic thought and build on it.
D) people were increasingly able to pursue nonreligious lines of inquiry, and Western culture ultimately became more independent of religion than other cultures.
E) the emerging national governments obtained the needed bureaucrats for government work.

Question 37

Compared with early medieval Christianity,Catholic spirituality in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries seems more concerned with:

A) the importance of local saints and miracle stories.
B) an intense identification with Christ, his life, and his sufferings.
C) inward spiritual development, resulting in a withdrawal from society and its ills.
D) a devotion to the relics of honored Christian saints.
E) the ritual and sacraments of the weekly mass.

Question 38

Students who attended medieval universities:

A) were generally rowdy.
B) regarded themselves as privileged.
C) thought of themselves as separate from the surrounding town.
D) needed to work hard to master their studies.
E) all of these

Question 39

Saint Francis of Assisi emphasized which religious themes in his ministry and new monastic order?

A) rejection of papal authority and a mystical approach to religion and spirituality
B) agricultural endowments designed to perpetually fund and support the Church
C) apostolic poverty and an imitation of the life of Christ
D) healing, anointing, and the veneration of Mary
E) rigorous penitence, including self-flagellation

Question 40

Upon admission to medieval university,students typically studied the liberal arts,which meant:

A) theology and philosophy.
B) history and the social sciences.
C) mathematics, natural science, and painting.
D) advanced work in Latin grammar, rhetoric, and logic.
E) advanced work in theology, mathematics, and the social sciences.

Question 41

Courtly love emphasized the ennobling effect of:

A) the love of his lord by a vassal.
B) the love of a noble woman upon a knight.
C) the love of a knight upon a noble woman.
D) human love, regardless of the social class of the lovers.
E) the chivalric love of a knight for his fellow knights.

Question 42

In emotional or expressive terms,the Gothic cathedral can best be thought of as:

A) otherworldly.
B) solid, permanent, and eternal as the Church it represented.
C) somber and dominated by horizontal structures.
D) a contemplative structure remote from the outside world.
E) highly naturalistic and representative of ordinary life.

Question 43

Hildegard of Bingen wrote on a variety of subjects outside her spiritual concerns as a nun,including pharmacology and gynecology.

Question 44

The "Renaissance of the Twelfth Century" should ultimately be considered a:

A) revival of classical texts creatively adapted to the unique Christian culture of the High Middle Ages.
B) cultural achievement based fundamentally on advances in medieval science and church architecture.
C) movement known for significant advances in painting and sculpture, especially in northern Italy.
D) blending of secular and religious ideas that minimized the importance of Christian ideas in society.
E) all of these

Question 45

Gratian's Decretum was the standard canon law code and gave power over issues such as marriage,inheritance,and wills to the Church.

Question 46

Peter Abelard was a controversial and popular teacher who made the University of Bologna a center of theology.

Question 47

Twelfth-century popes,like their secular counterparts,sought to establish their authority by building and expanding bureaucratic structures to increase papal visibility and to show it in the daily lives of all Christians.

Question 48

In the late Middle Ages,people looked to the papacy rather than the state to spearhead campaigns of spiritual reform.

Question 49

By the late thirteenth century,papal misuse of the institution of crusade and large taxes resulted in a loss of support for the papacy.

Question 50

One of the most popular saints and most powerful saint's cults in the Middle Ages was the Virgin Mary.

Question 51

Dante's Divine Comedy depicts the poet's mythical journey through:

A) the Holy Land in search of the Holy Grail.
B) the mountains in and around medieval Florence.
C) hell, purgatory, and heaven.
D) Egypt in search of the Desert Fathers.
E) England and France with the knights of the Round Table.

Question 52

Medieval scholastics exalted the dignity of human nature and had power in the ability of human reason.

Question 53

In the late Middle Ages,Jews were routinely expelled from Italy,England,France,Germany,and Spain.

Question 54

Before the year 1000,most priests and monks were married.

Question 55

The most representative genre of literature popular during the High Middle Ages was the:

A) goliard.
B) journée.
C) trouvères.
D) fabliau.
E) minnesänger.

Question 56

Wolfram von Eschenbach was a German poet known primarily for his:

A) story depicting the search for the Holy Grail.
B) unfinished work entitled Romance of the Rose.
C) epic poem entitled Song of the Niebelungs.
D) architectural drawings of German cathedrals.
E) stories concerning the childhood of Jesus.

Question 57

The essential features of the Romanesque architectural style are:

A) highly decorated interiors and slender, towering columns.
B) rounded arches, massive stone walls, and small windows.
C) stained-glass windows that take the place of walls.
D) vertical elements such as pointed arches, pinnacles, and ribbed vaulting.
E) pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, and massive stone walls.

Question 58

Eleanor of Aquitaine was a central character in the development of:

A) the English university system.
B) an educational system for France that included women.
C) chess in Europe after the Second Crusade.
D) a change in how women were viewed in European courts.
E) the troubadour poetic form.

Question 59

The medieval society depicted by vernacular epic poems in the eleventh century can be best described as:

A) romantic and sensual.
B) extremely concerned with monastic life.
C) representing men and women equally.
D) bloody and violent.
E) very spiritual with people not concerned with worldly endeavors.

Question 60

Dante's Divine Comedy stresses that:

A) Greek philosophy is neither relevant nor useful for humans.
B) salvation is unrelated to humans' political and social activities on earth.
C) humans are fatally damaged by sin and are saved entirely by God's grace.
D) humans have enough free will to choose well and avoid evil.
E) humans can achieve paradise only if others pray for them.

Question 61

What led to the growth of heretical groups in the twelfth century,and what was the Church's response to this?

Question 62

Saint Thomas Aquinas was a member of the Jesuit order and a teacher at Paris.

Question 63

Was the conflict between Becket and Henry II personal or political? Explain.

Question 64

In what ways did education change from the Carolingian period to the twelfth century?

Question 65

What changes took place in the literature and art of the twelfth-century renaissance,and how did it reflect society?

Question 66

What was the role of the guild in medieval society and economy?

Question 67

Twelfth-century literature focused on courtly themes and motifs and avoided discussion of the profane and mundane.

Question 68

Increasing wealth of the thirteenth century made divisions between social classes even more pronounced.

Question 69

How was the German pattern of kingship different from the English and French models?

Question 70

The goal of Abelard's philosophical works was to show that the Bible is infallible,though many at the time thought he was seeking to embarrass authority.

Question 71

Compare and contrast the minor orders of the Franciscans and the Dominicans.

Question 72

In what ways are the stereotypes of the Middle Ages as conservative and antihumanistic inaccurate?

Question 73

What events marked the decline of the papacy in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries?

Question 74

Courtly love was evidence of the rising position of women in the late Middle Ages.

Question 75

In what ways can Innocent III be regarded as the most capable and successful of medieval popes?