Deck 4: Recognizing Visual Objects

Question 1

According to the Gestalt principle of ,elements that move in unison are likely to be per- ceptually grouped.

A)proximity
B)similarity
C)common motion

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Gray et al.(1989)studied synchronized neural oscillations while recording from two neurons,and they found that

A)the neurons responded with strongly synchronized neural oscillations when a single bar of light matching the neurons' preferred orientation moved across their receptive fields.
B)the neurons responded with strongly synchronized neural oscillations when two separate but aligned bars of light matching the neurons' preferred orientation moved across their recep- tive fields.
C)the neurons responded with strongly synchronized neural oscillations when two separate bars of light moved in opposite directions across their receptive fields.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A region perceived to be meaningful is perceived as the ,and a region that is convex (outward-going)is perceived as the .

A)figure;ground
B)ground;figure
C)figure;figure

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Perceptual interpolation consists of two different operations: .

A)edge completion and illusory contours
B)edge completion and surface completion
C)illusory contours and surface completion

Question 5

This figure shows four stimuli and four response patterns for neurons in area V2 from the study by von der Heydt et al.(1984).This study suggests that

A)there is a neural basis for perceptual interpolation.
B)there is not a neural basis for neural interpolation.
C)there is a neural basis for edge completion but not surface completion.

Question 6

Regions that are perceived as being in front are perceived as the ,and regions that are symmetrical are perceived as the .

A)figure;ground
B)ground;figure
C)figure;figure

Question 7

The study by Gray et al.(1989)suggests that the Gestalt principles of may be repre- sented by synchronized neural oscillations.

A)proximity,simplicity,and meaningfulness
B)similarity,good continuation,and common motion
C)proximity,good continuation,and common motion

Question 8

The fact that different retinal images can be projected by the same object or category of objects is known as

A)image clutter.
B)object variety.
C)variable views.

Question 9

When one object partly occludes another,the border between the two is seen as belonging to the

A)occluded object.
B)occluding object.
C)object perceived as being in back.

Question 10

______________ is the first cortical area that belongs exclusively to the ventral pathway.

A)Area V1
B)Area V2
C)Area V4

Question 11

Perceptual organization includes all of the following except

A)representing edges.
B)dividing regions into figure and ground.
C)object recognition.

Question 12

In an ambiguous figure like Rubin's face/vase,you assign the border to

A)the faces always.
B)the vase always.
C)either the faces or the vase depending on which you see as the figure.

Question 13

We always assign border ownership to

A)the figure.
B)the ground.
C)anything but a shadow.

Question 14

A region perceived to be surrounded by other regions is perceived as the ,and a region that is concave (inward-going)is perceived as the .

A)figure;ground
B)ground;figure
C)figure;figure

Question 15

______________ refers to a pattern of neural activity in the brain that contains information about a stimulus,while refers to the process of matching a representation of a stimulus to a representation stored in long-term memory.

A)Representation;recognition
B)Recognition;perceptual interpolation
C)Representation;perceptual organization

Question 16

According to the Gestalt principle of ,the elements xxooxxoo are likely to be perceptu- ally grouped as pairs of x's and o's.

A)proximity
B)similarity
C)common motion

Question 17

Research by Zhou et al.(2000)on the neural basis of border ownership concluded that

A)it isn't until the later visual areas that information about border ownership is used.
B)the early visual areas do use information about border ownership.
C)the visual system does not encode information about border ownership.

Question 18

Heuristics are

A)absolute laws of perceptual organization.
B)rules of thumb for perceptual organization.
C)guaranteed to produce correct perceptual groupings.

Question 19

According to the Gestalt principle of ,elements that are close together are likely to be perceptually grouped.

A)proximity
B)similarity
C)common motion

Question 20

______________ refers to the fact that most scenes contain many objects scattered in three-dimensional space.

A)Image clutter
B)Object variety
C)Variable views

Question 21

Why is a scene viewed through venetian blinds or a many paned window seen as a unified whole rather than a series of unconnected rectangular shapes.

Question 22

V4 neurons

A)respond to straight or curved edges.
B)have preferred orientations that are identical to V1 neurons.
C)have preferred retinal locations that are smaller than those of V1 neurons.

Question 23

The bottom-up flow of information is consistent with flow

A)from retina to V4 to V2 to V1 to grandmother cells.
B)from IT cortex to V4 to V1.
C)from retina to V1 to V4 to IT cortex.

Question 24

Your text describes the two proposed approaches to object recognition: a single viewpoint- invariant representation versus objects represented in a view-specific manner.Discuss which approach can better explain our ability to distinguish different animals.Discuss which approach can better explain our ability to recognize different breeds of dogs?

Question 25

Evidence for the coding view comes from fMRI studies demonstrating the presence of the fusiform face area (FFA)

A)modular
B)distributed
C)heuristic

Question 26

The approach to unconscious inference that uses prior probabilities to determine what the scene is that produced the current retinal image is called the approach.

A)Bayesian
B)Helmholtzian
C)Yantisian

Question 27

One can conclude from Haxby et al.'s 2001 study in which fMRI was used to study brain activ- ity while participants viewed different types of stimuli,including faces,houses,chairs,and scrambled images,that

A)the modular coding view is sufficient to explain the perception of objects.
B)the distributed coding view is sufficient to explain the perception of objects.
C)the modular coding view is insufficient to explain the perception of objects.

Question 28

Noise,in the form of a person's expression,lighting differences,and shadows can be a particu- lar problem for the approach to facial recognition.

A)feature-based
B)holistic
C)hybrid

Question 29

Haxby et al.(2001)used fMRI to study brain activity while participants viewed different types of stimuli,including faces,houses,and chairs.Their findings showed that

A)by analyzing activity in the IT cortex they could accurately predict the type of stimulus be- ing viewed.
B)they could not accurately predict the type of stimulus being viewed through their analysis of activity in the IT cortex.
C)they could not accurately predict when faces were being viewed once they excluded the FFA from the analysis.

Question 30

The facial recognition approach that uses eigenfaces,eigeneyes,and eigenmouths is known as the approach.

A)feature-based
B)holistic
C)hybrid

Question 31

It has been suggested that topographic agnosia may be due to damage to

A)the fusiform face area.
B)the parahippocampal place area.
C)the extrastriate body area.

Question 32

The holistic approach to facial recognition has an advantage over the feature-based approach since it considers

A)average width of eye.
B)skin color and texture.
C)distance from the inner corner of the right eye to the bottom of the nose.

Question 33

For object recognition,the gist of a scene,considered information,is combined with specific details from the scene,considered information.

A)top-down;bottom-up
B)bottom-up;top-down
C)intermediate-out;bottom-up

Question 34

The approach to facial recognition limits the analyses to factors such as average width of eyes,height of upper lip,and width of mouth.

A)feature-based
B)holistic
C)hybrid

Question 35

Someone who suffers from visual agnosia

A)can recognize objects by sight,but not by touch.
B)can recognize objects by touch,but not by sight.
C)cannot recognize objects by sight or by touch.

Question 36

Helmholtz argued that the brain is always trying to figure out what the scene is that produced the current retinal image,and he named the process

A)conscious deduction.
B)preconscious prediction.
C)unconscious inference.

Question 37

(Adapted from Expand Your Understanding,4.1. )You and a friend plan to meet at a concert by looking for each other outside the north entrance to the concert hall.When you get there,
you see hundreds of people milling around.Describe the challenges posed by object variety and variable views as you try to recognize your friend in the crowd.

Question 38

The______________ coding view holds that specific parts of the IT and occipital cortices are specialized for representing objects of specific categories,while the____________________________ coding view holds that objects are represented by the pattern of activity across relatively wide expanses of cortex.

A)modular;distributed
B)distributed;modular
C)modular;heuristic

Question 39

Top-down information flow most clearly involves

A)borders and edges.
B)representation.
C)expectations.

Question 40

Describe the paradox that arises when meaningfulness provides the basis for figure-ground organization.

Question 41

The Gestalt principle of may be represented by synchronized neural oscillations,ac- cording to the findings of Gray et al.(1989).

A)proximity
B)common motion
C)figure and ground

Question 42

In terms of the information they process,why should neurons in the visual processing stream have progressively larger and larger receptive fields (i.e. ,from area V1 to V4 to IT).

Question 43

Border ownership is typically assigned to

A)the figure.
B)the ground.
C)the shadows.

Question 44

Summarize the evidence supporting the modular coding view of facial recognition.What is the evidence supporting the distributed coding view?

Question 45

The FFA is to the perception of ,as the extrastriate body area is to the perception of .

A)body parts;faces
B)faces;body parts
C)body parts;places

Question 46

Perceptual organization includes

A)higher-level processes.
B)dividing regions into figure and ground.
C)object recognition.

Question 47

Which approach to automated face recognition systems (feature-based,holistic,or hybrid)do you think is most similar to the way that humans perform this task?
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Question 48

Damage to the parahippocampal place area could result in

A)prosopagnosia.
B)visual agnosia.
C)topographic agnosia.

Question 49

The figure is typically seen as

A)asymmetrical.
B)in front.
C)concave.

Question 50

______________ refers to the process of matching a representation of a stimulus to a representation stored in long-term memory.

A)Representation
B)Recognition
C)Perceptual organization

Question 51

The ground is typically seen as

A)symmetrical.
B)in front.
C)convex.

Question 52

Perceptual inference involves interpretation of the retinal image using

A)laws of perceptual organization.
B)facial recognition software.
C)heuristics.

Question 53

One hypothesis is that the fusiform face area processes any type of visual stimuli for which the viewer has expert recognition ability.Propose a neuroimaging study that could be used to inves- tigate this hypothesis.