Deck 13: More About Multi-Factor Experiments

Question 1

The primary advantages of a ______ design over simpler experiments are that a researcher can be more efficient in testing the effects of multiple independent variables in one experiment and can also examine the effects of the interactions of those independent variables on the dependent variable.

A) random
B) independent
C) factorial
D) matched

Answer 1

factorial

Question 2

The Zimbardo (1973) experiment, where a randomly assigned role as a prisoner or guard in a mock prison affected participants' behavior, is an example of a ______ type of study.

A) cognitive
B) developmental
C) biological
D) social

Answer 2

social

Question 3

A study comparing the brain activity and behavioral responses to appetizing food for children and adults is most likely a ______ type of study.

A) cognitive
B) developmental
C) biological
D) social

Answer 3

biological

Question 4

Some researchers conduct experiments that contain a true independent variable and age as a subject variable, making them ______.

A) factorial designs
B) quasi-experiments
C) placebo experiments
D) qualitative studies

Question 5

A graph is often best to examine whether the effects of a(n) ______ depend on the levels of other ______.

A) IV; DV
B) DV; IV
C) DV; DV
D) IV; IV

Question 6

An interaction effect occurs when the effect of ______ depends on the levels of ______.

A) one dependent variable; an independent variable
B) one independent variable; a dependent variable
C) one dependent variable; another dependent variable
D) one independent variable; another independent variable

Question 7

Main effects compare ______ means and interaction effects compare ______ means.

A) level; condition
B) condition; level
C) independent variable; dependent variable
D) dependent variable; independent variable

Question 8

An experiment or quasi-experiment that includes more than one independent variable is called a ______.

A) quasi-experiment
B) true experiment
C) factorial design
D) dependent design

Question 9

Main effects test the separate effects of a(n) ______ on a(n) ______.

A) IV; DV
B) DV; IV
C) DV; DV
D) IV; IV

Question 10

Experiments are ______ in cognitive research.

A) very common
B) not possible
C) not common
D) hard to conduct

Question 11

Researchers were interested in how memory for the location of objects is influenced by the similarity of objects and whether this relationship is the same for different age groups. This type of study is most likely ______.

A) cognitive
B) developmental
C) biological
D) social

Question 12

A study testing effects of suggestive retrieval techniques on false memories for having committed a crime is a ______ type of study.

A) cognitive
B) developmental
C) biological
D) social

Question 13

A test for an interaction effect compares means for ______.

A) all the conditions in the experiment
B) the levels of one independent variable against the levels of another independent variable
C) the levels of one independent variable averaged across the levels of the other independent variables
D) the levels of one independent variable against the levels of a dependent variable

Question 14

In a factorial design, there is/are at least ______ independent variable(s).

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 15

Without including multiple ______ variables in a single experiment, we would not be able to detect the different effects a factor might have on behavior in different situations.

A) dependent
B) independent
C) confounding
D) context

Question 16

When the effect of one independent variable depends on the levels of another independent variable, this is called a(n) ______.

A) main effect
B) interaction effect
C) ANOVA
D) dependent variable

Question 17

A(n) ______ test is often used to analyze data in a factorial design.

A) t-
B) ANOVA
C) FACT
D) descriptive

Question 18

If a ______ is created, an interaction can be seen in nonparallel lines.

A) bar graph
B) scatterplot
C) line graph
D) pie graph

Question 19

Testing the combined effects of the ______ variables is the unique feature of factorial designs.

A) dependent
B) independent
C) confounding
D) context

Question 20

Simple effects tests are used to describe ______.

A) main effects
B) interaction effects
C) nonsignificant results
D) marginal means

Question 21

Factorial experiments can provide researchers with ______ information about behavior.

A) flawed
B) much more
C) no
D) bogus

Question 22

A statistical test conducted to characterize an interaction effect when one is found in an ANOVA is called ______ test.

A) complex effects
B) simple effects
C) order effects
D) interaction effect

Question 23

Wesselmann et al. (2009) used the Cyberball exclusion game to evaluate effects of exclusion on emotion in their ______ type of study.

A) cognitive
B) developmental
C) biological
D) social

Question 24

Main effects are determined by ______ means for the rows and comparing means for the columns in a diagram of the factorial design data.

A) dividing
B) subtracting
C) comparing
D) multiplying

Question 25

Graphs are useful in determining the type of interaction that occurred and should be followed up with additional statistical tests to determine exactly where the differences between the conditions in the interaction are in order to best describe ______.

A) main effect
B) order effect
C) interaction effect
D) primary effect

Question 26

Testing the combined effects of the independent variables is a unique feature of ______.

A) quasi-experimental studies
B) factorial designs
C) experimental studies
D) placebo studies

Question 27

The average mean scores for each level of an independent variable is the ______.

A) ANOVA test
B) interaction effects
C) main effects
D) marginal means

Question 28

To examine the ______, the researcher must consider the differences between the factorial design diagram's rows or columns.

A) order effect
B) main effect
C) primary effect
D) interaction effect

Question 29

The interaction effect tests the effect of one independent variable for each level of another independent variable to determine how the independent variables interact to affect the ______ variable.

A) dependent
B) independent
C) confounding
D) control

Question 30

Interactions between ______ variables can reveal interesting effects of the variables beyond what is seen in the main effects of each variable.

A) dependent
B) independent
C) confounding
D) control

Question 31

Bill is studying how individuals' ability to concentrate is affected by both music type (pop vs. classical) and volume (soft vs. loud). If he finds that music type influences concentration, this will be referred to as ______.

A) interaction
B) factorial effect
C) main effect
D) absence of interaction effect

Question 32

In order to evaluate interaction effects, researchers should ______.

A) graph the main effects
B) compute scores from each independent variable separately
C) graph the simple main effects
D) graph the integration effects

Question 33

Many experiments conducted by researchers are factorial designs, meaning they contain more than ______ independent variable.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 34

An ANOVA is an analysis of variance test used for designs with ______ or more sample means.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 35

The levels of the independent variable are the different conditions that are part of the ______ variable.

A) dependent
B) independent
C) confounding
D) context

Question 36

To determine the overall means for a level of an independent variable, the researcher ______ the means for the cells in the columns and the rows of a diagram of the factorial design.

A) multiplies
B) divides
C) averages
D) subtracts

Question 37

An interaction effect can be tested in all experiments.

Question 38

Silvers et al. (2014) study interested in comparing the brain activity and behavioral responses to foods found that there were ______ of age and trial type of cravings.

A) simple effects
B) main effects
C) interaction effects
D) no interaction effects

Question 39

Simple effects tests are statistical tests conducted to characterize a(n) ______ when one is found in an ______.

A) interaction effect; ANOVA
B) main effect; ANOVA
C) interaction effect; ANCOVA
D) main effect; ANCOVA

Question 40

One advantage of a factorial design is that a researcher can be more efficient in testing the effects of multiple ______ variables in one experiment.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) confounding
D) experimental

Question 41

The Silvers et al. (2014) examined brain activity using an fMRI scan while participants viewed food in different conditions in their social study.

Question 42

Hardly any of the experiments conducted by researchers are factorial designs.

Question 43

What are simple effects tests and when are they used?

Question 44

A significant interaction cannot occur unless there also exists at least one main effect.

Question 45

You are tasked with the job of finding out if two proposed changes affect ice cream sales by conducting an experiment to test the effects of proposed changes on consumer preferences. One proposal is to add more chocolate chips to the chocolate chip flavor of the ice cream. The other proposal is to use real vanilla in all the ice cream flavors (currently, the company uses artificial vanilla flavoring). Both proposals cost the company money, so they want you to determine if either proposal increases consumer preference for the ice cream to decide if these additions are worthwhile. What is/are the independent variable(s) in this experiment?

Question 46

Testing the combined effects of the independent variables is the unique feature of factorial designs.

Question 47

Describe the interaction effect shown in the graph below.

Question 48

What are the levels of the independent variable? Provide an example.

Question 49

What is a main effect? Provide an example.

Question 50

When the effect of one independent variable (e.g., treatment type) depends on the levels of another independent variable (e.g., short or long outing), this is called an interaction effect.

Question 51

The primary advantages of a factorial design over simpler experiments are that a researcher can be more efficient in testing the effects of multiple independent variables in one experiment and can also examine the combined effects of those independent variables on the dependent variable.

Question 52

Experiments are very common in cognitive research.

Question 53

The main effect is one type of effect tested in an analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Question 54

What is a factorial design? What are the advantages of this design of other experiments?

Question 55

In the Bub et al. (2013) study it was hypothesized that knowing what action is appropriate for an object (e.g., holding a mug in your hand) can affect your identification of the object.

Question 56

What is an interaction effect? Provide an example.

Question 57

In factorial designs, the comparison of the mean scores for the levels of one independent variable is the test of the interaction effect of that independent variable.

Question 58

Graphs are not useful in determining the type of interaction that occurred and should be followed up with additional statistical tests to determine exactly where the differences between the conditions in the interaction are in order to best describe the interaction effect.

Question 59

Interactions between independent variables can reveal interesting effects of the variables beyond what is seen in the main effects of each variable.