Deck 21: Restoration, Reform, and Revolution, 1814-1848

Question 1

The Congress of Vienna attempted to reconstruct Europe after the Napoleonic War according to

A)"legitimacy and compensation"; the principle was scrupulously followed.
B)"legitimacy and compensation"; the principle was not consistently followed.
C)the Christian principles of the Holy Alliance.
D)Austrian supremacy.
E)military power of both Prussia and Great Britain as watch dogs.

Answer 1

"legitimacy and compensation"; the principle was not consistently followed.

Question 2

Conservatism in the early nineteenth century included the idea that

A)the rights of man and the principles of human equality must be preserved.
B)divine law guaranteed popular sovereignty.
C)romanticism threatened the established order and traditional values.
D)the longevity of institutions proved their legitimacy.
E)the use of the death penalty successfully discouraged rebellion.

Answer 2

the longevity of institutions proved their legitimacy.

Question 3

Trace the course of reform in Britain from 1815 to 1848.What were some sources of discontent, and what reforms were made by the government? What were some goals of the Chartists and of the Anti-Corn Law League? Which group was successful?

Answer 3

This is another complex question, but it should not be too difficult because of the many examples in the chapter.Students may show an appreciation for an interesting pattern: last-minute concessions in Britain avoided the full-scale revolutions experienced in many other countries.

Question 4

Edmund Burke may be associated with what ideology?

A)Classical liberalism
B)Nationalism
C)Marxism
D)Romanticism
E)Conservatism

Question 5

Discuss the waves of revolution that spread throughout Europe from France in 1830 and especially in 1848.How many reasons can you think of to explain why they occurred? For each type of cause, give examples drawn from the various European states.

Question 6

The Concert of Europe

A)was indicative of France's international rehabilitation.
B)successfully resolved international crises.
C)revealed an awareness of a common European destiny.
D)eventually included France as one of the five Great Powers
E)All of these

Question 7

Discuss the Greek revolt.Do you think it posed a dilemma for the Great Powers committed to the Congress of Vienna settlement? Why or why not?

Question 8

The monarchs that were restored after the Congress of Vienna were those of

A)England and Spain
B)France and Spain
C)Germany and Italy
D)Germany and France
E)Germany and England

Question 9

Discuss the characteristics of romanticism and the ways in which it represented a reaction against the Enlightenment.What were some of its effects on literature, art, and religion?

Question 10

Which of the following is not a true statement about the 1848 revolutions?

A)The revolutions followed a similar pattern as they spread through Europe.
B)Their ideological origins lay largely in late-eighteenth-century revolutions.
C)The revolutions, on the whole, were successful.
D)The revolutions came after a major population increase and the start of the industrial transformation.
E)Revolutions involved workers, artisans, and even members of the middle classes.

Question 11

Explain nineteenth-century liberalism and compare it with contemporary liberalism.

Question 12

Considering the havoc caused by the French Revolution and the tremendous cost in lives and suffering, do you think the conservatives had a valid point in advocating traditional ways and careful changes? What did Edmund Burke mean by calling the arguments of the revolutionaries "abstract"?

Question 13

Discuss the theories of Karl Marx and their appeal for industrial workers.

Question 14

Territorial agreements at the Congress included all of the following except

A)enlargement of Prussia.
B)granting Russia part of Poland.
C)transferring parts of the Belgian and French coasts to British control.
D)joining the Netherlands (Holland)and Belgium.
E)stripping Britain of naval out posts and colonies.

Question 15

Explain nineteenth-century nationalism, and compare and contrast it both with traditional patriotism and with nationalism in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

Question 16

All of the following were features of romanticism except

A)a reaction against Enlightenment rationalism.
B)an emphasis on emotion and sentiment.
C)it lionized Napoleon for his military defeats and ability to overthrow kings and states.
D)an interest in the Middle Ages, rustic life, and exotic places.
E)an objective analysis of natural phenomena.

Question 17

Who were the Junkers?

A)Austrian revolutionaries
B)Italian Nationalists
C)Powerful Prussian nobles
D)Russian Serfs
E)Members of the Polish Parliament

Question 18

Fully discuss the political ideologies that were part of the legacy of the Age of Revolution, and show their role in the history of the West from 1815 to 1850.

Question 19

Explain utopian socialism and other socialist ideologies prior to Marx.

Question 20

Trace the process by which France, having lost an emperor and received a constitutional monarchy in return, ended up with another Emperor Napoleon.Cite events leading to the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, and account for the great popularity and election victory of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 21

Which of the following did not support conservatisms?

A)Supporters of relaxed gender rules
B)Individuals or groups who believed in the organic unity of a society
C)Those that rebelled against rationalism and enlightened ideas
D)Those that had a strong sense of the past
E)Those that valued the priority of family stability

Question 22

Liberals who opposed the ideas of Mills believed in all of the following except

A)democracy was a vulgarized despotism.
B)the uneducated masses were a danger to the nation.
C)property requirement should be part of voting requirements.
D)suffrage should be extended to the lower classes.
E)despots to garner power might use the lower classes to attack the privileges of the wealthy.

Question 23

Which of the following would not be considered a Romantic of this period?

A)Count Joseph de Maistre
B)Sir Walter Scott
C)Theodore Gericault
D)Victore Hugo
E)Franz Schubert

Question 24

The ultimate result of the class struggle, according to Marx, would be

A)victory for the capitalists.
B)total control of society by the state.
C)the socialist revolution.
D)the withering away of the state.
E)the beginning of a new human history.

Question 25

The social class most attracted to liberalism was the

A)guild.
B)industrial working class.
C)nobility.
D)peasantry.
E)bourgeoisie.

Question 26

What does the concept laissez-faire mean?

A)Nonintervention of the government in the economy
B)Freedom of religion
C)The movement towards written constitutions
D)The economic idea that nations should be self-sufficient in necessities
E)The policy of European imperialism

Question 27

In Marx's view, who ought to control the means of production?

A)the state
B)the Bourgeoise
C)capitalists
D)the proletariat
E)stockholders

Question 28

Karl Marx agreed with Hegel that

A)a world spirit operates in history.
B)history is a dialectical process with a goal.
C)history is a gradual unfolding of eternal ideas.
D)all of history is class struggle.
E)communism and socialism theories were the same and should combine their groups.

Question 29

The French socialist Louis Blanc believed

A)that workers should win control over the state through the ballot box.
B)that the state should establish worker-controlled social workshops.
C)in the principle, "Let each produce according to his aptitudes and strengths; let each consume according to his need."
D)that universal suffrage would allow the common man to seize control of the state.
E)All of these

Question 30

While both Guizot and Benjamin Constant were liberals, they also

A)supported socialist aims.
B)wanted to extend suffrage to women.
C)opposed the relaxation of property qualifications for voting.
D)were virulent nationalists.
E)None of these

Question 31

A feature of modern nationalism is the belief that

A)people acquire their identity from their nation.
B)a nation is merely a political construct, with no particular spirit.
C)the identity of a people is always mainly cultural and ethnic.
D)local and regional loyalties are more important than devotion to the nation.
E)religion is not an important factor.

Question 32

Utopian socialism

A)originated with Karl Marx.
B)advocated the violent overthrow of the government.
C)was responsible for the great success of Robert Owen's commune.
D)held that society should be based on cooperation rather than competitive individualism.
E)imagined an ideal world.

Question 33

The concept of Communism originated with whom?

A)Karl Marx
B)Robert Owen
C)Charles Fourier
D)Louis Blanc
E)Gracchus Babeuf

Question 34

Economic liberalism as espoused by Adam Smith did not include

A)economies, free from the fetters of the state.
B)economic self-interest and the general good were compatible.
C)entrepreneurs who sold at high prices sold less, but made more profit.
D)supported government's need to prevent monopolies.
E)the government and not the market should provide for education, road systems, and a system of justice.

Question 35

What is one identifying point for the origins of Romanticism?

A)The idea of Napoleon as a militarily strong man.
B)The ideology of the Congress of Vienna.
C)The publication of Goethe's work, The Sorrows of Young Werther.
D)The rise of the middle-class in France
E)The desire for national independence in Poland and Ireland.

Question 36

Which of the following was not a nineteenth-century nationalist?

A)Mazzini
B)Herder
C)Mickiewicz
D)Malthus
E)Fichte

Question 37

As an extreme conservationist, the ultra-royalist Count Joseph de Maiste did not propose which of the following?

A)The separation of church and state
B)Monarchies ruled by divine law
C)Only the church and the state could prevent humans falling into evil ways
D)The sterner the government the safer was society
E)The death penalty should be used to keep people loyal to throne and altar

Question 38

What would be a religious movement influenced by Romanticism?

A)The movement to defend "Throne and Altar" in France
B)Methodism
C)The movement towards agnosticism
D)Increased biblical literalism
E)None of these

Question 39

The works of Malthus and Ricardo provided

A)scientific justification for the exploitation of workers
B)theoretical support for Marxism
C)a defense of nationalism in England
D)support for traditional religious morality
E)support for worker's revolutions

Question 40

In the mid-nineteenth century, communism

A)was equivalent to socialism.
B)differed from socialism as to the means by which a just society would be achieved.
C)was a major and immediate threat to capitalism.
D)based itself on early Christianity as described in the Acts of the Apostles.
E)was labeled as a religious movement to gain supporters.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is correct in reference to the Corn Laws?

A)The repeal of the Corn Laws demonstrated the extent to which organized groups could bring change.
B)The government used troops to put down public demonstrations.
C)The actions of parliament caused massive hunger and famine.
D)The Anti-Corn League's goals were higher tariffs.
E)Manufacturers wanted higher prices for imports to avoid having to pay more taxes.

Question 42

Discontent in England between 1815 and 1848

A)caused a major revolution.
B)centered on economic problems and the composition of Parliament.
C)resulted in the abdication of the king.
D)led to the dissolution of Parliament.
E)was the result of labor organizations demanding better working and living conditions.

Question 43

When Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president of France, he

A)declined the office because he wanted to be king.
B)was immediately overthrown by Bourbon.
C)was removed by the Great Powers.
D)ruled as president and ultimately as Napoleon III.
E)was opposed by the working classes because they feared another Napoleon and the war.

Question 44

What was not a characteristic of Alexander I's Russia?

A)Suspension of the Polish constitution
B)The increase of autocratic rule
C)The perpetuation of serfdom
D)A policy of "Russianization" of minorities
E)A move towards religious toleration for all Christians

Question 45

The initial stage of the 1848 revolutions was usually the joining of liberal demands for political reforms with popular demands for social and economic justice.The second was usually

A)an immediate and successful military reaction by the authorities.
B)lasting social and political peace with continuing demands for economic reform.
C)a bitter breakup of the original revolutionary alliance.
D)an elimination of traditional social divisions.
E)the election of liberal politicians who supported the wealthy.

Question 46

All of the following are true of the Frankfurt Assembly except

A)the Assembly successfully united Germany.
B)the Assembly was self-appointed, an example of grass-roots nationalism.
C)the proposal for a Kleindeutschland was favored over the Grossdeutschland vision.
D)its remnants were dispersed by the Prussian army.
E)it declared war on Austria.

Question 47

In the 1840s, there was much agitation in German-speaking lands for

A)war with France.
B)universal suffrage.
C)religious freedom.
D)the creation of a German nation-state.
E)the persecution of non-German minorities.

Question 48

The Greek revolt

A)unlike that of the Serbs, was a failure.
B)did not have the support of the Greek peasants.
C)was not supported by public opinion in Europe.
D)succeeded in part because of the naval defeat of the Turks Russian fleet.
E)was partially fueled by growing nationalism in Europe.

Question 49

The first rupture of the European political order established by the Congress of Vienna was

A)the resignation of Metternich in 1848.
B)a revolt by the Hungarians in 1848.
C)the revolution in France in 1830.
D)a military mutiny and provincial uprising in Spain in 1820.
E)the result of the abdication of Charles X of Great Britain.

Question 50

The Great Reform Bill of 1832 resulted in

A)a full-blown British democracy.
B)increased royal control.
C)more votes for the upper middle class than for the lower classes.
D)a system closely resembling a welfare state.
E)the ability of the English government to repress social grievances.

Question 51

The goals of Chartism included all of the following except

A)universal male suffrage.
B)job security for both skilled and unskilled workers.
C)electoral districts with equal populations.
D)salaries and abolition of the property qualification for members of Parliament.
E)the "people's charter, " which called for the abdication of the king.

Question 52

The Latin American independence movements

A)were mostly failures.
B)were repressed by Portugal and Spain.
C)established monarchies in all the new states.
D)were back and militarily supported by the United States.
E)set up republics in most of Latin America.

Question 53

All of the following are true of the Serbs' revolt against Ottoman control except that

A)Serbia suffered from ill treatment by the Janissaries.
B)the Ottomans had to allow a national assembly and recognize a Serb leader in 1815.
C)the Serb leader Milosh Obrenovich was recognized as hereditary ruler of an autonomous Serbia.
D)Russia allied with the Ottomans to put down the Serb revolt.
E)the Serbs were the first people to revolt successfully against the Ottoman rule.

Question 54

In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire

A)continued to be a world power with territories in Asia, Europe, and Africa.
B)declined because its bureaucracy had fallen into decay and its reform-minded sultan was assassinated.
C)suffered from the lawlessness of its once elite military force, the Janissaries.
D)was generally tolerant of Jews and Christians.
E)All of these.

Question 55

Which was the first country to adopt universal male suffrage?

A)The United States
B)France
C)Great Britain
D)Sweden
E)Greece

Question 56

Aspects of British Reform in the early nineteenth century included which of the following?

A)Abolition of slavery
B)Extension of suffrage to upper-middle class males
C)Home rule for Ireland
D)Self-government for Canada
E)The extension of British power in Africa

Question 57

After the revolution of 1830, the July Monarchy

A)established liberal institutions but blocked all further significant reforms.
B)reimposed the 1815 settlement accepted by Louis XVIII.
C)survived until it was overthrown by Louis Napoleon.
D)established the Second French Republic.
E)lifted all restrictions on artistic production.

Question 58

Which country did not experience an uprising in 1848?

A)Austria
B)England
C)France
D)Austria.
E)Prussia

Question 59

The Hungarian revolt of 1848

A)revealed the potential of nationalism to the Habsburg Empire.
B)also sought the independence of Croatia and Slovakia.
C)could not be repressed without the help of the Prussia.
D)continued as a guerrilla war until the creation of the Dual Monarchy in 1867.
E)was successful as the various ethnic groups came together to overthrow the emperor.

Question 60

Which of the following was not a contributory factor to the 1848 revolutions?

A)The publication of the Communist Manifesto
B)Increasingly restrictive access to village commons and forests
C)Increasing competition to the guild system
D)The inability or unwillingness of governments to deal with worsening urban crowding, disease, and unsanitary conditions
E)Pressure from a population growth and limited resources to support it

Question 61

The "Decembrist uprising" refers to the unsuccessful attempt by military conspirators in Russia in 1825 who were seeking to install a constitutional monarchy.

Question 62

The Romantics' view of nature was the same as that of the Enlightenment, which viewed and studied nature for the principles it could impart.

Question 63

The movement called Chartism sought political democracy as a means for social change.

Question 64

One of the earliest and most notable utopians was Robert Owen.

Question 65

When Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president of France he was immediately overthrown by the Bourbons.

Question 66

Adam Smith's school of economics emphasizes the importance of a laissez-faire view of government.

Question 67

In his work, On the Subjugation of Women, Mill wrote that women should enjoy most of the same freedoms given to men, but that they should not be allowed to vote.

Question 68

Negotiations at the Congress of Vienna helped to weaken the nations which bordered France.

Question 69

Great Britain was the first government to adopt universal male suffrage.

Question 70

The first to protest of Charles X's censorship laws were the shopkeepers and the factory workers.