Deck 22: Nationalism and Political Reform, 1850-1880

Question 1

Victor Emmanuel II was the king of

A)The Two Sicilies
B)Piedmont-Sardinia
C)Lombardy
D)Tuscany
E)Venetia

Answer 1

Piedmont-Sardinia

Question 2

The unification of Italy was due primarily to

A)the diplomacy of Mazzini.
B)a popular uprising.
C)the Congress of Paris settlement.
D)the leadership of Piedmont and the strategy of Cavour.
E)British support as pay back for Italian involvement during the Crimean War.

Answer 2

the leadership of Piedmont and the strategy of Cavour.

Question 3

The call for risorgimento, the revival and unification of Italy, was actively supported by

A)most Italians.
B)a small elite of the educated middle class, urban property owners, and professionals.
C)the Catholic Church and the peasants.
D)most of Italy's neighbors.
E)students who reveled in the French Revolution.

Answer 3

a small elite of the educated middle class, urban property owners, and professionals.

Question 4

All of the following are true of the Congress of Paris settlement except that it

A)affected international relations for the rest of the century.
B)forbade Russia from keeping a Black Sea fleet and a presence in Moldavia and Wallachia.
C)impaired the Ottoman Empire's ability to repress growing nationalist movements.
D)insisted on improved treatment of Christians within the Ottoman Empire.
E)satisfied all participants and was scrupulously observed.

Question 5

What act was critical for the union of the North and South in Italy in 1860?

A)Napoleon's betrayal of Cavour
B)The capture of Rome
C)Garibaldi's acceptance of Victor Emmanuel II as king
D)Cavour's defeat of Garibaldi's redshirts
E)Austrian withdrawal from the whole of the peninsula

Question 6

Summarize the history of German unification.What was the strategy of Bismarck in eliminating the presence of Austria in the German Confederation? What role did the Franco-Prussian War play in arousing support for unification?

Question 7

Trace the successes and failures of one of the ideologies we studied last chapter, i.e.Conservatism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Socialism, and Romanticism.

Question 8

Florence Nightingale was a heroine of the Crimean War because she

A)organized nurses to care for British soldiers.
B)stopped the war.
C)wrote influential newspaper articles criticizing the war.
D)was one of the first women in combat during modern times.
E)was a spy for England.

Question 9

Describe the two main political factions in Britain.What type of constituents did each attract? Who were their leaders?

Question 10

What were the chief problems of the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the nineteenth century, and what attempts were made to solve them? How did the Ottoman government deal with Balkan independence movements, and how did its policies result in the partial dismantling of the empire?

Question 11

In the "Written Record: A New Breed of 'War Correspondent'" feature, what innovation affected the outcome of the war significantly?

A)The marshaling of public opinion by near-instant and vivid battlefield reporting
B)The power of censorship
C)The failure of the telegraph and steamship
D)Sobriety in the reports of war correspondents
E)None of these

Question 12

Provide a comprehensive overview of politics in the West from 1850 to 1880.

Question 13

What was the Congress System in Europe meant to do?

A)Provide the basis for European union
B)Make pan-European laws
C)The attempt to negotiate between European powers
D)The importation of American political principles
E)None of these

Question 14

Compare Italy and Germany immediately following their unifications.What policies did the Italian government follow in Italy, and how successful were they? How did the approach of the German government differ, and how did its post-unification position in Europe compare with Italy's?

Question 15

Which conflict saw the foundation of the Red Cross?

A)Crimean War
B)Franco-Prussian War
C)The war between Austria and Piedmont in 1859
D)The Paris Commune
E)The wars of Balkan independence

Question 16

Which was not an outcome of the Crimean War?

A)The raising of nursing to a professional status.
B)The rise of Italy, Germany and Romania.
C)The breaking of the alliance between Austria and Russia.
D)The death of 750, 000 people.
E)The resurgence of the Ottoman Empire as a world power.

Question 17

Discuss the what, when, why, and the consequences of the Crimean War.Explain what each participant hoped to gain from it and how its outcome affected international relations.

Question 18

Which of the following did not occur in the second half of the nineteenth century?

A)With the exception of the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, each European state possessed a parliament.
B)Nationalism emerged as a decisive force.
C)The Concert of Europe was strengthened and major wars were avoided.
D)The standard of living rose significantly in industrializing countries.
E)The use of diplomacy was replaced by military aggression.

Question 19

What is Realpolitik?

A)The German approach to universal suffrage.
B)The rejection of ethics and ideology in politics in order to expand the power of a state.
C)The antithesis of Machiavellianism.
D)The Austrian attitude towards Italian nationalism.
E)The policy of Bismarck towards the Catholic Church.

Question 20

The Crimean War

A)helped to dismantle the congress system.
B)facilitated the emergence of nation-states at the expense of traditional empires.
C)resulted in a Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire and the final incorporation of the Crimea into Russia.
D)was fought, in part, in the hope of building the foundation for Anglo-French friendship.
E)was a religious crusade by the West to overthrow Islam in the Ottoman Empire.

Question 21

Reforms within the Ottoman Empire included all of the following except

A)tighter control over government officials.
B)equality of taxation.
C)legal equality regardless of religion.
D)independence for the Bulgarians.
E)religious tolerance.

Question 22

Which nation was the first target of the Prussian military in the 1860s?

A)Austria
B)France
C)Italy
D)Poland
E)Denmark

Question 23

Many Italian Catholics were antagonized by

A)Garibaldi's terrorist regime in Rome.
B)Victor Emmanuel's alliance with the sultan.
C)the assassination of the pope.
D)limitation of papal sovereignty to Vatican City.
E)the introduction of a federal-type government.

Question 24

What was the dilemma for German liberals under Bismarck?

A)Whether to support the creation of Germany over the principles of liberty.
B)Whether to support Bismarck's socialist policies.
C)Whether to support Prussia's militarization.
D)Whether to defect to more liberal countries.
E)None of these.

Question 25

Newly-united Italy experienced

A)little tension between an industrializing north and a rural south.
B)support of the Catholic Church.
C)a strong central government based on suffrage for 2 percent of the population.
D)linguistic and cultural unity.
E)decreased legal equality and freedom of association for its citizens.

Question 26

What did the "Young Turks" want?

A)More Ottoman autocracy
B)A revitalized and militarized Islam
C)The transition of the Empire into a modern, Europeanized State
D)The destruction of Christian minorities
E)The independence of the Balkans

Question 27

In the Dual Monarchy created by the Compromise of 1867, Hungary

A)enjoyed internal autonomy.
B)participated in joint imperial offices with Austria: emperor, finance, defense, and foreign affairs.
C)pursued a policy of Magyarization.
D)was the largest of several ethnic groups and controlled the parliament, bureaucracy, military, and other state institutions in the Hungarian parliament.
E)All of these.

Question 28

Which was not a problem in newly-united Italy?

A)Few Italians spoke the national dialect.
B)Grave regional disparity between north and south.
C)Religious pluralism with many competing denominations.
D)Opposition of the papacy because of the capture of Rome.
E)There was limited suffrage.

Question 29

Which of the following does not describe the New and United Germany?

A)The military was a dominant force in the new nation.
B)The authoritarianism of Prussia was projected onto all of Germany.
C)Conservatives were the majority in both the Bundesrat and Reichstag.
D)Parliament was the only body able to make foreign policy.
E)Important government positions were responsible only to the emperor.

Question 30

How did Bismarck engineer war with France?

A)He supported the Hohenzollern candidate for the Italian throne.
B)He invaded without cause.
C)He edited and "released" the Ems Dispatch to orchestrate the conflict.
D)He attacked French allies.
E)He executed the French Ambassador to Prussia.

Question 31

Which nation came to be known as the "sick man of Europe"?

A)the Ottoman Empire
B)Russia
C)Italy
D)Spain
E)Sweden

Question 32

What work most clearly evokes Bismarck's style of rule?

A)Conservatism
B)Realpolitik
C)Socialism
D)Romanticism
E)Liberalism

Question 33

Bismarck enlarged the role of Prussia in Germany by

A)destroying the liberals who demanded the abdication of the king.
B)decreasing the power of the royalty in Prussia.
C)gaining a Bismarckian majority in the Prussian parliament.
D)dissolving the Zollverein.
E)signing a military pact with Denmark to weaken Austria.

Question 34

German unification involved all of the following except

A)a strong leader who imposed his will.
B)the defeat of France and the proclamation of the German Empire in Versailles.
C)the imposition of Prussian absolutism throughout the country.
D)a constitution that appeared to be remarkably democratic.
E)a popular vote in most of the states of the former German Confederation.

Question 35

Magyarization refers to the imposition of which cultural group?

A)Austrians
B)Hungarians
C)Prussians
D)Serbians
E)Russians

Question 36

Who was Helmuth von Moltke?

A)He was the Austrian minister who opposed Bismarck.
B)He was the architect of the German imperial army.
C)He was the King of Prussia.
D)He was Bismarck's liberal rival.
E)None of these.

Question 37

What provided an opening for Prussia in its rivalry with Austria?

A)The fall of the powerful Metternich in 1848
B)Austria's defeat by Russia
C)British support of Bismarck
D)A strong popular democracy in Berlin
E)Austria's war with the Ottoman empire

Question 38

The Balkans in the late nineteenth century experienced

A)an increase in movements aimed at the independence of the various Christian peoples.
B)flagging Ottoman rule.
C)increased attention from the Great Powers.
D)western educated students who claimed descent from ancient Roman settlers.
E)All of these.

Question 39

Emperor Franz Joseph

A)was a hard-working and cosmopolitan ruler, beloved throughout the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
B)was a fervent German nationalist who sought the assimilation of his Slavic subjects.
C)served as a figurehead monarch, similar to the British monarch.
D)reigned very briefly before being overthrown.
E)was able to conciliate the forces of liberalism and nationalism.

Question 40

The Ottoman provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia combined to form what nation?

A)Serbia
B)Greece
C)Romania
D)Bulgaria
E)Hungary

Question 41

In the British parliamentary system after 1850

A)aristocratic birth was no longer a requirement for service in the highest offices of the government.
B)the Conservatives drew their strongest support from the landed classes and Anglicans of England proper.
C)the Liberals had their base in the middle classes, non-Anglican Christians, Wales, and Scotland.
D)a clear two-party system was developed.
E)All of these.

Question 42

After the suppression of the Paris Commune, the restoration of the French monarchy was rejected because

A)the political leaders feared further antagonism of the working class.
B)of a controversy about the tricouleur flag.
C)the Bourbons were closely associated with the Catholic Church.
D)a national referendum prohibited it.
E)as a republic, the regime which divides the least is the best.

Question 43

The government of Napoleon III did all of the following except

A)became increasingly oppressive.
B)generated economic growth and, in turn, higher living standards.
C)cleared slums, granted workers limited rights to strike, and redeveloped Paris.
D)subjected itself to a plebiscite in 1870.
E)silenced opposition or drove them into exile.

Question 44

All of the following describe Otto von Bismarck except

A)he was appointed by Wilhelm I to increase Prussia by expanding its military.
B)as a Junker, he was known for his reactionary views against liberals.
C)he opposed Austrian primacy.
D)he established a Prussian political system based on a strong parliamentary base.
E)he believed that the power of Prussia was based on "iron and blood."

Question 45

What mistake did Napoleon III make in 1870?

A)He held a disastrous plebiscite.
B)He allowed the Catholic Church too much power.
C)He relaxed censorship laws.
D)He declared war on Prussia.
E)He permitted the election of a parliament.

Question 46

Which of the following does not describe the association of Napoleon III and Cavour?

A)Italian support for the French in the Crimea earned respect from Napoleon III.
B)As an ally of Austria, Napoleon did not favor Italian liberation.
C)Napoleon's agreement with Austria after battles at Magenta and Solferino was not conducive to Italian unity.
D)To achieve Italian unity, Cavour had to have help from France.
E)Cavour and the French emperor actually met in secrecy to discuss Italian unity.

Question 47

What was a mir?

A)A Russian nobleman
B)An Ottoman military formation
C)The decree abolishing serfdom
D)A local commune of ex-serfs
E)The Polish constitution

Question 48

After the failed 1848 revolution in Italy, most of its rulers adopted liberal constitutions.

Question 49

Reforms in the Ottoman Empire came to an end because

A)many young intellectuals and Young Turks became critical of the sultan.
B)increased taxes caused widespread discontent.
C)of the dismissal of the new constitutional government by Abdul Hamid II.
D)of financial problems because of foreign debt.
E)All of these.

Question 50

When Louis Napoleon extended his term of office and then proclaimed himself emperor

A)a devastating revolt occurred.
B)a massive electoral majority supported him.
C)he was overthrown and sent into exile.
D)the Concert of Europe intervened to prevent the resurrection of the French Empire.
E)he never claimed to rule by divine right.

Question 51

Queen Victoria

A)stated that childbirth reduced a woman to "a cow or a dog."
B)cultivated an image of a close-knit, nuclear royal family.
C)restored respect for and confidence in the monarchy.
D)as a female monarch, she was seen as less a threat to constitutional liberties.
E)All of these

Question 52

Which man shepherded the transition to the Third Republic?

A)Louis Napoleon
B)Adolphe Thiers
C)Bismarck
D)Cavour
E)None of these

Question 53

Scandinavia and the Low Countries

A)produced reactionary and repressive regimes.
B)lost their kings.
C)combined monarchy with parliamentary systems.
D)pioneered universal suffrage.
E)suffered continuous political unrest because of entrenched absolute monarchies.

Question 54

As a result of the political cult of Garibaldi, Italy enjoyed unity and equality between the north and south of the country.

Question 55

Which was not a base of electoral support for the Liberals in Britain?

A)Scotland
B)Wales
C)Non-Anglican Christians
D)The middle class
E)The landed classes

Question 56

The Congress of Berlin in 1878 was characterized by

A)amity and concord.
B)the restoration of Ottoman power.
C)the cooperation of Russia and Austria against France.
D)the brutal expression of Realpolitick in territorial aggrandizement.
E)the dominance of Great Britain.

Question 57

The Crimean War marked the end of the spirit of cooperation that had resulted from the Congress of Vienna.

Question 58

The Paris Commune demanded all of the following except

A)abolition of private property.
B)free universal education and a minimum wage.
C)disestablishment of the Catholic Church.
D)a more just tax system.
E)the right to rule on a local basis.

Question 59

Serfdom was abolished in Russia because of all of the following except

A)a military of soldiers with a stake in their society fought harder than lifetime servants.
B)industrial progress required a mobile labor force.
C)the tsar feared a rebellion unless serfdom was abolished.
D)Russia's defeat in the Crimean War revealed the need to modernize.
E)abolitionist groups in Russia were gaining support from the landed gentry.

Question 60

As a response to defeat in the Crimean War, the Great Reforms accomplished all of the following except

A)abolition of serfdom in Russia.
B)a degree of local self-government.
C)an end to repression.
D)an independent judiciary.
E)the end to censorship of the press.

Question 61

When Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs, the nobles of Russia were both relieved and grateful.

Question 62

In England the Liberals' base came from the landed classes, from Anglicans, and from England, rather than the rest of the United Kingdom.

Question 63

After the declaration of war by Napoleon III on July 15, 1870, the southern princes of Germany overwhelmingly agreed to Bismarck's call to unification.

Question 64

It was important for Victoria's reign that the moral image of her family life was perceived in stark contrast to her predecessors.

Question 65

The constitution of the Second French Republic (1848-1852)provided for a single four-year presidential term, but was opposed by Louis Napoleon who engineered a coup d'état in 1851.

Question 66

The February Patent refers to the constitutional monarchy established by Emperor Franz Joseph in 1861, in the Austrian Empire.

Question 67

Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian reactionary aristocrat who had opposed the liberal movement in 1848, and was the right-hand man of Wilhelm I.