Deck 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide

Question 1

A loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities is called

A)depression.
B)anxiety.
C)anhedonia.
D)dissociation.

Answer 1

anhedonia.

Question 2

Individuals suffering from depression with ________ features show strange behaviors ranging from a complete lack of movement to excited agitation.

A)melancholic
B)psychotic
C)catatonic
D)atypical

Answer 2

catatonic

Question 3

Martha gave birth to twins two weeks ago.She finds herself weeping while she is changing the twins or feeding them.She is irritable and has had little sleep since their birth.Martha feels guilt and shame because she says a good mother would be able to take care of her children.The subtype of major depression Martha is most likely suffering from is depression with:

A)atypical features.
B)melancholic features.
C)peripartum onset.
D)catatonic features.

Answer 3

peripartum onset.

Question 4

If a person experiences depressed mood plus two other symptoms of depression for at least two years, and during the two years he or she has not been without depressive symptoms for more than two months, the person is most likely to be diagnosed with

A)postpartum depression.
B)persistent depressive disorder.
C)major depression.
D)seasonal affective disorder.

Question 5

Individuals with ________ walk, gesture, and talk slowly.On the other hand, people with ________ can't sit still and may move around or fidget aimlessly.

A)psychomotor agitation; psychomotor retardation
B)psychomotor retardation; psychomotor agitation
C)psychomotor atrophy; psychomotor dystrophy
D)psychomotor dystrophy; psychomotor atrophy

Question 6

Bart has been diagnosed with major depression.Recently, he has been experiencing hallucinations.He sees mystical beings cloaked in white swooping down from the sky trying to "whisk" him away.Bart is most likely experiencing major depression with ________ features.

A)catatonic
B)psychotic
C)melancholic
D)atypical

Question 7

The DSM-5 identifies different forms of depression.These are called

A)comorbid symptoms.
B)comorbid subsets.
C)subtypes.
D)subspecies.

Question 8

In the United States, which of the following age groups is more likely to have had a major depressive episode in the past year?

A)10- to 17-year-olds
B)18- to 29-year-olds
C)30- to 42-year-olds
D)43- to 52-year-olds

Question 9

________ to experience mild depressive symptoms and severe depressive disorders.

A)Men are about twice as likely as women
B)Women are about twice as likely as men
C)Men and women are equally likely
D)Women are five times more likely than men

Question 10

Which of the following is true of the difference between persistent depressive disorder and major depressive disorder?

A)Major depressive disorder is less severe and more chronic than persistent depressive disorder.
B)Major depressive disorder is less severe and less chronic than persistent depressive disorder.
C)Major depressive disorder is more severe and more chronic than persistent depressive disorder.
D)Major depressive disorder is more severe and less chronic than persistent depressive disorder.

Question 11

Jamie says that he hears voices telling him to hurt himself.This type of symptom is called a(n)

A)delusion.
B)hallucination.
C)suspicion.
D)obsession.

Question 12

Which of the following is the most common explanation given by researchers for the low rate of depression among older adults?

A)Older people generally develop dementia, so they don't know they are depressed.
B)As people age, they develop adaptive coping skills and a psychologically healthier outlook on life.
C)Older adults tend to be in denial regarding the status of their psychological well-being.
D)The elderly usually decline requests for participation in research studies on mental health.

Question 13

If a person experiences a loss of interest in usual activities and at least four other depressive symptoms chronically for at least two weeks, and these symptoms are severe enough to interfere with the person's ability to function in everyday life, the person meets the criteria for

A)adjustment disorder.
B)major depressive disorder.
C)depression with psychotic features.
D)bipolar disorder.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true?

A)The DSM-5 no longer identifies different forms of depression.
B)The DSM-5 presents eight subtypes of depression.
C)The DSM-5 has replaced depression with dysthymic disorder.
D)The DSM-5 has removed a sense of hopelessness from the symptoms of depression.

Question 15

In the DSM-5, dysthymic disorder is termed

A)major depression.
B)major depression, recurrent.
C)persistent depressive disorder.
D)unipolar depression.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true about individuals with seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

A)They have a history of at least two years of experiencing major depressive episodes with little or no recovery.
B)They become depressed when the daylight hours are long and recover when the daylight hours are shorter.
C)They do not experience mood changes as a result of psychosocial events, such as regularly being unemployed during the winter.
D)They are generally depressed all year long with very little variation in their moods.

Question 17

The diagnosis of depression in older adults is complicated because:

A)most older adults tend to exaggerate their symptoms.
B)their symptoms often occur in the context of medical illnesses.
C)most claims made by the elderly are just cries for attention.
D)it is easy to distinguish between a depressive disorder and cognitive disorder.

Question 18

Which of the following disorders most commonly occurs with persistent depressive disorder?

A)Anxiety disorders
B)Dissociative disorders
C)Personality disorders
D)Psychotic disorders

Question 19

The combination of major depression and anxiety is so common that the authors of the DSM-5 introduced the subtype of

A)anxious distress.
B)chronic depressive disorder.
C)generalized anxiety depression.
D)major depression, recurrent episode.

Question 20

In severe cases of depression, individuals experience ________ that refers to beliefs with no basis in reality and ________, which refers to seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not real.

A)delusions; hallucinations
B)hallucinations; delusions
C)agoraphobia; paranoia
D)paranoia; agoraphobia

Question 21

Which of the following statements about depression is true?

A)Depression is chronic, and people diagnosed with its symptoms are unlikely to recover, even with treatment.
B)People with major depression lose an average of 60 days of work per year.
C)People with depression often do not seek treatment, as they expect to overcome their symptoms on their own.
D)The majority of people with depression seek treatment as soon as symptoms first appear.

Question 22

Which of the following is the main problem associated with using lithium to treat mood disorders?

A)Lithium increases the likelihood of completed suicidality by 40 percent.
B)The difference between an effective dose of lithium and a toxic dose is small.
C)It has proved ineffective when used in combinations with vitamins and dietary supplements.
D)It has caused mental impairment in over 20 percent of the people who have taken it.

Question 23

Which of the following is true of the difference between cyclothymic disorder and bipolar disorder?

A)Cyclothymic disorder is less severe and more chronic than bipolar disorder.
B)Cyclothymic disorder is less severe and less chronic than bipolar disorder.
C)Cyclothymic disorder is more severe and more chronic than bipolar disorder.
D)Cyclothymic disorder is more severe and less chronic than bipolar disorder.

Question 24

Cyclothymic disorder is a form of bipolar disorder which is less severe but

A)more dangerous.
B)more difficult to treat.
C)more cyclic.
D)more chronic.

Question 25

According to the DSM-5, which of the following is an appropriate diagnostic criterion for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A)Symptoms must first occur before age six.
B)Symptoms must be present for at least three months.
C)The individual's mood must be stable between temper outbursts.
D)Temper outbursts must occur at least three times per week for at least 12 months.

Question 26

People with bipolar II disorder experience episodes that meet the criteria for major depression, but have:

A)milder episodes of mania known as hypomania.
B)stronger episodes of mania known as hypermania.
C)milder symptoms of psychomotor retardation.
D)stronger symptoms of psychomotor agitation.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true of mood disorders?

A)A major depressive episode is necessary for a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder.
B)Hypomania is a diagnostic criterion for bipolar II disorder but not for cyclothymic disorder.
C)The level of social and occupational functioning of bipolar I and bipolar II disorders are identical.
D)A diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder requires that the person alternates between cycles of hypomania and depression.

Question 28

A person filled with grandiose self-esteem, displaying rapid speech and impulsive behaviors, and showing an elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least one week is exhibiting symptoms of

A)mania.
B)OCD.
C)stress.
D)catatonia.

Question 29

Whereas people with bipolar I disorder experience mania, people with bipolar II disorder experience

A)hypomania.
B)hypermania.
C)rapid cycling mania.
D)People with bipolar II do not experience mania.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT one of the possible bipolar disorder diagnoses?

A)bipolar I disorder
B)bipolar II disorder
C)cyclothymic disorder
D)short cycling bipolar disorder.

Question 31

________ cycles of mania and depression within a year lead to a diagnosis of rapid cycling bipolar I disorder.

A)Two or more
B)Three
C)Four or more
D)Less than three

Question 32

The agitation and risky behavior accompanying mania in youth are difficult to distinguish from the symptoms of

A)catatonia.
B)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D)separation anxiety disorder.

Question 33

One major difference between hypomania and mania is that the symptoms of hypomania:

A)do not last for more than two consecutive days.
B)usually involves delusions.
C)interfere with daily functioning.
D)do not involve hallucinations.

Question 34

Which of the following is true of bipolar disorder?

A)Only about 10 percent of people with bipolar disorder have multiple cycles during their lifetimes.
B)The length of individual episodes of bipolar disorder varies greatly from one person to the next.
C)Most people with bipolar disorder swing from mania to depression and back again within a day.
D)A relatively common pattern in bipolar disorder is for episodes to get longer but less frequent over time.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true about a person with bipolar disorder?

A)The person experiences day-to-day fluctuations in moodiness, unpredictability, or emotional reactivity.
B)The person experiences manic episodes for at least one week.
C)The person experiences manic episodes at least two times per year.
D)The person experiences depression for three days and manic symptoms for four days.

Question 36

Which of the following is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat mood disorders?

A)Lamotrigine
B)SSRIs
C)Lithium
D)MAOs

Question 37

Lamotrigine is used in the treatment of mood disorders especially to

A)reduce the chances of drug-induced suicide.
B)replace electro-shock therapy.
C)prevent episode recurrence.
D)protect depressed women who are pregnant.

Question 38

Which of the following is true about the prevalence of bipolar disorder?

A)Women are more likely than men to develop bipolar disorder.
B)Men are more likely than women to develop bipolar disorder.
C)Women and men are equally likely to develop bipolar disorder.
D)Men are three times as likely than women to develop bipolar disorder.

Question 39

Which of the following is not a side effect of lithium in the treatment of mood disorders?

A)Abdominal pain
B)Nausea
C)The development of eating disorders
D)Diarrhea

Question 40

As many as ________ percent of people who experience a first episode of depression will experience subsequent episodes.

A)10
B)25
C)50
D)75

Question 41

________ have a higher-than-normal prevalence of mania.

A)Athletes
B)Political leaders
C)Poets
D)Academicians

Question 42

The neurotransmitters that have been implicated most often in depression are the

A)monoamines.
B)opioids.
C)secretins.
D)endorphins.

Question 43

Learned helplessness theory suggests that:

A)people with depression are too dependent on their families.
B)frequent stressful events can make people believe their situation is uncontrollable.
C)people learn to be helpless by watching others' lack of motivation.
D)stressful events only perpetuate if people are inactive participants in their life's decisions.

Question 44

Aaron Beck's concept of the negative cognitive triad led to one of the most widely used and successful therapies for depression, which is ________ therapy.

A)psychodynamic
B)existential
C)cognitive-behavioral
D)light

Question 45

Chronic elevated levels of cortisol in the hippocampus may:

A)promote the development of new neurons in the hippocampus.
B)cause chronic arousal of the body's stress response.
C)further an individual's memory and fear-related learning.
D)lead to chronic atrophy of areas of the brain associated with anhedonia.

Question 46

The amygdala plays an important role in:

A)short-term memory, planning, and problem solving.
B)emotional expression and social behavior.
C)memory and fear-related learning.
D)directing attention to emotionally salient stimuli.

Question 47

The effects of overactivity in the ________ may bias people toward aversive or emotionally arousing information.

A)anterior cingulate
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)prefrontal cortex

Question 48

In the brain, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are found in large quantities in the

A)hypothalamus.
B)hippocampus.
C)limbic system.
D)amygdala.

Question 49

The anterior cingulate cortex plays an important role in

A)sexual urges.
B)primitive responses.
C)impulsive behaviors.
D)responses to stress.

Question 50

People with depression tend to show:

A)chronic hyperactivity in the HPA axis.
B)low activity in the HPA axis.
C)normal activity in the HPA axis.
D)no activity in the HPA axis.

Question 51

The reformulated learned helplessness theory focuses on:

A)behavioral components, such as reinforcement and punishment.
B)causal attributions or an explanation of why an event happened.
C)maladaptive behaviors and their impact on depression.
D)the impact of family as a factor in maladaptive cognitions.

Question 52

Chronic excessive exposure to cortisol:

A)may account for the increase in volume of several areas of the brain.
B)has an inhibiting effect on receptors for the monoamine neurotransmitters.
C)is likely to cause higher metabolic activity in the hippocampus.
D)produces a highly regulated neuroendocrine system that functions efficiently.

Question 53

Which of the following is true of bipolar disorder?

A)Most people who develop bipolar disorder do so in early to late adulthood.
B)Biological factors may be more responsible for bipolar disorder than for depressive disorder.
C)People with bipolar disorder are less likely to abuse substances than those with other disorders.
D)The prevalence of bipolar disorder is higher than that of depression.

Question 54

According to the textbook, some of the most influential people in history, including political leaders, ________, and artists have been shown to experience benefits from their mood disorders.

A)high school teachers
B)university professors
C)computer technologists
D)religious figures

Question 55

Which of the following is true about the genetic factors of depression?

A)First-degree relatives of people with depression are not likely to have depression themselves.
B)Twin studies of major depression find lower concordance rates for monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins.
C)Abnormalities on the serotonin transporter gene could affect the stability of individuals' moods.
D)It has been proven that genetics plays a greater role in this disorder for women than for men.

Question 56

The reformulated learned helplessness theory focuses on people who habitually explain negative events by causes that are:

A)internal, stable, and global.
B)specific, instable, and internal.
C)external, specific, and global.
D)instable, external, and specific.

Question 57

According to behavioral theories of depression,

A)life stress leads to depression because it produces positive reinforcers.
B)depressive behaviors often are reinforced by the sympathy and attention they bring about in other people.
C)depressive patterns are more likely in extroverted people with good social skills.
D)the presence of a support system has no influence on one's susceptibility to depression.

Question 58

Changes in the ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, affect the ________ and ________ neurotransmitter systems.

A)dopamine; GABA
B)serotonin; norepinephrine
C)dopamine; norepinephrine
D)serotonin; GABA

Question 59

Which of the following brain abnormalities have been implicated in depression?

A)An increase in the volume of gray matter in the prefrontal cortex.
B)Higher levels of brain-wave activity on the left side of the prefrontal cortex.
C)Greater volume and higher metabolic activity in the hippocampus.
D)An enlargement of and increased activity in the amygdala.

Question 60

Which of the following statements about mood disorders is NOT true?

A)Writers, artists and composers have a higher prevalence of mania and depression than others.
B)Creative people are more likely than less creative people to experience suicidality.
C)Political figures, especially those who lose political races, are two to three times more likely than writers, artists and composers to experience mania and depression.
D)Celebrities Jim Carey, Kirsten Dunst and Mariah Carey have publicized their mood disorders.

Question 61

The agitation some people experience while taking an SSRI may contribute to an increase in suicidal thoughts and behavior.This risk may be greatest for:

A)children and adolescents.
B)adolescents and the elderly.
C)children and the elderly.
D)adults and adolescents.

Question 62

Which of the following statements is true of tricyclic antidepressants?

A)They are safe even if taken in overdose.
B)They are used more frequently these days.
C)Their side effects are related to the levels of the neurotransmitter secretin.
D)They can cause cardiac arrhythmia in people with heart problems.

Question 63

When people first begin taking a(n)________, they sometimes report feeling "jittery" or having a feeling of "crawling out of one's skin."

A)MAOI
B)tricyclic antidepressant
C)SSRI
D)SNRI

Question 64

Several studies suggest that dysregulation of the ________ system contributes to bipolar disorder.

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)GABA
D)norepinephrine

Question 65

Jamar has never been convinced that his parents love him unconditionally.He continues to do things to gain their approval.From an interpersonal perspective, Jamar is most likely engaging in

A)rumination.
B)excessive reassurance seeking.
C)attention seeking behaviors.
D)causal attributions.

Question 66

According to interpersonal theories of depression, some depressed people have a heightened need for approval and expressions of support from others but at the same time easily perceive rejection by others, a characteristic called rejection

A)learning.
B)rumination.
C)sensitivity.
D)memory.

Question 67

Which of the following explanations has been given for the age-based variation in the risk for depression?

A)Increasing diversity
B)Lower expectations
C)Changing social values
D)Greater access to information

Question 68

Which of the following statements is true of gender differences in vulnerability to depression?

A)Men tend to be more interpersonally oriented than women, perhaps due to gender socialization.
B)When faced with distress, men are more likely than women to ruminate about their feelings and problems.
C)Men appear more likely than women to base their self-worth on the health of their relationships.
D)The differences in the responses of men and women to stress may be due to social norms.

Question 69

One view that focuses on the process of thinking, rather than the content of thinking, as a contributor to depression is called the

A)ruminative response styles theory.
B)inappropriate cognitions theory.
C)cognitive-stress hypothesis.
D)hopelessness depression theory.

Question 70

Sara feels as though every aspect of her life is dismal.She has a pessimistic attitude toward her family, friends, and important events in her life.She views everything on the dark side, and she does not believe that positive thinking is useful in her situation.Sara is most likely exhibiting

A)causal attributions.
B)hopelessness depression.
C)realistic depression.
D)depression with psychotic features.

Question 71

Which of the following is true according to the cognitive theories of depression?

A)Depressed people are more likely to have highly specific and detailed memories.
B)Depressed people with a hopeless style are less likely to relapse.
C)Depressed people show a bias toward negative thinking.
D)Depressed people are less likely than others to dwell on negative stimuli.

Question 72

Which of the following has been implicated in bipolar disorder?

A)Abnormality in the size and functioning of the hippocampus
B)Abnormality in the activation of the striatum of the basal ganglia
C)Abnormality in the grey matter of the prefrontal cortex
D)Abnormality in the functioning in the anterior cingulate

Question 73

Mae sits and ruminates about her life daily.She has no motivation to make changes in the areas of her life that are bothering her.She spends a great deal of time focusing on how badly she feels.According to cognitive theorists, which theory is most likely to apply to this situation?

A)Rational-emotive theory
B)Negative cognitive triad
C)Learned helplessness theory
D)Ruminative response styles theory

Question 74

Which of the following affects norepinephrine and dopamine systems, has been useful in treating psychomotor retardation, and appears to overcome the sexual dysfunction side effects of SSRIs?

A)Effexor
B)Bupropion
C)Remeron
D)Cymbalata

Question 75

Which of the following psychological factors has NOT been implicated in bipolar disorder?

A)Sensitivity to reward
B)Enmeshed families
C)Changes in bodily rhythms
D)Stressful events

Question 76

Which of the following is not a cognitive theory of depression?

A)hopelessness depression
B)reformulated learned helplessness theory
C)learned helplessness theory
D)depression often arises from repressed anger that has been redirected from an outside target to one's inner self.

Question 77

Which of the following adult groups has the lowest rates of reported depression?

A)Latinos
B)African Americans
C)European Americans
D)Native Americans

Question 78

Which of the following statements is true of drug treatments for depression?

A)Drugs have fast emerging effects on intracellular processes in the neurotransmitter systems.
B)Medications appear to work better for treating mild-to-moderate depression rather than severe and chronic depression.
C)Discontinuing antidepressant use during the first six to nine months after symptoms subside seems to double the risk of relapse in severe depression.
D)All of the different antidepressant drugs currently available reduce depression in only about 15 to 20 percent of the people who take them.

Question 79

In the treatment of depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):

A)are more effective than other antidepressants.
B)produce more insufferable side effects.
C)tend to be fatal if taken in overdose.
D)have positive effects on co-occurring symptoms.

Question 80

Hopelessness depression develops when people make ________ attributions for the most important events in their lives and perceive that they have no way to cope with the consequences of these events

A)pessimistic
B)optimistic
C)rational
D)repetitive