Deck 14: Social Psychology

Question 1

When the expectations of one person bring about the expected behavior in another person, the expectation has become a(n) ________.

A) attribution
B) primary drive
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) response characteristic

Answer 1

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 2

When Fred met Norris on his campus tour, Norris was friendly to him and showed him several different parts of campus, mentioning they should hang out, and maybe take a class together. When Fred moved in, he heard repeated stories about how Norris used freshman for money, and to do his coursework for him. However, Fred argued that Norris is still a nice person, and just "misunderstood." His refusal to see that his initial impression of Norris was mistaken is most likely due to the ________.

A) halo effect
B) phi phenomenon
C) primacy effect
D) recency effect

Answer 2

primacy effect

Question 3

The extent to which a behavior is the same whenever the presumed cause of the behavior is present affects our attributions of the behavior. This exemplifies ________.

A) consistency
B) distinctiveness
C) consensus
D) frequency

Answer 3

consistency

Question 4

A special kind of schema that is simplistic, strongly held, and not necessarily based on firsthand experience is a ________.

A) concept
B) primacy effect
C) unifying trait
D) stereotype

Question 5

To the extent that a behavior occurs only when a particular event occurs, we tend to attribute the behavior to that event. This is an example of ________.

A) consistency
B) distinctiveness
C) consensus
D) frequency

Question 6

As the opening to the chapter discussed, Sher Singh lived an example of the creation of a(n) _____, as his beard and turban became a symbol of Middle Eastern terrorism after September 11^th, 2001, although his religion and belief system were not in alignment with the terrorists.

A) stereotype
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) attribution
D) social cognition

Question 7

Lorenzo has heard that organic chemistry is a really difficult class, and that most people have a hard time passing it. He knows that the teacher probably expects him to fail it and plans to make it as hard as possible for him, as he took the same instructor for general chemistry and barely passed. Lorenzo must be careful so that this situation does not become a ____________.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) selective perception
C) unifying trait
D) response characteristic

Question 8

Judgments about whether a behavior is more revealing about a person or a situation have been studied under the heading of ________.

A) locus of control
B) cognitive dissonance
C) the primacy effect
D) attribution theory

Question 9

The scientific study of the way in which thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of one individual are affected by the real, imagined, or inferred characteristics or behavior of others is known as ________ psychology.

A) interpersonal
B) cognitive
C) environmental
D) social

Question 10

The collection and assessment of information about other people, so as to form first impressions and to try and understand their behavior is known as ________.

A) the bystander effect
B) a response characteristic
C) social cognition
D) selective perception

Question 11

Which of the following is not one of the kinds of information attribution theorist Harold Kelley believed we use to draw conclusions about the causes of behavior?

A) frequency
B) consistency
C) consensus
D) distinctiveness

Question 12

When pairs of participants played a competitive game, and researchers told one member of each pair that the other was either hostile or friendly, the players who were led to believe that their partner was hostile behaved ________.

A) differently than players who were led to believe that their partner was friendly, and their partner's behavior actually became more hostile
B) differently than players who were led to believe that their partner was friendly, but their partner's behavior did not change
C) no differently than players who were led to believe that their partner was friendly, and their partner's behavior did not change
D) no differently than players who were led to believe that their partner was friendly, but their partner's behavior actually became more hostile

Question 13

Cognitive social psychologists call ready-made categories concerning people ________.

A) exemplars
B) schemata
C) formal operations
D) rationales

Question 14

The extent to which the first information we receive about someone influences our impression of that person more than later information is called the ________.

A) primacy effect
B) halo effect
C) phi phenomenon
D) recency effect

Question 15

Research indicates that a teachers' expectations of students ________.

A) has little or no effect on student performance
B) only negatively affects the poorest student performers in a given class
C) only positively affects the top student performers in a given class
D) can have a powerful positive or negative effect on student performance

Question 16

The so-called "Pygmalion effect" is a type of ________.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) selective perception
C) unifying trait
D) response characteristic

Question 17

Heider argued within his theory, that we will attribute behavior to ________.

A) internal causes only
B) either internal or external causes, but not both at the same time
C) internal and external causes at the same time
D) external causes only

Question 18

The application of brain imaging and other neuroscience methods to social psychology is referred to as social ________.

A) cognition
B) science
C) neuroscience
D) biology

Question 19

A _______ is a set of characteristics presumed to be shared by every member of a social category.

A) unifying trait
B) primacy effect
C) stereotype
D) perception

Question 20

The degree to which other people behave the same way as one person behaves in a situation affects our attributions of that person's behavior. This is an example of ________.

A) consistency
B) distinctiveness
C) consensus
D) frequency

Question 21

The tendency of people to place too much emphasis on personal factors when accounting for other people's actions and too little emphasis on personal factors when accounting for our own actions is known as the ________.

A) actor-observer bias
B) self-serving bias
C) recency effect
D) primacy effect

Question 22

In hospitals, premature infants rated as "attractive" by attending nurses ________ and gained ________ weight than those judged as less attractive.

A) thrived more; more
B) thrived the same; the same amount of
C) did not thrive; less
D) thrived less; less

Question 23

Research has found that Japanese students studying in the United States usually attribute their successes to ________ sources and their failures to ________ sources.

A) external; internal
B) internal; external
C) internal; internal
D) external; external

Question 24

Gustov just moved into a new condo in the city. According to the concept of proximity, he is most likely to be attracted to ________.

A) people in other condos
B) people who live in adjacent buildings
C) his condo hallway neighbors
D) people who do not live in the city

Question 25

The most important factor in interpersonal attraction is usually ________.

A) proximity
B) attractiveness
C) reciprocity
D) similarity

Question 26

Olson likes playing board games, and is somewhat shy. He doesn't date often, but would like to meet someone. Olson is most likely to be attracted to ________.

A) Patty, who is also shy and likes to play board games
B) Erin, who enjoys going to bars on the weekend
C) Courtney, who has a child and is outspoken
D) Sandy, who is older than Olson and dislikes board games

Question 27

Deborah and Gilbert both planted similar trees in their yards this spring. However, Gilbert's tree died in the fall, while Deborah's remained alive. According to the just-world hypothesis, ________.

A) Deborah is a lucky person
B) there was less rain in Gilbert's yard than Deborah's
C) Gilbert's yard has worse soil than Deborah's
D) Deborah took better care of her tree than Gilbert

Question 28

The term psychologists use to describe how close two people live to each other is ________.

A) complementarity
B) reciprocity
C) proximity
D) propinquity

Question 29

Bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people, according to the ________.

A) reciprocity model
B) Peter principle
C) just-world hypothesis
D) Premack principle

Question 30

Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits?

A) a dominant woman marries a submissive man
B) two tennis players become good friends
C) a girl marries the boy next door
D) a girl and a boy who both like jogging fall in love

Question 31

The quality of genuine closeness and trust achieved in communication with another person is called ________.

A) reciprocity
B) synergy
C) intimacy
D) propinquity

Question 32

Peter is very introverted and enjoys staying at home, but he falls in love with Sarah, who is very extroverted, and enjoys going out. They find they keep one another grounded. This example illustrates the concept of ________.

A) reciprocity
B) complementary traits
C) similarity
D) proximity

Question 33

The tendency to give too much emphasis to personal factors when accounting for other people's actions is called ________.

A) the Peter principle
B) the fundamental attribution error
C) the primacy effect
D) defensive attribution

Question 34

Caleb received a perfect score on his computer programming test, and assumed it was because he was smart. However, later in the week he got a "C" on his English test, and told his mother it was because the instructor made the test too hard. Caleb's behavior is an example of the _______.

A) actor-observer effect
B) self-serving bias
C) primacy effect
D) fundamental attribution error

Question 35

Alan finds himself as a jury member for a trial in which the individual is accused of stealing a few groceries. The suspect said that he has never broken a law in his life, but his wife just had a baby and he lost his job the same week, making them unable to afford food. He felt he had no choice but to steal from the grocer. Alan knows he personally would never do something like that, because he has much better morals than the suspect. Alan may be making _________.

A) the actor-observer bias
B) the self-serving bias
C) the fundamental attribution error
D) a defensive attribution

Question 36

A hockey player exhibiting the self-serving bias who missed a penalty shot is most likely to attribute the missed goal to ________.

A) problems he is having in his personal life
B) choppy conditions of the ice
C) errors in judgment on his part
D) his late-night partying on the previous evening

Question 37

Studies on similarity and attractiveness have found that ________.

A) similarity appears to be unrelated to attraction
B) complementarity is a more powerful influence on attraction than similarity
C) the more similar two people are, the weaker the attraction, because of boredom
D) the more similar two people are, the stronger the attraction between them

Question 38

Women are ________ likely to evaluate the risk of having unprotected sex with attractive partner as being _______ than with an unattractive partner.

A) more; lower
B) more; higher
C) no more; higher
D) no more; lower

Question 39

Most of us associate ________ with good personality traits, intelligence, and happiness.

A) wealth
B) attractiveness
C) old age
D) youth

Question 40

The tendency to explain our successes according to our personal abilities and attribute our failures to forces beyond our control is called ________.

A) the primacy effect
B) the fundamental attribution error
C) a self-delusional thought
D) a defensive attribution

Question 41

Hillary is not impressed with her choices for student body president, but knows she should vote in the election. In her opinion, Juan is not qualified for the position, but neither is Mark. She trusts Mark and admires his decision-making ability over Juan's. In fact, she likes Mark so much she volunteered for his campaign one afternoon. Her trust of Mark's decision-making represents the ________ component of her attitude toward him.

A) feeling
B) intuition
C) behavioral tendency
D) belief

Question 42

One who is unjustly blamed and punished for problems he or she did not cause is a ________.

A) victim
B) pariah
C) scapegoat
D) bigot

Question 43

Hillary is not impressed with her choices for student body president, but knows she should vote in the election. Her unfavorable opinion and knowledge of the two candidates represents her _____.

A) intuition
B) behavioral tendency
C) prejudice
D) evaluative beliefs

Question 44

Tobias operates a bakery and specializes in wedding cakes. He actively discourages same-sex couples from coming in and always gives them the highest prices if they insist on ordering a cake from him. Tobias' behavior is best described as ________.

A) discrimination
B) prejudice
C) ambiguous
D) oppression

Question 45

Xander has noticed that the community he grew up in has long been experiencing job loss and suppressed wages. He blames this on the refugees that have settled in his community, who he believes are competing with already established groups for jobs. The theory that would best explain his prejudice against the refugees would locate the origin of the prejudice in ________.

A) frustration-aggression
B) stereotyping
C) interpersonal conflict
D) genetic predisposition

Question 46

________ is an unfair, intolerant, or unfavorable attitude toward another group of people.

A) Prejudice
B) Conformity
C) Discrimination
D) Oppression

Question 47

________ is an act taken toward one group that is unfair when compared with our behavior toward other groups.

A) Discrimination
B) Bigotry
C) Oppression
D) Prejudice

Question 48

Which of the following is not one of the three major components of attitudes?

A) evaluative beliefs
B) behavioral expectancies
C) goals
D) feelings

Question 49

Hillary is not impressed with her choices for student body president, but knows she should vote in the election. In her opinion, Juan is not qualified for the position, but neither is Mark. She trusts Mark and admires his decision-making ability over Juan's. In fact, she likes Mark so much she volunteered for his campaign one afternoon. Volunteering for the campaign represents the ________ component of her attitude toward him.

A) feeling
B) behavioral tendency
C) intuition
D) belief

Question 50

Dani gradually shares more about her life with J.P. as they continue to date. She tells him how she enjoys her cats, and likes to watch movies. J.P. tells her he also enjoys those things, and that he wants to be a sculptor when he graduates. Dani and J.P. are increasing intimacy through _______.

A) kinesics
B) self-disclosure
C) proxemics
D) deindividuation

Question 51

Rufus is somewhat timid in social situations. He often looks at his classmates to determine what they are doing before proceeding with an activity, especially if it is controversial. He is probably a ________ self-monitor.

A) reactive
B) low
C) nonreactive
D) high

Question 52

Stan is a white student who grew up in Alabama and is soon entering the University of Illinois at Chicago. He is aware that many of his classmates will be Black and assumes that they will dislike him and ostracize him. Stan's attitude is best described as an example of ________.

A) discrimination
B) ambiguity
C) nonconformity
D) prejudice

Question 53

Pete has a Ph.D. in the performing arts, but he has been working at odd jobs for years to barely survive. He has had little success as an actor and resents the fact that success has eluded him. He blames his failure on the fact that he is a heterosexual in what he believes is a homosexual-dominated business. His resentment has blossomed into a full-blown hatred of homosexuals. The development of Pete's prejudice is best explained by the ________ theory of prejudice.

A) interpersonal conflict
B) frustration-aggression
C) conformity
D) hostility/aggression

Question 54

When someone reveals too much, too soon in communicating with someone else, the other person is likely to ________.

A) retreat and stop communicating
B) continue the relationship as if nothing had happened
C) speed up the pace at which he or she reveals information
D) listen more and further explore what has been revealed

Question 55

People who are ________ on self-monitoring are especially likely to override their attitudes and behave in accordance with others' expectations.

A) low
B) nonreactive
C) reactive
D) high

Question 56

The tendency for a person with stereotyped beliefs about a particular group of people to make internal attributions for their shortcomings and external attributions for their successes is known as the ________.

A) fundamental attribution error
B) actor-observer effect
C) ultimate attribution error
D) self-serving bias

Question 57

Many of our most basic attitudes ________.

A) are inherited
B) are innate
C) come from early, direct personal experience
D) come from what we learn in school

Question 58

A relatively stable organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavior tendencies toward something or someone else is a(n) ________.

A) affect
B) attitude
C) cognition
D) archetype

Question 59

Rufus is fairly independent. He rarely takes into account what others are doing in a situation before carrying out his own behavior, even if it might be controversial. He is likely a ________ self-monitor.

A) reactive
B) nonreactive
C) high
D) low

Question 60

Since joining his biker group, Kris views himself as almost invincible. He now feels that individuals that are not a part of the group are losers, and not worth his time or effort. Kris is demonstrating _______.

A) discrimination
B) out-group bias
C) in-group bias
D) frustration

Question 61

The most powerful medium of persuasion in changing people's opinions is usually ________.

A) a face-to-face interaction
B) a written argument
C) second-hand "word of mouth"
D) a media presentation

Question 62

Expanding our schema of a particular group, such as by viewing people from different races or genders as sharing similar qualities, is a strategy called ________.

A) cooperative empowerment
B) recategorization
C) pole-shifting
D) controlled processing

Question 63

When listening to persuasive messages, there is a tendency, over time, for people to forget the source while remembering the content. This is known as ________.

A) recategorization
B) the sleeper effect
C) controlled processing
D) Moore's Law

Question 64

Each of the following is identified by the communication model of persuasion as a key element in changing people's behaviors except ________.

A) the source
B) the context
C) the medium of communication
D) characteristics of the audience

Question 65

It is generally better to present ________ when trying to change someone's opinion.

A) only criticisms of the opposing viewpoint
B) only your side of an argument
C) both sides of an argument
D) only criticisms of your side of an argument

Question 66

Each of the following is a promising strategy for reducing prejudice and discrimination except ________.

A) recategorization
B) controlled processing
C) increasing competition between groups
D) improving contact between groups

Question 67

Contact between members of two groups can work to undermine prejudicial attitudes if each of the following conditions are met except ________.

A) social norms encourage contact
B) the groups should come together to engage in healthy competition
C) group members must have equal status
D) people must have one-on-one contact with members of the other group

Question 68

Aneesa has low self-esteem, and difficulty standing up for herself. When it comes to changing her attitude, she would be _____ influence, when compared to others.

A) easier to
B) harder to
C) impossible to
D) the same to

Question 69

The belief that members of certain racial or ethnic groups are innately inferior is ________.

A) racism
B) secularism
C) focused attention
D) harassment

Question 70

The communication model of persuasion identifies ________ key elements people use to change attitudes and behavior.

A) four
B) three
C) two
D) five

Question 71

Prejudice and discrimination directed at a particular racial group is called ________.

A) harassment
B) focused attention
C) secularism
D) racism

Question 72

Charlie wants to start a recycling program at his school. He recognizes that there are financial, logistical, and behavioral changes that are necessary for this to happen, and that the topic is complex. He would be best to present his argument to the school board in ____ format.

A) written
B) audiotaped
C) videotaped
D) abbreviated live

Question 73

Using superordinate categories to reduce stereotyping and prejudice is an example of ________.

A) cooperative empowerment
B) controlled processing
C) pole-shifting
D) recategorization

Question 74

The most critical factor (and the one most difficult to change) in altering attitudes is the ________.

A) medium of the communication
B) audience's characteristics
C) message itself
D) source of the message

Question 75

It would be least difficult to produce change in attitude in an audience that is composed of ________.

A) people with average intelligence who have low self-esteem
B) highly intelligent people who have high self-esteem
C) people with average intelligence who have high self-esteem
D) highly intelligent people who have low self-esteem

Question 76

Deidre tried to get her group of Native American students and Caucasian students to work better together, after noticing some subtle racism in the classroom. She divided them into groups that were tasked with helping to put together new toy sets for the classroom. She deliberately mixed some of the pieces for each toy set with the other group's pieces, so the groups would need to interact more in an organic fashion. Deidre then incentivized the students by telling them that whichever group finished first would get more recess time. Her attempt at improving group contact didn't work because she forgot that _______.

A) she needed social norms to encourage contact
B) the groups should not compete
C) group members must have equal status
D) people must have one-on-one contact with members of the other group

Question 77

Which of the following statements regarding persuasion is false?

A) Messages that create fear can sometimes work well at persuading an audience of a particular point.
B) Individuals with low self-esteem are more easily influenced in attitude change.
C) A one-sided argument is more persuasive than a two-sided argument.
D) Individuals who are highly intelligent tend to resist persuasion because they think of counterarguments.

Question 78

Which of the following people is going to be the least likely to have his or her attitude changed by a persuasive message?

A) A person who has a strong commitment to present attitudes, the attitudes are shared by others, and the attitude was learned from the family in early childhood.
B) A person who has a moderate commitment to present attitudes, the attitudes are not shared by others, and the attitude was learned in college and young adulthood.
C) A person who has a weak commitment to present attitudes, the attitudes are shared by others, and the attitude was learned in college and young adulthood.
D) A person who has a weak commitment to present attitudes, the attitudes are not shared by others, and the attitude was learned in college and young adulthood.

Question 79

A counselor attempts to teach a group of high schoolers about being more tolerant of refugees. She shows pictures of the living conditions the refugees came from, and tells them personal stories of their lives before they were able to flee. She also tells them about the program in the U.S. that requires them to be self-sufficient and obtain jobs quickly and with little support, and asks them to think about how hard this is. This is an example of ________.

A) recategorization
B) controlled processing
C) cooperative empowerment
D) pole-shifting

Question 80

We are most likely to change our negative attitudes toward a certain computer model if ________.

A) someone in the family owns the computer
B) a friend, who is computer programmer, likes the computer
C) the president of the technology company endorses the computer
D) our friends like the computer