Deck 11: Energy Balance and Obesitythe Sitting Disease: Understand the Causes and Consequences of Obesity

Question 1

Obesity is associated with increased hormone production, resulting in low-grade inflammation. This inflammation increases risk for all of the following EXCEPT:

A) fatty liver.
B) appendicitis.
C) heart disease.
D) atherosclerosis.
E) cancer.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which tool is used to estimate body fat via skinfold thickness?

A) skinfold calipers
B) bioelectrical impedance
C) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
D) air displacement
E) underwater weighing

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Beyond changes in physical activity, there are other options available to help obese individuals lose weight. Which of the following is a surgical procedure for weight loss?

A) meal-replacement plan
B) sleeve gastrectomy
C) gastric bypass surgery
D) prescription medications
E) sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass surgery

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which hormone increases hunger?

A) estrogen
B) testosterone
C) insulin
D) ghrelin
E) leptin

Question 5

What type of cancer in women is most likely to be associated with obesity?

A) breast
B) brain
C) leukemia
D) lung
E) bone

Question 6

Food manufacturers contribute to a "toxic food environment" thought to contribute to obesity in the United States by:

A) making packaged foods.
B) creating colorful foods.
C) making foods that are quick to prepare.
D) devising foods that trigger our bliss point and are irresistible.
E) creating foods that are easy to store.

Question 7

Which racial/ethnic group tends to have higher basal metabolic rates?

A) African Americans
B) Latinos
C) Asian Americans
D) Whites
E) Race/ethnicity is not associated with differences in basal metabolic rate.

Question 8

What might be a barrier to having body composition assessed via air displacement?

A) claustrophobia
B) fear of being submerged in water
C) severe thinness
D) asthma
E) excess abdominal fat

Question 9

Appetite is affected by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) the sight of food.
B) the smell of food.
C) the time of day.
D) the biological need for food.
E) advertisements.

Question 10

Trina's BMI is 32. This is considered:

A) underweight.
B) healthy weight.
C) overweight.
D) obese.
E) morbidly obese.

Question 11

Which of the following activities is NOT an example of nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) energy expenditure?

A) swimming laps
B) chewing gum
C) washing dishes at the sink
D) playing the piano
E) fidgeting at a desk

Question 12

Men who have been successful in achieving weight loss typically adhere to diets of _____ kcals per day.

A) fewer than 800
B) 1500 to 1800
C) 2000 to 2200
D) 2500 to 2800
E) 3000 to 3200

Question 13

Which of the following is FALSE about surgical treatments for obesity?

A) Gastric bypass surgery results in gut hormone changes that increase satiety, while sleeve gastrectomy does not affect gut hormone levels.
B) Gastric bypass reduces food intake due to the smaller volume of the stomach pouch postsurgery.
C) Gastric bypass decreases nutrient absorption because a portion of the small intestine is bypassed.
D) Sleeve gastrectomy promotes a reduction in food intake because the size of the stomach is decreased.
E) Much of the duodenum is bypassed after gastric bypass surgery.

Question 14

When conducting scientific research with large populations of people, what is the most accessible and affordable method to estimate body fat?

A) BMI
B) air displacement
C) underwater weighing
D) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
E) skinfold thickness

Question 15

In the short term, the most expensive method of weight loss for someone who is obese is likely to be:

A) joining Weight Watchers.
B) gastric bypass surgery.
C) signing an annual contract at a gym.
D) purchasing meal plans through Jenny Craig or Nutrisystem.
E) attending Overeaters Anonymous meetings.

Question 16

Body mass index (BMI) might not be an accurate indication of body fat and health risks for:

A) a 37-year-old working mother.
B) a professional football player.
C) an office worker.
D) a news anchor.
E) a 50-year-old truck driver.

Question 17

According to the latest studies, what is the rate of obesity among U.S. adults?

A) Approximately 10%
B) Approximately 15%
C) Approximately 25%
D) Approximately 40%
E) Approximately 50%

Question 18

In what area does a pear-shaped person accumulate body fat?

A) upper arms
B) neck
C) hips and thighs
D) stomach
E) knees and ankles

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE about brown/beige adipose tissue?

A) The amount of brown/beige adipose tissue present at infancy does not change over the course one's life.
B) Most brown/beige adipose tissue in adults is concentrated between the shoulder blades.
C) Browning of white adipose tissue can be induced by heat exposure.
D) Heat produced by brown/beige adipose tissue contributes significantly to energy balance in most adults.
E) The amount of brown/beige fat cells in adults has been found to correlate with body leanness.

Question 20

What is leptin?

A) a hormone produced by fat (adipose) tissue
B) a hormone that suppresses hunger
C) a hormone that encourages hunger
D) a hormone produced by fat (adipose) tissue that suppresses hunger
E) a hormone produced by fat (adipose) tissue that encourages hunger

Question 21

Of the components that make up one's total energy expenditure, which is controlled by the person?

A) basal metabolism
B) thermic effect of food
C) exercise
D) nonexercise activity thermogenesis
E) exercise and nonexercise activity thermogenesis

Question 22

How much weight would someone who is 200 pounds need to lose and maintain the weight loss to reduce the risk of chronic disease and premature death?

A) more than 30 pounds
B) 20 to 30 pounds
C) 15 to 20 pounds
D) 10 to 20 pounds
E) 5 pounds

Question 23

Which emotion is NOT likely to contribute to emotional eating?

A) sadness
B) boredom
C) peacefulness
D) stress
E) loneliness

Question 24

Women who have been successful in achieving weight loss typically adhere to diets of _____ kcals per day.

A) fewer than 800
B) 1000 to 1200
C) 1200 to 1500
D) 1900 to 2100
E) 2500 to 2700

Question 25

Employers could increase nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) among their employees in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A) purchasing gym memberships for all employees.
B) moving printers and copiers away from individual offices.
C) encouraging the use of stairs to travel between floors.
D) scheduling meetings that can take place while walking.
E) communicating messages with team members by walking to their work space rather than via telephone or e-mail.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a suggested strategy for successful weight loss?

A) avoid eating in social settings
B) set realistic goals
C) monitor intake with a food log or diet tracking app
D) strive to lose 1 to 2 pounds a week
E) reduce time spent sitting

Question 27

Which is NOT a method for determining a person's body composition?

A) air displacement
B) bioelectrical impedance
C) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
D) scale
E) underwater weighing

Question 28

Positive energy balance is:

A) the state in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure.
B) the state in which energy intake and energy expenditure are the same.
C) the state in which energy expenditure exceeds energy intake.
D) a desired state for good health.
E) a sign of weight loss.

Question 29

The basal metabolic rate typically accounts for approximately _____ of a person's total energy expenditure.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 40%
D) 60%
E) 80%

Question 30

Waist circumference is considered an indicator of:

A) visceral fat.
B) lean tissue.
C) cellulite.
D) subcutaneous fat.
E) muscle strength.

Question 31

If a person is overweight (BMI of 25 to 29.9) and has two additional risk factors, weight loss is recommended. Which of the following are possible risk factors that elevate the need for weight loss?

A) current cardiovascular disease
B) family history of heart disease
C) diagnosed diabetes
D) sedentary lifestyle
E) All of these are correct.

Question 32

Obesity is related to all of the following health problems or diseases EXCEPT:

A) heart disease.
B) Alzheimer's disease.
C) influenza.
D) hypertension.
E) diabetes.

Question 33

Which of the following is a health consequence of being underweight?

A) improved bone strength
B) improved immunity
C) disrupted hormonal regulation
D) increased risk of diabetes
E) All of these are correct.

Question 34

Satiation affects eating because:

A) it increases hunger.
B) you sense fullness while eating and terminate the meal.
C) your stomach contracts.
D) your interest in food increases dramatically.
E) it increases desire to exercise.

Question 35

Weight loss is recommended for anyone with a BMI:

A) below 18.
B) between 18 and 25.
C) between 22 and 27.
D) between 24 and 29.
E) of 30 or higher.

Question 36

High blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and coronary heart disease are disease risks that increase for people with a BMI greater than:

A) 18.
B) 20.
C) 25.
D) 28.
E) 30.

Question 37

All of the following describe abdominal obesity EXCEPT that it is:

A) present in women whose waist circumference exceeds 35 inches.
B) measured at the top of the rib cage.
C) present in men whose waist circumference exceeds 40 inches.
D) associated with an apple-shaped body.
E) the healthiest type of obesity.

Question 38

All of the following factors are believed to play a part in the increased rates of obesity in the United States EXCEPT:

A) the food environment.
B) fewer sidewalks and parks.
C) sleep deprivation.
D) significant shifts in genetic risk.
E) fewer home-cooked meals.

Question 39

Studies indicate that those who have successfully maintained long-term weight loss:

A) eat breakfast.
B) exercise at least one hour per day.
C) watch fewer than 10 hours of TV per week.
D) weigh themselves weekly.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 40

Basic metabolic rate (BMR) decreases by about _____ per decade after young adulthood.

A) 1% to 2%
B) 2% to 4%
C) 3% to 5%
D) 5% to 8%
E) 8% to 10%

Question 41

Describe health consequences of obesity, including at least five risks associated with excess body weight.

Question 42

How does nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) affect body weight?

Question 43

Why might adults gain weight in the decades after turning 40?

Question 44

Describe factors that affect the basal metabolic rate, including at least five factors.

Question 45

Describe at least five factors that have contributed to the increase in obesity in the United States.

Question 46

How might changes in BMR affect weight control following weight loss?

Question 47

Compare and contrast sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass surgery.

Question 48

How does regular eating away from home contribute to obesity?

Question 49

Thinking of the current food environment in the United States, what strategies for healthy weight loss would you suggest for someone who is obese? Consider factors related to food availability, social settings, and lifestyle.

Question 50

How has technology been a contributing factor to the increase in obesity in the United States?