Deck 4: Individual Attitudes and Behaviors

Question 1

_____ considers the results of an action before determining the ethical nature of the action.

A)Consequentialist theory
B)Utilitarianism
C)Egoism
D)Virtue theory

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Martha works as a senior manager in a financial consulting firm.When she deals with her subordinates,she understands and guides them using her morals to differentiate between right and wrong.Which of the following levels of personal moral development has Martha reached?

A)Para-conventional
B)Conventional
C)Preconventional
D)Postconventional

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Janet is a nurse at a retirement home.Contrary to the doctor's prescription,she reduces the dosage of a particular drug for one of the residents when she notices that the regular usage of the drug causes certain side effects.Which of the following is the level of personal moral development that Janet has reached?

A)Preconventional
B)Postconventional
C)Conventional
D)Para-conventional

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements best defines the term,"Describe ethics and how organizational characteristics affect ethical behaviour."?

A)They are attachments or bonds to people,actions,or organizations.
B)They are the summary evaluations of a particular object or person.
C)They are a set of principles or standards that differentiate right from wrong.
D)They are the dynamic conditions of a person that are manifested in the way he or she behaves.

Question 5

At which level of moral development are right and wrong determined by what is rewarded and punished?

A)Conventional
B)Para-conventional
C)Postconventional
D)Preconventional

Question 6

Margaret is an employee at Virgo Corp.She is self-centred and follows the rules in order to avoid punishment.Which of the following levels of personal moral development has Margaret reached?

A)Para-conventional
B)Conventional
C)Preconventional
D)Postconventional

Question 7

Margaret was a senior executive of Taurgo Corp.till she became a whistle-blower and reported to the authorities alleged bribery and scams committed by its management.Which of the following levels of moral development was Margaret exemplifying when she testified against her employers?

A)Para-conventional
B)Conventional
C)Preconventional
D)Postconventional

Question 8

Who among the following is at the preconventional level of personal moral development?

A)Jonathan makes organizational decisions himself and uses his managerial position for personal benefits.
B)George balances the concern for self with concern for his subordinates and the common good.
C)Gary follows rules and lives up to the expectations of others.
D)Lewis is guided by an internalized set of principles universally recognized as just and right.

Question 9

Gary assesses his level of reasoning abilities and understands that he is at the conventional level of personal development.In which of the following situations does Gary typically exhibit this level of development?

A)When he makes organizational decisions himself and uses his managerial position for personal benefits
B)When he balances his concern for self with concern for his subordinates and the common good
C)When he is guided by an internalized set of principles universally recognized as just and right
D)When he follows rules and lives up to the expectations of others

Question 10

Which of the following is a characteristic of a person at the preconventional level of moral development?

A)Describe ethics and how organizational characteristics affect ethical behaviour is established through conscience and reason.
B)Describe ethics and how organizational characteristics affect ethical behaviour is established by transcendent universal principles.
C)Describe ethics and how organizational characteristics affect ethical behaviour is determined by self-interest.
D)Describe ethics and how organizational characteristics affect ethical behaviour is determined by social norms or external factors.

Question 11

Who among the following is at the postconventional level of personal moral development?

A)Jonathan makes organizational decisions himself and uses his managerial position for personal benefits.
B)Joseph balances the concern for self with concern for his subordinates and the common good.
C)Gary follows rules and lives up to the expectations of others.
D)Lewis makes his decisions based on what his family and colleagues say.

Question 12

The state government of Tauresia has instructed its utilities firms to schedule rolling blackouts on a daily basis.The purpose of these blackouts is to ensure that power supply is available to its neighbouring states.The government believes that although people may suffer some discomfort during these blackouts,it is in the best interests of a larger group of people.The Tauresian government's decision is an example of _____.

A)Egoism
B)Sustaincentrism
C)Impression management
D)Utilitarianism

Question 13

George's repeated tardiness led his supervisor to cut it out of his paycheck.He was further warned that a repetition of this behaviour would lead to a larger portion of his pay being cut.George could not afford to lose any more of his pay and decided to never be late for work again.Which of the following levels of moral development does George exemplify in this scenario?

A)Postconventional
B)Conventional
C)Preconventional
D)Para-conventional

Question 14

Flexigen Corp.is a pharmaceutical company.It has recently released an approved drug that has minor side effects.Despite the side effects,the drug is not removed from the market as it provides significant relief to a larger number of people than those affected by the side effects.Flexigen Corp's action can be justified on grounds of _____.

A)Sustaincentrism
B)Egoism
C)Utilitarianism
D)Impression management

Question 15

_____ is a moral philosophy that holds that ethical managers strive to produce "the greatest good for the greatest number."

A)Sustaincentrism
B)Virtualism
C)Egoism
D)Utilitarianism

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of a person in the preconventional stage of moral development?

A)Sticking to rules to avoid physical punishment
B)Maintaining order by fulfilling obligations to which one has agreed
C)Following rules laid by society and close family
D)Following self-chosen ethical principles even if they violate the law

Question 17

While studying ethical behaviour,Tina analyzes the level of moral development that she herself exhibits.She considers herself maturing with every experience and is presently characterized by a postconventional level of moral development.Based on this level of moral development,Tina is more likely to be:

A)Bound to meet the expectations of good behaviour as defined by her family and friends.
B)Concerned with receiving external rewards and avoiding punishments.
C)Egocentric and satisfying her immediate self-interests.
D)Guided by an internalized set of principles universally recognized as just and right.

Question 18

A moral point of view refers to:

A)A framework of values we use to develop our internally consistent and logically justified principles and standards of right and wrong.
B)The innate or developed capability to recognize,manage,and discuss emotions,how they determine behaviour,and their importance in an organization.in relationships.
C)The uncomfortable mental state we experience if our behaviour does not fit our perceptions and their effect on information received in an organization.or deeper beliefs.
D)A perspective that promotes a balance between the human and ecological concerns in all the efforts of an organization.

Question 19

Who among the following is at the conventional level of personal moral development?

A)Joseph balances the concern for self with concern for his subordinates and the common good.
B)Lewis makes his decisions based on what his family and colleagues say.
C)Gary follows rules and performs well to avoid punishments.
D)Jonathan makes organizational decisions himself and uses his managerial position for personal benefits.

Question 20

Henry conforms to the expectations of good behaviour as defined by his family and friends.He believes in the norms of right and wrong set by external standards more than those set by his inner conscience.By which of the following levels of moral personal development is Henry characterized?

A)Para-conventional
B)Conventional
C)Preconventional
D)Postconventional

Question 21

Screening out information that contradicts an existing perception is known as a(n)_____.

A)Cognitive dissonance error
B)Halo effect bias
C)Fundamental attribution error
D)Selective perception error

Question 22

Which of the following is true of impression management?

A)It is less likely to be influenced by cultural differences.
B)It is more likely to exclude self-promotion tactics.
C)It can contribute to negative emotions toward an actor.
D)It can contribute to higher performance ratings.

Question 23

According to Kenneth Goodpaster,_____ is an unbalanced and excessive focus on a single purpose or goal.

A)Halo effect
B)Bystander apathy
C)Teleopathy
D)Cognitive dissonance

Question 24

_____ is a perspective that promotes a balance between the human and ecological concerns in all the efforts of an organization.

A)Utilitarianism
B)Egocentrism
C)Ethnocentrism
D)Sustaincentrism

Question 25

_____ consists of the formal and informal systems found in an organization that are aimed at influencing the ethical behaviour of organizational members.

A)Ethical climate
B)Ethical culture
C)Perception
D)Attribution

Question 26

_____ is the extent to which a person thinks about and is concerned about his or her job.

A)Job involvement
B)Job enrichment
C)Job dissatisfaction
D)Job buzz

Question 27

Rex believes in the importance of first impressions so much so that he finds it difficult to change it even when presented with contrary evidence.Rex's perceptual bias is referred to as a(n)_____.

A)halo/horn effect
B)Anchoring and adjustment error
C)Selective perception
D)Fundamental attribution error

Question 28

Hilton is a project manager who is conducting performance reviews and employee appraisals.While assessing Jason,one of his team members,Hilton bases Jason's appraisal on comparing his traits to that of a typical successful employee.He fails to consider the unique characteristics of Jason's situation.By which of the following perceptual errors is Hilton characterized?

A)Fundamental attribution error
B)Availability bias
C)Representativeness
D)Selective perception error

Question 29

_____ is a moral philosophy based on what "benefits me the most."

A)Utilitarianism
B)Egoism
C)Virtualism
D)Sustaincentrism

Question 30

Which of the following is true about the halo effect?

A)A single trait of a person influences the overall perception of him.
B)The perception of a person is being influenced by the surrounding environment.
C)Evaluating people based on their stand out characteristics.
D)An individual is evaluated based on personal perceptions about his group.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of teleopathic individuals? A)They tend to be highly demotivated.
B)They attach themselves strongly to ethical inclinations.
C)They generally exhibit low levels of enthusiasm.
D)They are generally dedicated to the job they do.

Question 32

_____ are people's explanations of the causes of their behaviours or performance.

A)Commitments
B)Perceptions
C)Attributions
D)Attitudes

Question 33

_____ are attachments or bonds to people,actions,or organizations.

A)Commitments
B)Perceptions
C)Attributions
D)Attitudes

Question 34

Which of the following is true of the perceptual error of availability bias?

A)It helps to navigate the constant bombardment of information.
B)It leads to blindly ignoring information that contradicts an existing opinion.
C)It is driven by a general desire to avoid cognitive dissonance.
D)It is rooted in limitations in the information we possess or our memory.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true of high organizational commitment?

A)It increases work withdrawal among employees.
B)It increases the rate of absenteeism in an organization.
C)It increases employees' emotional attachment toward an organization.
D)It increases the employee turnover in an organization and increases attrition rate.

Question 36

The perceptual error that occurs when a person uses only one piece of known information to come to a general perception about another person is known as a(n)_____.

A)halo/horn effect error
B)Selective perception error
C)Anchoring bias
D)Adjustment bias

Question 37

Which of the following is true of attitudes in the context of organizational behaviour?

A)They are the same as values and beliefs of an individual in purpose and function.
B)They are summary evaluations of a particular object or individual.
C)They are poor indicators for explaining an individual's job performance.
D)They apply broadly to a variety of situations and are not specific.

Question 38

Which of the following is true of the ABC framework of attitudes?

A)It includes attitudes pertaining to behavioural intentions.
B)It is not inclusive of attitudes pertaining to what one plans to do.
C)It excludes attitudes that are a reflection of cognitive thoughts.
D)It includes only attitudes pertaining to what one feels at a given situation.

Question 39

Which of the following factors typically reflects a high degree of job satisfaction?

A)Higher attrition rate
B)Lesser absenteeism
C)Lower employee turnover
D)Decreased organizational commitment

Question 40

_____ are the subjective interpretations we give to information and messages we receive from sensory inputs.

A)Commitments
B)Perceptions
C)Attributions
D)Attitudes

Question 41

_____ are affective states that arise in response to information or messages a person receives from specific sensory inputs.

A)Attributions
B)Emotions
C)Perceptions
D)Cognitions

Question 42

_____ allows us to read nonverbal messages and understand the emotional content of others' communications.

A)Fundamental attribution error
B)Cognitive dissonance
C)Emotional labour
D)Empathy

Question 43

_____ is the ability to recognize when emotional responses are triggered and by what.

A)Empathy
B)Self-management
C)Self-awareness
D)Cognitive dissonance

Question 44

_____ is the innate or developed capability to recognize,manage,and exercise emotions in relationships.

A)Cultural intelligence
B)Emotional intelligence
C)Emotional labour
D)Artificial intelligence

Question 45

The tendency to alter attributions based on whether a person is judging oneself or someone else is known as a(n)_____.

A)Halo effect error
B)Cognitive dissonance error
C)Actor-observer bias
D)Anchoring and adjustment bias

Question 46

Naomi is an achievement-oriented,efficient project manager who generally attributes her success to her own actions but tends to blame situational factors when it comes to her failures.This tendency of hers exemplifies a(n)_____.

A)Fundamental attribution error
B)Availability bias
C)Halo effect
D)Anchoring and adjustment error

Question 47

Which of the following statements is true of high emotional intelligence?

A)It results in increased job turnover.
B)It results in decreased commitment in employees.
C)It results in decreased performance rates.
D)It results in increased employee job satisfaction.

Question 48

Hannah and Alice are peers in a software company.Due to her workload,Hannah requests Alice to help her complete her project.Alice makes a mistake in the code that Hannah has to spend several days to fix.Hannah feels that Alice has made a mistake on purpose,while in reality,Alice has done it accidentally.This is an example of a(n)_____.

A)Cognitive dissonance error
B)Availability bias
C)Actor-observer bias
D)Fundamental attribution error

Question 49

Self-awareness,self-management,empathy,and use of emotion are the four main components that generally describe

A)Emotional dissonance.
B)Emotional labour.
C)Emotional intelligence.
D)Emotional control.

Question 50

Which of the following can be used to minimize work pressure and stress?

A)Refraining from listening to people's problems
B)Providing people high work load
C)Refraining from helping people out of toxic situations
D)Intercepting toxic messages and translating them into simpler ones

Question 51

Which of the following best defines the fundamental attribution error?

A)It refers to the act of using one piece of known information to make generalizations.
B)It refers to the act of attributing something based on recent or memorable information in order to make judgments.
C)It refers to the act of screening out information that contradicts an existing perception.
D)It refers to the act of attributing the source of another's behaviour to personal factors instead of to the situation.

Question 52

Robert and Frida work in a large event management firm.While the event that Frida worked on was a huge success,the one that Robert worked on had several issues and was not as successful.Frida feels that Robert failed because he is irresponsible and lacks the skills to be successful in the event management industry.However,the real reason for Robert's event failing was the vendors that were contracted.Frida's observation about Robert is an example of a(n)_____.

A)Anchoring and adjustment error
B)Fundamental attribution error
C)Cognitive dissonance error
D)Teleopathy error

Question 53

Which of the following statements is true of high emotional intelligence?

A)It results in decreased job turnover.
B)It results in decreased employee job satisfaction.
C)It results in decreased performance rates.
D)It results in decreased commitment in employees.

Question 54

Which of the following best describes cognitive dissonance?

A)It is the tendency for failing to sufficiently adjust a judgment from an initial impression (an anchor),even in the face of contrary evidence.
B)It is the uncomfortable mental state we experience if our behaviour does not fit our perceptions or deeper beliefs.
C)It is the bias toward attributing others' behaviour or performance to personal factors,like personality or effort,instead of the situation in which it occurred.
D)It is a belief that a statement is true just because the person has heard it repeated over and over again.

Question 55

Tracy is working on a project,the process for which was decided by her manager.She is aware that the process is inefficient and not the best way to do the project,but her manager insists that it gets done his way.Tracy is most probably suffering from ____________.

A)Selective perception bias
B)Fundamental attribution error
C)Cognitive dissonance
D)Teleopathy bias

Question 56

The uncomfortable mental state we experience if a current perception,belief,or behaviour conflicts with a past perception deeply held belief or previous behaviour is called

A)Cognitive dissonance.
B)Negative attitude.
C)Selective perception.
D)Fundamental attribution error.

Question 57

_____ is a term given to the display and management of appropriate emotions as part of fulfilling job responsibilities.

A)Fundamental attribution error
B)Cognitive dissonance
C)Emotional labour
D)Emotional intelligence

Question 58

Hilda and Nancy are working on a collaborative project.Hilda attributes Nancy's delay in completing her portion of the project to Nancy's inabilities.However,when Hilda's portion of the project is also delayed,she attributes it to external factors beyond her control.Hilda is characterized by the perceptual error of a(n)_____.

A)Availability bias
B)Actor-observer bias
C)Anchoring bias
D)Adjustment bias

Question 59

Affective states that arise in response to information or messages a person receives from specific sensory input are called

A)Perceptions.
B)Attributions.
C)Attitudes.
D)Emotions.

Question 60

Which of the following best describes emotional intelligence?

A)Understanding one's own emotions and the emotions of others
B)Failing to understand the emotions of others
C)Projecting one emotion while feeling another
D)Emotions cannot be used for internal motivation

Question 61

_____ are dynamic conditions of a person evident in what he or she thinks,feels,or acts.

Question 62

Some perceptual errors or biases most people occasionally commit include:

A)Attributes,impression management,and emotion control.
B)Representativeness,selective perception,anchoring,and adjustment.
C)Attitude control,emotion control,and selective hearing.
D)Commitment management,negative attitude,and low self-esteem.

Question 63

Unlike values and beliefs,which apply more broadly to a variety of situations,_________________ are directed toward something or someone specific.

Question 64

_____ are ways of acting that are noble or have value regardless of the end result or consequences.

Question 65

_____ are the summary evaluations of a particular object or person by another person.

Question 66

_____ is a motivational force that binds a person to a particular organizational entity.

Question 67

Research indicates that _____________________ are influenced by individual attributes and by the organizational context in which the individual works

Question 68

An active attempt to limit or influence the information the perceiver receives is called

A)Attribution process.
B)Attitude control.
C)Emotion control.
D)Impression management.

Question 69

_____ refers to relying on memorable information,either dramatic or recent,to make judgments.

Question 70

_____ is a formal written statement of an organization's primary values and the ethical rules it expects its members to follow.

Question 71

The informal shared perceptions of what are appropriate practices and procedures are considered

A)Ethical culture.
B)Code of ethics.
C)Ethical behaviour.
D)Ethical climate.

Question 72

_____ is the state or level of a person's moral reasoning.

Question 73

There are variable levels of moral development.For example,if right and wrong are determined by social norms or external standards,this level is called

A)Post-conventional.
B)Conventional.
C)Pre-conventional.
D)Predictable.

Question 74

Gordon is generally pleased with his job,but lately has been feeling slightly disenchanted.What do these feelings refer to?

A)Job satisfaction
B)Job involvement
C)Job attitude
D)Job participation

Question 75

People's explanations of the causes of behaviors or performance are considered

A)Attitudes.
B)Perceptions.
C)Attributions.
D)Emotions.

Question 76

Our _____ is a framework of values we use to develop our internally consistent and logically justified principles and standards of right and wrong.

Question 77

_____ are affective states that arise in response to information or messages a person receives from specific sensory inputs.

Question 78

_____ is the innate or developed capability to recognize,manage,and exercise emotions in relationships.

Question 79

For a manager at the ________________ level of moral development,right and wrong are determined by what is rewarded and punished.

Question 80

The difference between job involvement and job satisfaction is

A)Satisfaction relates to how much a person enjoys their job,whereas involvement refers to their hours worked.
B)Satisfaction refers to their overall performance,whereas involvement refers to a superiors' idea of time commitment.
C)Satisfaction refers to how likely a person is to stay in their job,whereas involvement refers to the concern one feels towards their job.
D)Satisfaction relates to a person's general attitude whereas involvement is the amount of thought or concern that a person gives a job.