Deck 6: Personality and Identity Over the Life Cycle

Question 1

Someone who constantly seeks self-attention and self-affirmation,with no concerns for other people's needs is

A)a psychopath
B)a philanthropist
C)a narcissist
D)a misanthropist
E)an altruist

Answer 1

a narcissist

Question 2

In India,individuals who dress and act like women,but are neither truly male nor female are

A)berdaches
B)two-spirits
C)bijras
D)hijras
E)kathoeys

Answer 2

hijras

Question 3

Western ideals of mother-infant bonding would be maladaptive in the Brazilian shantytowns studied by Nancy Scheper-Hughes in that

A)women would refuse not to work in factories that provide the main source of income for shantytown families
B)if women developed strong bonds with newborn infants they would suffer untold amounts of grief given the high rates of infant mortality
C)too much physical contact with infants lead to children and adults that are too autonomous,a trait that would hinder group survival in shantytowns
D)the high-fertility rates common in shantytowns leaves women with little time to bond with their infant children
E)women suffer less grief by never bonding with their children as high mortality rates would lead to untold grief in mothers were they to bond with infants and children prior to their reaching the age of adolescence

Answer 3

if women developed strong bonds with newborn infants they would suffer untold amounts of grief given the high rates of infant mortality

Question 4

Ruth Landes portrayal of the Ojibwa stressed the ________ of the Ojibwa of northwestern ontario,their lack of political organization,and severe anxiety neuroses.

A)Oedipus complex
B)narcissism (focus on pleasing oneself)
C)the image of limited carrying capacity
D)minimalism the image of limited needs
E)extreme individualism and atomistic behaviour

Question 5

The process of transmitting culture to infants and other new members of society through both informal and formal processes

A)assimilation
B)acculturation
C)cultural configuration
D)enculturation
E)ethnoculturation

Question 6

Anthropologists have criticized Ruth Landes's work for questionable ethnographic accuracy and for failing to place the ________ of northwestern Ontario in a historical context.

A)Ojibwa
B)Cree
C)Kwakwaka'wakw
D)Iroquois
E)Huron

Question 7

Anthropological research that focuses on the individual and how the individual's psychology and subjective experience both shape and are shaped by the wider culture is called

A)emic ethnography
B)etic ethnography
C)participant-observation ethnography
D)egocentric ethnography
E)person-centred ethnography

Question 8

Benedict labelled the ________ of the Pacific Northwest as Dionysian after the Greek God of revelry and excess,because of their individualism and high levels of expressive emotionality,mainly evident in their potlatches.

A)Pueblo Indians
B)Mundugumor
C)Kwakwaka'wakw
D)Arapesh
E)Tchambuli

Question 9

Anthropologists would agree on the following statement

A)puberty is biological whereas adolescence is shaped by culture
B)both puberty and adolescence are the product of biology
C)adolescence is biological whereas puberty is shaped by culture
D)long periods of adolescence are found solely in industrial and post-industrial societies
E)adolescence is a social construction dating back to the 19th century

Question 10

The customs applying to the behaviour of fathers during or shortly after the birth of their children

A)iatrogeny
B)androgeny
C)couvade
D)paternade
E)sympathy pregnancy

Question 11

In spite of Boas and Sapir's important role in institutionalizing Canadian anthropology,________ and ________ as a "school" was never strongly developed in Canada.

A)psychology;anthropology
B)culture;personality
C)psychiatry;medical anthropology
D)transcultural;psychiatric studies
E)ethnography;ethnohistory

Question 12

The term "third gender" in anthropology

A)is a gender category that exists in some societies that recognizes the existence of individuals who are neither male nor female
B)is used to describe transvestites and transsexuals
C)is used to describe men who assume the gender roles of women in many societies
D)is a gender category that exists in some societies that recognizes the existence of individuals who are are hermaphrodites
E)is a gender category that exists in some societies that recognizes the existence of homosexuality and the preference for same-sex unions among some individuals

Question 13

According to the recollections of Charles James Nowell,kid potlatches imitating the adult behaviour were common among the ________ in British Columbia.

A)Kwakwaka'wakw
B)Yanomami
C)Cree
D)Maasai
E)Berdache

Question 14

In Canada,Transcultural Psychiatric Studies was established at McGill University to explore

A)the effects of culture on psychiatric disorders.
B)the effects of psychiatric disorders on culture.
C)why culture and personality were irrelevant to Canada.
D)and support psychiatric disorders.
E)psychiatric disorders.

Question 15

Ruth Benedict's theory that cultures are formed through the unconscious selection of a few cultural traits that interweave to form a cohesive pattern shared by all members of that culture is called

A)cultural configuration
B)cultural construction
C)cultural ethnotypology
D)cultural ethnopsychology
E)cultural enculturation

Question 16

By the 1960s American influence in Canadian anthropology had become very visible,however,________ and ________ was no longer an important theoretical orientation in the United States.

A)health;illness
B)culture;personality
C)magic;religion
D)conflict;violence
E)inequality;disease

Question 17

Among the First Nations ________ is biologically a male who opts to wear female clothing,may engage in sexual relations with a man as well as a woman,and performs female tasks.

A)Hijras
B)phuuchai
C)berdache
D)phuuying
E)thom/dee

Question 18

Margaret Mead's research among the Arapesh,Mundugumor and Tchambuli demonstrated that

A)gender is innate and varies little from one culture to the next
B)gender is culturally defined
C)personalities are not shaped by tenderness or neglect experienced by individuals as infants
D)men always play a dominant role in a culture
E)women always lavish more care and attention to infants and children

Question 19

Canadian anthropologists began collaborating with psychologists and psychiatrists to explore

A)how economic base influenced a similar contrast in male and female identity and roles in all cultures.
B)how culture and nature interact to shape gender roles and identities.
C)how gender roles and identities are largely culturally constructed.
D)how class was more important than gender in each culture.
E)transcultural psychiatry.

Question 20

Culture and Personality as a school was never "strongly" developed in Canada

A)partly because of the strong influence of British social anthropology in Canada.
B)due to the strong influence of American cultural anthropology.
C)due to the lack of interest in anthropology.
D)because behavior is biologically determined.
E)due to lack of attention to contemporary change.

Question 21

Shelley Romalis explored natural childbirth in Toronto,as an alternative to

A)psychotic anthropology.
B)medical control.
C)applied anthropology.
D)development anthropology.
E)physical anthropology.

Question 22

The Brome-Missisquoi-Perkins Hospital in Cowansville,Quebec became the first Canadian hospital to be designated as

A)"natural childbirth."
B)"assisted childbirth."
C)"eco-friendly."
D)"SID."
E)"baby- friendly."

Question 23

The concept of adolescence if only found in European or Euro-American societies.

Question 24

Ruth Benedict conducted undercover ethnography in Japan during World War II while researching her ethnography The Chrysanthemum and the Sword.

Question 25

Humans progress through universal life stages.

Question 26

A cultural broker is familiar with the practices and beliefs of two cultures and can promote cross-cultural understanding or mediate conflicts.

Question 27

Gender is something that you are born with.

Question 28

Benedict's portrait of the Kwakiutl has been criticized for

A)its over reliance on Boas's data.
B)selective ignoring of the amiable,playful side of Kwakiutl life.
C)ignoring ecological factors.
D)A,B,and C.
E)lack of ethnographic accuracy.

Question 29

Infibulation is a form of female genital cutting that involves the stitching together of the vaginal entry.

Question 30

Compared to children in horticultural societies,children in industrial societies are more likely to become socialized into which personality type?

A)narcissistic
B)nurturant
C)paternal
D)maternal
E)none of the above: both societies equally promote an independent-individualistic personality type.

Question 31

Among the First Nations,________ is not primarily a description of one's sexual orientation,but rather a term to emphasize the spiritual nature of non-binary gender identities.

A)amazon
B)hijras
C)berdache
D)Two Spirit
E)homosexuality

Question 32

Schools and social inequality are intimately related.

Question 33

Consumerism supports the development of narcissism via its emphasis on identity formation through the ownership of self-defining goods and services.

Question 34

An example of a culture with recognized third gender roles is

A)India.
B)Thailand.
C)Zuni (Native Americans).
D)all of the above.
E)None of the above: third gender roles may exist but are not recognized,as such.

Question 35

Patricia Kaufert's study of menopausal women in Manitoba,raises the question of how much perceived suffering from menopause in North America is

A)cross-cultural and debatable.
B)shaped during the adolescent years rather than infancy.
C)iatrogenic,that is,an affliction caused by medical definition or intervention.
D)caused by biological factors such as hormones.
E)shaped by cultural factors.

Question 36

Natural birth in Canada,includes ________ preparation as an alternative to medical control.

A)induced labour
B)anesthesia
C)episiotomical
D)Lamaze
E)fetal heart monitoring

Question 37

Children's personality formation is significantly affected by

A)their mother's work patterns.
B)the games they play.
C)task assignments.
D)formal learning.
E)all of the above.

Question 38

Ruth Landes suffered similar criticisms for her portrayal of Ojibwa of northwestern Ontario.Her work

A)failed to place the Ojibwa in historical context reflecting changed economic conditions after government suppression of political and religious organizations.
B)was full of detailed ethnographic accuracy.
C)failed to recognize the extreme individualism and atomistic behaviour of the Ojibwa.
D)characterized the Ojibwa as leading a peaceful life.
E)was not completed on time.

Question 39

The model called the image of the limited good referred to a worldview whereby resources are seen as finite and if someone becomes wealthier that other people necessarily become poorer.

Question 40

The niwa is a Nepalese term signifying the ideal of social conformity or the common social "face" that all must exhibit in public.

Question 41

Oscar Lewis proposed the ________ to explain the personality and behaviour of the poor and why poverty persists.

Question 42

In October 1999,the Ontario legislature denied heterosexual rights to gay and lesbian couples.

Question 43

P.Van Esterik and other researchers have found that in Thailand,kathoey is similar to a berdache in North America.

Question 44

In Canada,debates about surgical menopause and the safety of hormone replacement therapy confirm the medicalization of an event that is physiologically universal,but that carries diverse cultural meanings.

Question 45

Two Spirit is primarily a description of one's sexual orientation,and a term to emphasize the spiritual nature of non-binary gender identities.

Question 46

In 2005,after most other provinces had also recognized same-sex marriage,the federal government legalized gay and lesbian marriages,making Canada the fifth country to recognize same-sex marriage.

Question 47

What are five commonly accepted life stages in Euro-American culture?

Question 48

Distress and suffering at the loss of a loved one are universally expressed with tears and visible emotion.

Question 49

In Canada,the media has never played an important role in child socialization and personality acquisition .

Question 50

In terms of explaining why a person is heterosexual or homosexual,biological determinism emphasizes socialization practices and enculturation.

Question 51

Generations of Canadian children watched the "Polka Dot Door" and "Mr.Dressup," shows that attempt to break down gender and racial stereotypes.

Question 52

First Nations in general continue to be less tolerant of homosexuality than mainstream Euro-American society.

Question 53

Motherhood is defined by the act of giving birth.

Question 54

What are the three biological markers of sex?

Question 55

The Sambia believe that semen is poisonous to youth who must refrain from all sexual acts until marriage.

Question 56

Ruth Benedict's work on Japan and other such national character studies were later criticized for being ________.

Question 57

Patricia Kaufert studied the transition to menopause in women in Manitoba,and found that the rate of estrogen use was very high.

Question 58

Ruth Landes work on Ojibway of northwestern Ontario,has received much appreciation for her ethnographic accuracy including the historical context of her research.

Question 59

A study exploring natural childbirth in Toronto,showed that mothers wanted more control over the childbirth experience and less dependence on technological interventions.

Question 60

In Canada,decriminalization of "homosexual acts" was accompanied by Prime Minister Trudeau's comment that "the state has no place in the bedrooms of the nation."

Question 61

________ is a time in the human life cycle that occurs universally and involves a set of biological markers while ________ is a culturally defined period of maturation that ends when adulthood is fully achieved.

Question 62

________ is a Western term referring to several forms of genital surgery practiced on females.

Question 63

What is a coming of age ceremony and provide an example of one.

Question 64

The Six Cultures Study was a research project that compared data on how children's activities and tasks shaped personality.The data was analyzed on the basis of two major personality types observed in children: ________ a ________ personality is characterized by caring and sharing acts and a personality involves fewer acts of caregiving,more acts that assert dominance,and more need for care by adults.

Question 65

In Canada,debates about ________ and the safety of hormone replacement therapy confirm the ________ of an event that is physiologically universal.

Question 66

Discuss why Benedict's study of Kwakwaka'wakw and Landes' portrayal of Ojibway were met with such heavy criticisms.

Question 67

Discuss the different perspectives of Euro-Americans and First Nations groups with respect to gender fluidity.

Question 68

________ is the existence in a culture of multiple categories of feminity,masculinity and androgeny which are tolerated and legitimate.

Question 69

In 1986,the Ontario government added ________ to its human rights code.

Question 70

In July 2002,the Ontario courts ordered the provincial government to recognize ________.

Question 71

Why do anthropologists study parent-infant co-sleeping patterns?

Question 72

Define personality.

Question 73

Ruth Benedict's view of the Kwakwaka'wakw Indians of the Northwest Coast of Canada as having a "Dionysian" personality type of excess and revelry was based largely on their system of ________.

Question 74

________ studied the transition to menopause in women in Manitoba,and found that the rate of estrogen use was low,and its use,intermittent and possibly with reluctance

Question 75

Scholars are still debating whether sexual preferences are ________ (ruled by genetic or hormonal factors)or ________ and learned.

Question 76

Charles James Nowell was a ________ man born in 1870 at Fort Rupert in what is now British Columbia and gave ________ during childhood.

Question 77

Explain briefly why children in horticultural societies are more likely than children in industrial societies to grow up learning to be nurturant-responsible.

Question 78

Anthropologists found that ________ refer to people in many First Nations groups who are genitally male but dress in female clothing and perform female tasks.

Question 79

What is a national character study?

Question 80

The ________ is the term used by rural Greek women to describe a natural phenomenon,a phase of hot flashes,especially at night,that would be generally associated with menopause in Canada.It is not considered terribly serious.